Modeling, numerical methods, and simulation for particle-fluid two-phase flow problems

In this paper, we study the issues of modeling, numerical methods, and simulation with comparison to experimental data for the particle-fluid two-phase flow problem involving a solid-liquid mixed medium. The physical situation being considered is a pulsed liquid fluidized bed. The mathematical model is based on the assumption of one-dimensional flows, incompressible in both particle and fluid phases, equal particle diameters, and the wall friction force on both phases being ignored. The model consists of a set of coupled differential equations describing the conservation of mass and momentum in both phases with coupling and interaction between the two phases. We demonstrate conditions under which the system is either mathematically well posed or ill posed. We consider the general model with additional physical viscosities and/or additional virtual mass forces, both of which stabilize the system. Two numerical methods, one of them is first-order accurate and the other fifth-order accurate, are used to solve the models. A change of variable technique effectively handles the changing domain and boundary conditions. The numerical methods are demonstrated to be stable and convergent through careful numerical experiments. Simulation results for realistic pulsed liquid fluidized bed are provided and compared with experimental data. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

MPI parallel programming of mixed integer optimization problems using CPLEX with COIN-OR

The aim of this technical report is to present some detailed explanations in order to help to understand and use the Message Passing Interface (MPI) parallel programming for solving several mixed integer optimization problems. We have developed a C++ experimental code that uses the IBM ILOG CPLEX optimizer within the COmputational INfrastructure for Operations Research (COIN-OR) and MPI parallel computing for solving the optimization models under UNIX-like systems. The computational experience illustrates how can we solve 44 optimization problems which are asymmetric with respect to the number of integer and continuous variables and the number of constraints. We also report a comparative with the speedup and efficiency of several strategies implemented for some available number of threads.

Prospects and problems of rice-fish culture in Nigeria

This paper examines fish demand and supply and looks at on-going research works in rice-cum-fish culture in Nigeria. It examines all the pre-requisites for adopting this farming system. Economic and Financial analysis were made using experimental plots at two ecological zones of Nigeria. This farming system, which has reached advanced stage in most of Asian countries, could well be practiced in Nigeria to assist farmers to harvest both protein (from fish) and carbohydrate from rice and thereby to improve their standards of live

Cooperative and market-based solutions to pollution abatement problems

This work concerns itself with the possibility of solutions, both cooperative and market based, to pollution abatement problems. In particular, we are interested in pollutant emissions in Southern California and possible solutions to the abatement problems enumerated in the 1990 Clean Air Act. A tradable pollution permit program has been implemented to reduce emissions, creating property rights associated with various pollutants.

Before we discuss the performance of market-based solutions to LA's pollution woes, we consider the existence of cooperative solutions. In Chapter 2, we examine pollutant emissions as a trans boundary public bad. We show that for a class of environments in which pollution moves in a bi-directional, acyclic manner, there exists a sustainable coalition structure and associated levels of emissions. We do so via a new core concept, one more appropriate to modeling cooperative emissions agreements (and potential defection from them) than the standard definitions.

However, this leaves the question of implementing pollution abatement programs unanswered. While the existence of a cost-effective permit market equilibrium has long been understood, the implementation of such programs has been difficult. The design of Los Angeles' REgional CLean Air Incentives Market (RECLAIM) alleviated some of the implementation problems, and in part exacerbated them. For example, it created two overlapping cycles of permits and two zones of permits for different geographic regions. While these design features create a market that allows some measure of regulatory control, they establish a very difficult trading environment with the potential for inefficiency arising from the transactions costs enumerated above and the illiquidity induced by the myriad assets and relatively few participants in this market.

It was with these concerns in mind that the ACE market (Automated Credit Exchange) was designed. The ACE market utilizes an iterated combined-value call market (CV Market). Before discussing the performance of the RECLAIM program in general and the ACE mechanism in particular, we test experimentally whether a portfolio trading mechanism can overcome market illiquidity. Chapter 3 experimentally demonstrates the ability of a portfolio trading mechanism to overcome portfolio rebalancing problems, thereby inducing sufficient liquidity for markets to fully equilibrate.

