Comportamiento del nivel freático en el área bajo riego del tercio inferior del Río Atuel

En este trabajo se evalúa el comportamiento del nivel freático (NF) en un área de regadío de 75.774 ha ubicadas en el tercio inferior de la cuenca del río Atuel, departamentos de General Alvear y San Rafael en la provincia de Mendoza, y su vinculación con: las pérdidas que se producen en la red de canales, las prácticas de riego y los escurrimientos sub-superficiales de zonas más elevadas. En la zona existe una red de 193 freatímetros en la que se han registrado lecturas de niveles freáticos desde 1980 a 2008, en distintas estaciones del año. El área de estudio se dividió en cuatro sub-zonas, cada una de ellas abastecida por un canal matriz de riego. La serie existente de lecturas de NF permitió elaborar planos estacionales de isohipsas e isobatas medias. Se definieron indicadores de factor de reacción freática (FRF) y de eficiencia del sistema (IES); además, se elaboraron planos de isolíneas y tablas de salinidad (conductividad eléctrica) media del agua subterránea. El análisis de los registros recopilados muestra la dirección del flujo de agua subterránea "noroeste-sureste", isohipsas con un gradiente medio de 1,54 m.Km-1 y nivel freático (NF) con una profundidad mínima media de 1.31 m. La evidencia de zonas de recarga de agua subterránea posibilita, junto a los otros planos, una rápida identificación de zonas vulnerables al ascenso del NF. El FRF permitió establecer que se incorpora al área cultivada de Alvear-Bowen un volumen de 3,7 veces más agua que la requerida por los cultivos y que el IES es del 27%. En primavera, el riego representa el 66% del volumen incorporado a la zona mientras que las precipitaciones representan el 34 % y la superficie con NF de hasta 1,0 m de profundidad es 4,8 veces mayor al promedio del área afectada en las demás estaciones. Los resultados brindan una fuente de información actualizada para la planificación del uso del suelo en la zona, para la operación del sistema de riego y para la implementación y priorización de planes de mejora en la infraestructura.

Acoustic characterization of open cavities with the image source model

El objetivo de esta tesis es investigar las resonancias acústicas de una cavidad abierta tridimensional, de paredes rectas o inclinadas, mediante un método rápido y eficiente en el dominio del tiempo. Este método modela la respuesta temporal en cualquier punto como la convolución de la forma de onda de la fuente con la respuesta impulsiva de la cavidad, la cual se obtiene como una secuencia de impulsos retardados y atenuados procedentes de la fuente real, el primero, y de las fuentes imágenes especulares, los siguientes (Modelo Fuente Imagen, ISM). Además de las componentes directa y reflejadas en las paredes, la respuesta impulsiva también incluye las contribuciones difractadas en los bordes, obtenidas mediante la generación de las componentes difractadas de cada fuente imagen. Las frecuencias de resonancia acústica de la cavidad abierta son extraídas de los picos de la Función de Respuesta en Frecuencia (FRF), obtenida como la transformada de Fourier de la respuesta temporal correspondiente entre una fuente puntual y un punto cualquiera de la cavidad. Las frecuencias de resonancia acústicas estimadas mediante este Método de Fuentes Imagen + difracción en bordes son validadas por comparación con las que proporciona un Modelo de Elementos Finitos (FEM) y con las medidas experimentalmente, con diferencias menores que el 1.6 % y el 2.7 %, respectivamente. A modo de comparación, las frecuencias de resonancia estimadas para la misma cavidad por el método ISM, cuando no se incluye la difracción en los bordes, difieren en un 5.7 % de las obtenidas experimentalmente. ABSTRACT The goal of this thesis is to investigate the acoustic resonances of a three-dimensional open cavity, with parallel and non-parallel walls, by a fast and efficient method in the time domain. This method models the time response in any point as the convolution of the source waveform with the impulse response of the cavity, which, in turn, is obtained as a sequence of attenuated and delayed impulses coming, the first from the real, and the subsequent from the mirror imaged sources (Image Source Model). Besides direct and wall-reflected components, the impulse response includes also edge-diffracted contributions by generating first order diffraction components for each image source. The acoustic resonance frequencies of the open cavity are extracted from the peaks of the Frequency Response Function (FRF), obtained as the Fourier transform of the corresponding time response between a point source and any point in the cavity. The acoustic resonance frequencies estimated by the Image Source Model + edge diffraction are validated by comparison with those provided by a Finite Element Model (FEM) and the ones measured experimentally, differing less than 1.6 % and 2.7 %, respectively. As a comparison, resonance frequencies estimated with the pure Image Source Model differ by 5.7 % from the measured ones.