With experimental evidence in hand, we consider the CV Market's performance in the real world. We find that as the allocation of permits reduces to the level of historical emissions, prices are increasing. As of April of this year, prices are roughly equal to the cost of the Best Available Control Technology (BACT). This took longer than expected, due both to tendencies to mis-report emissions under the old regime, and abatement technology advances encouraged by the program. Vve also find that the ACE market provides liquidity where needed to encourage long-term planning on behalf of polluting facilities.

Aspects of the washout of salmonid eggs. 1. Observations on the physical characteristics of real and artificial eggs, their rate of fall in a water column and their pattern of settlement in an experimental channel

When salmonid redds are disrupted by spates, the displaced eggs will drift downstream. The mean distance of travel, the types of locations in which the eggs resettle and the depth of reburial of displaced eggs are not known. Investigation of these topics under field conditions presents considerable practical problems, though the use of artificial eggs might help to overcome some of them. Attempts to assess the similarities and/or differences in performance between real and artificial eggs are essential before artificial eggs can validly be used to simulate real eggs. The present report first compares the two types of egg in terms of their measurable physical characteristics (e.g. dimensions and density). The rate at which eggs fall in still water will relate to the rate at which they are likely to resettle in flowing water in the field. As the rate of fall will be influenced by a number of additional factors (e.g. shape and surface texture) which are not easily measured directly, the rates of fall of the two types of egg have been compared directly under controlled conditions. Finally, comparisons of the pattern of settlement of the two types of egg in flowing water in an experimental channel have been made. Although the work was primarily aimed at testing the value of artificial eggs as a simulation of real eggs, several side issues more directly concerned with the properties of real eggs and the likely distance of drift in natural streams have also been explored. This is the first of three reports made on this topic by the author in 1984.

Equilíbrio líquido-líquido entre ácido acético, água e fenólicos: experimental e modelagem

Com o passar do tempo, a população mundial vem se conscientizando mais sobre problemas ambientais. Isso fez surgir uma demanda por tecnologias novas que possam se encaixar no cenário de sustentabilidade. Instabilidades frequentes no cenário político-econômico global acabam por elevar o preço do barril do petróleo. Assim a indústria química começa a buscar por alternativas que tenham a mesma versatilidade do petróleo. Dentre as opções de combustíveis renováveis, destaca-se o bio-óleo de pirólise. Seu interesse em estudos científicos vem do fato de poder-se utilizar do rejeito de processos como matéria prima, não necessitando competir por espaço com a plantação de alimentos. Sua composição pode ser representada por ácidos e fenóis. Em especial destacamos o ácido acético e fenóis oxigenados como m-cresol, o-cresol, p-cresol e guaiacol por estarem presentes em grandes quantidades. Sua separação das frações menos polares do bio-óleo pode ser realizada por meio de extração com água que é um reagente abundante e de baixo custo. O conhecimento das propriedades desses componentes puros é amplamente disponível na literatura, porém dados de composições das fases corrosivas, como misturas ternárias de água-ácido acético-m-cresol/o-cresol/p-cresol/guaiacol nas temperaturas de (298,15, 310,65 e 323,15) K são escassos. Devido a isso, o uso de modelos termodinâmicos para simulação do comportamento desses sistemas torna-se interessante. Todavia, quando são testadas as capacidades dos modelos clássicos, como o UNIFAC e NRTL, percebe-se que os mesmos não conseguem reproduzir o comportamento da binodal dos componentes corrosivos. Sendo assim, essa dissertação investigou soluções para melhorar a descrição desses sistemas, assim como obteve dados experimentais para tais sistemas de misturas ternárias de água-ácido acético-m-cresol/o-cresol/p-cresol/guaiacol nas temperaturas de (298,15, 310,65 e 323,15) K; desenvolveu-se uma metodologia para estimar parâmetros do modelo NRTL a partir de dados de composição da binodal e verificou-se a possibilidade de utilizar o modelo UNIFAC para prever o comportamento de equilíbrio de fases. Como resultado foram obtidos 314 novos dados experimentais, obtiveram-se parâmetros para o modelo NRTL que conseguem reproduzir com acurácia a forma da binodal com a metodologia proposta e verificou-se a necessidade de aperfeiçoamento no estudo do modelo UNIFAC para otimizar sua utilização na previsão do comportamento dos sistemas estudados

Planejamento de recursos hídricos de áreas rurais degradadas: aplicação do modelo SWAT em bacia hidrográfica experimental na região Noroeste do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.

A degradação ambiental do Noroeste do Estado do Rio de Janeiro tem se intensificado nas últimas décadas devido às práticas agrícolas não preservacionistas. Esta situação, que decorre do uso inadequado do solo, tem implicado em mudanças na oferta hídrica em grau variável nos municípios da região com prejuízos econômicos nas atividades dos pequenos e médios proprietários rurais e na qualidade de vida. A abordagem para enfrentar problemas deste tipo depende da participação efetiva das instâncias de governo e dos órgãos responsáveis pela gestão dos recursos hídricos. No âmbito da hidrologia os modelos hidrológicos com base no uso e ocupação do solo são ferramentas que podem auxiliar com ótimo custo e benefício a geração de informações em bacias hidrográficas, instrumentadas ou não. Os modelos são úteis ao planejamento e à tomada de decisão por possibilitarem a previsão de vazões e simulação de cenários sobre o uso do solo e qualidade da água. Neste sentido, o presente estudo pretende dar sua contribuição ao avaliar a adequabilidade do modelo SWAT simular o processo chuva-vazão na microbacia experimental de Santa Maria e Cambiocó, com 13,5 km2, localizada na região hidrográfica do rio Muriaé, afluente do rio Paraíba do Sul. O SWAT tem sido empregado em bacias agrícolas nos EUA, na Europa e, atualmente, na China, sudeste asiático e Irã, entre outros países, e na última década maior inserção no meio acadêmico brasileiro. A versão 2005 do modelo foi utilizada por meio da sua interface SIG para simular as vazões médias diárias com base na precipitação medida no intervalo de 15 minutos no período de 2005/2006. As vazões simuladas foram comparadas com as vazões observadas no exutório da microbacia. Foram testadas as ferramentas de análise de sensibilidade e autocalibração. O método de calibração manual foi usado para o ajuste por tentativa e erro. Os parâmetros ajustados corresponderam ao CN2 e ESCO. Os valores obtidos na calibração para os coeficientes estatísticos R2, NSE, PBIAS e RSR foram 0,80, 0,80, 7,02 e 0,45, respectivamente, indicando escore muito bom, o que foi confirmado pela inspeção dos hidrogramas. As saídas validadas para período diferente da calibração forneceram para os mesmos coeficientes os valores 0,84, 0,80, 25,92 e 0,44. Os dois primeiros, com escore muito bom. O valor de PBIAS, no limite do satisfatório, e RSR, muito bom. O desempenho permitiu concluir que a simulação com o SWAT foi adequada. Em relação às pesquisas que têm sido realizadas no Brasil os valores obtidos para os indicadores foram semelhantes, indicando a capacidade do modelo para novos estudos nesta microbacia que considerem os usos consuntivos e cenários de uso do solo.