Det Unga Sverige; vers och prosa

"Af ett förf. bolag, bestående af Axel Roos, Hjalmar Wibell, Gust. Axel Ahlström och Hugo Victorin, som parodierat den svenska realismens dåtida koryféer A. Strindberg, A. U. Bååth fru Anne Charl. Edgren, G. Nordensvan, Gust. af Giejerstam och O. Levertin. Bygdén, A. L. Svenskt anonym- och pseudonym-lexikon. 1898-1915

Crack detection in welded mechanical structures using coupled vibrations

Detection of a fatigue crack in a welded frame structure is studied in this paper using coupled response measurements. Similarity to real engineering structures is maintained in the fabrication of the test frame with hollow section chords and branch members. The fatigue crack was created by a special reciprocating mechanism that generates cyclic stress on a beam member of the structure. The methodology of coupled response measurements is first demonstrated on a single hollow section beam by analytical simulation and experimental validation. The issues of using this approach for fatigue crack detection in real structures are then examined. Finally, the experimental results of the frame under different scenarioes are presented. The existence of the crack is clearly observable from the FRF plots. It is suggested that this approach offers the potential to detect cracks in welded frame structures and is a useful tool for routine maintenance work and health assessment.

Caracterização físico-química e ações farmacológicas hepatoprotetora, antiinflamatória, pró-angiogênica, antioxidante e anticoagulante da fração rica em fucana 0,8FRF 0,8 da alga marrom Lobophora variegata

This study examines the physical and chemical composition and the pharmacological effects of brown seaweed FRF 0.8 Lobophora variegata. Fractionation of the crude extract was done with the concentration of 0.8 volumes of acetone, obtaining the FRF 0.8. The physicochemical characterization showed that it was a fucana sulfated. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by paw edema model by the high rates of inhibition of the edema and the best results were in the fourth hour after induction (100 ± 1.4% at the dose of 75 mg / kg) and by the strong inhibitory activity of the enzyme myeloperoxidase (91.45% at the dose of 25 mg / kg). The hepataproteção was demonstrated by measurements of enzymatic and metabolic parameters indicative of liver damage, such as bilirubin (reduction in 68.81%, 70.68% and 68.21% for bilirubin total, direct and indirect, respectively at a dose of 75 mg / kg), ALT, AST and γ-GT (decrease of 76.93%, 44.58% and 50% respectively at a dose of 75 mg / kg) by analysis of histological slides of liver tissue, confirming that hepatoprotective effect the polymers of carbohydrates, showing a reduction in tissue damage caused by CCl4 and the inhibition of the enzyme complex of cytochrome P 450 (increasing sleep time in 54.6% and reducing the latency time in 71.43%). The effectiveness of the FRF 0.8 angiogenesis was examined in chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of fertilized eggs, with the density of capillaries evaluated and scored, showing an effect proangigênico at all concentrations tested FRF (10 mg- 1000 mg). The FRF showed antioxidant activity on free radicals (by inhibiting Superoxide Radical in 55.62 ± 2.10%, Lipid Peroxidation in 100.15 ± 0.01%, Hydroxyl Radical in 41.84 ± 0.001% and 71.47 Peroxide in ± 2.69% at concentration of 0.62 mg / mL). The anticoagulant activity was observed with prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) at 50 mg (> 240 s), showing that its action occurs in the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade. Thus, our results indicate that these sulfated polysaccharides are an important pharmacological target

Evolution of factors affecting mechanical olive harvesting

Harvest efficiency is defined as the percentage of fruits harvested by total production. The percentage of fruits harvested is less than 100% when working with trunk shakers to detach olives. It is important to increase the percentage of fruits harvested in order to increase farmer’s income. This objective can be achieved knowing the evolution of the main factors affecting fruit detachment. Fruit removal force (FRF), fruit weight (P) and the ratio between them are important for harvest efficiency. Field trials took place for two years (2013-2014) in Vilariça Valley, northeast Portugal in an olive orchard with ‘Cobrançosa Transmontana’ cultivar. It was adopted a mechanical harvesting system based on a trunk shaker to detach fruits, and an inverted umbrella to collect fruits. Elementary operation times were measured in seconds to evaluate work rates. FRF and P were measured in the ripening period, to evaluate their evolution. In this paper are presented the preliminary results of the ratio FRF (fruit removal force)/fruit weight evolution during the ripening period (P) and the results of the equipment work rate (trees h-1). The ratio FRF/P has predominantly descendant values in the weeks before harvest, from 140 to 80 as a result of a FRF downward variation from 4.9 to 2.94 N and an upward variation of P from 0.0294 to 0.0637 N. The FRF/P ratio stabilizes the decline in the last week of November just before harvesting, registering in some cases a slight increase in consequence of FRF increase higher than P increase (contrary to the tendency of previous weeks). Equipment work rate showed values between 40 and 57 trees h-1, confirming previous results.