Pesca experimental de corrico na zona sul da costa de Mocambique

Based on the proven existence of large pelagic fish resources in the southern coast of Mozambique, an experimental fishing trolling program has been designed to study the possibility of resources exploitation through the introduction of trolling technique on artisanal vessels (Project FAO/TCP/MOZ/5653). Although operational problems occurred, the program carried out during the year 1957, provided a collection of data and knowledge. It allowed the preparation of present paper, which could serve as an indicator for a possible implementation of this fishing method in the Mozambican artisanal sector. Sharing this study, the author expects to give a further contribution to the development of a greater pelagic fishery in the waters of Mozambique.

Experimental evidence of flutter and divergence instabilities induced by dry friction

Flutter and divergence instabilities have been advocated to be possible in elastic structures with Coulomb friction, but no direct experimental evidence has ever been provided. Moreover, the same types of instability can be induced by tangential follower forces, but these are commonly thought to be of extremely difficult, if not impossible, practical realization. Therefore, a clear experimental basis for flutter and divergence induced by friction or follower-loading is still lacking. This is provided for the first time in the present article, showing how a follower force of tangential type can be realized via Coulomb friction and how this, in full agreement with the theory, can induce a blowing-up vibrational motion of increasing amplitude (flutter) or an exponentially growing motion (divergence). In addition, our results show the limits of a treatment based on the linearized equations, so that nonlinearities yield the initial blowing-up vibration of flutter to reach eventually a steady state. The presented results give full evidence to potential problems in the design of mechanical systems subject to friction, open a new perspective in the realization of follower-loading systems and of innovative structures exhibiting 'unusual' dynamical behaviors. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.

Material point method for coupled hydromechanical problems

This paper describes a new formulation of the material point method (MPM) for solving coupled hydromechanical problems of fluid-saturated soil subjected to large deformation. A soil-pore fluid coupled MPM algorithm based on Biot's mixture theory is proposed for solving hydromechanical interaction problems that include changes in water table location with time. The accuracy of the proposed method is examined by comparing the results of the simulation of a one-dimensional consolidation test with the corresponding analytical solution. A sensitivity analysis of the MPM parameters used in the proposed method is carried out for examining the effect of the number of particles per mesh and mesh size on solution accuracy. For demonstrating the capability of the proposed method, a physical model experiment of a large-scale levee failure by seepage is simulated. The behavior of the levee model with time-dependent changes in water table matches well to the experimental observations. The mechanisms of seepage-induced failure are discussed by examining the pore-water pressures, as well as the effective stresses computed from the simulations © 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.

Experimental results of helicon sources

Helicon plasma source is known as an efficient generator of uniform and high density plasma. A helicon plasma source was developed for the investigation of plasma striping and plasma lens at the Institute of Modern Physics, CAS. In this paper, the characteristics of helicon plasma have been studied by using Langmuir four-probe and a high plasma density up to 3.9×1013 /cm3 has been achieved with the Nagoya type III antenna. In the experiment, several important phenomena have been found: (1) for a given magnetic induction intensity, the plasma density became greater with the increase of RF power; (2) the helicon mode appeared at the RF power between 300 W and 400 W; (3) the plasma density gradually tended to saturation as the RF power increased to the higher power; (4) a higher plasma density can be obtained by a good matching between the RF power and the magnetic field distribution. The key issue is how to optimize the matching between the RF power and the magnetic field. Moreover, some tests on the extraction of ion beam were performed, and the preliminary results were given. The problems which existed in the helicon ion source will be discussed and the increase in beam density will be expected by extraction system optimum.

Detection methods for common problems in solar home systems

Gemstone Team SHINE (Students Helping to Implement Natural Energy)

Iterative inversion of experimental data in weighted spaces

We present iterative algorithms for solving linear inverse problems with discrete data and compare their performances with the method of singular function expansion, in view of applications in optical imaging and particle sizing.

Parallel genetic algorithms for the solution of inverse heat conduction problems

A parallel genetic algorithm (PGA) is proposed for the solution of two-dimensional inverse heat conduction problems involving unknown thermophysical material properties. Experimental results show that the proposed PGA is a feasible and effective optimization tool for inverse heat conduction problems