MODELING OF TRANSFER PATH FOR DETERMINATION OF COMBUSTION AND NOISE METRICS ON DIESEL ENGINES

Determination of combustion metrics for a diesel engine has the potential of providing feedback for closed-loop combustion phasing control to meet current and upcoming emission and fuel consumption regulations. This thesis focused on the estimation of combustion metrics including start of combustion (SOC), crank angle location of 50% cumulative heat release (CA50), peak pressure crank angle location (PPCL), and peak pressure amplitude (PPA), peak apparent heat release rate crank angle location (PACL), mean absolute pressure error (MAPE), and peak apparent heat release rate amplitude (PAA). In-cylinder pressure has been used in the laboratory as the primary mechanism for characterization of combustion rates and more recently in-cylinder pressure has been used in series production vehicles for feedback control. However, the intrusive measurement with the in-cylinder pressure sensor is expensive and requires special mounting process and engine structure modification. As an alternative method, this work investigated block mounted accelerometers to estimate combustion metrics in a 9L I6 diesel engine. So the transfer path between the accelerometer signal and the in-cylinder pressure signal needs to be modeled. Depending on the transfer path, the in-cylinder pressure signal and the combustion metrics can be accurately estimated - recovered from accelerometer signals. The method and applicability for determining the transfer path is critical in utilizing an accelerometer(s) for feedback. Single-input single-output (SISO) frequency response function (FRF) is the most common transfer path model; however, it is shown here to have low robustness for varying engine operating conditions. This thesis examines mechanisms to improve the robustness of FRF for combustion metrics estimation. First, an adaptation process based on the particle swarm optimization algorithm was developed and added to the single-input single-output model. Second, a multiple-input single-output (MISO) FRF model coupled with principal component analysis and an offset compensation process was investigated and applied. Improvement of the FRF robustness was achieved based on these two approaches. Furthermore a neural network as a nonlinear model of the transfer path between the accelerometer signal and the apparent heat release rate was also investigated. Transfer path between the acoustical emissions and the in-cylinder pressure signal was also investigated in this dissertation on a high pressure common rail (HPCR) 1.9L TDI diesel engine. The acoustical emissions are an important factor in the powertrain development process. In this part of the research a transfer path was developed between the two and then used to predict the engine noise level with the measured in-cylinder pressure as the input. Three methods for transfer path modeling were applied and the method based on the cepstral smoothing technique led to the most accurate results with averaged estimation errors of 2 dBA and a root mean square error of 1.5dBA. Finally, a linear model for engine noise level estimation was proposed with the in-cylinder pressure signal and the engine speed as components.

Determinação de respostas dinâmicas não medidas

A determinação das propriedades dinâmicas de uma estrutura é um aspeto bastante importante para a determinação do comportamento dinâmico dessa estrutura. A análise dinâmica do sistema faz já parte do projeto e dimensionamento de uma estrutura pois ao longo dos anos foram surgindo vários problemas com vibrações na estrutura que podem ter várias consequências, fadiga acelerada, desconforto no caso de ser uma estrutura utilizada por pessoas regularmente ou até mesmo a rotura da estrutura. Esta análise, tal como uma análise estática, geralmente parte de um modelo analítico ou numérico, chamados métodos diretos, obtendo depois os resultados que serão esperados na realidade. No entanto, em estruturas complexas, onde possam haver ligações do tipo aparafusadas, rebitadas, soldadas ou ainda apoios elásticos ou cintas, torna-se mais complicado realizar o modelo analítico ou numérico do sistema pois é mais difícil encontrar as propriedades dos vários materiais ou pode mesmo ser complicado chegar a determinada união para medir. Assim, começaram a ser utilizados os chamados métodos inversos, onde se partem de resultados obtidos experimentalmente para assim se conseguir identificar as propriedades do sistema. As funções de resposta em frequência (FRF) tornaram-se num dos recursos mais usados neste tipo de método pois representam a resposta de um sistema a uma excitação, ou seja, resultados obtidos experimentalmente, e a partir delas é possível determinar todos os modelos do sistema, modal e espacial. Esta ferramenta tem sido bastante estudada e foram já desenvolvidos métodos de acoplamento que permitem ir medindo experimentalmente subestruturas e depois formar a estrutura global. Neste trabalho é abordada a questão onde não se conhecem as respostas dinâmicas da estrutura e se procura estimar essas respostas a partir do conhecimento numérico de parte da estrutura.