Estilos Educativos Parentais, Hábitos/Comportamentos Alimentares e Sintomas de Perturbação do Comportamento Alimentar, numa Amostra de Adolescentes

Introdução: Quer na literatura internacional, quer nacional são poucos os estudos que exploram a associação entre os estilos educativos parentais, os hábitos/comportamentos alimentares e a sintomatologia de perturbação do comportamento alimentar (PCA). Pretende-se, então, com este estudo, fundamentalmente, explorar associações entre as dimensões de um instrumento que avalia estilos educativos parentais (o Parental Rearing Style Questionnaire for use With Adolescents/EMBU-A), dimensões de um teste que avalia sintomatologia de PCA (Teste de Atitudes Alimentares/TAA-25), índice de massa corporal (IMC), itens que avaliam hábitos/comportamentos alimentares e diferentes variáveis sociodemográficas, familiares e de saúde. Em função das associações encontradas pretendemos, igualmente, explorar quais as variáveis preditivas da sintomatologia de PCA e dos hábitos/comportamentos alimentares. Metodologia: 402 adolescentes (raparigas: n = 241, 60%) entre os 12 e 18 anos (M = 14,2; DP = 1,62) das cidades de Coimbra, Cantanhede e Matosinhos preencheram um protocolo composto por um questionário sobre variáveis sociodemográficas, familiares e de saúde, o EMBU-A e o TAA-25. Resultados: Verificou-se, de uma forma geral, uma associação negativa entre a dimensão Suporte Emocional do EMBU-A, as dimensões do TAA-25 e a pontuação total deste instrumento. No sentido oposto, verificou-se, genericamente, uma associação positiva geral entre as dimensões Sobreproteção e Rejeição e os mesmos resultados relativos ao TAA-25. A prática de desporto mostrou-se associada a uma pontuação média superior de Motivação para a Magreza e da pontuação total do TAA-25. Nas análises preditivas foi possível constatar que o Suporte Emocional tende a diminuir a probabilidade dos jovens manifestarem sintomatologia de PCA. Por oposição, a Rejeição tende a aumentar a probabilidade dos jovens apresentarem esta sintomatologia. Conclusão/Discussão: A dimensão Suporte Emocional do EMBU-A parece ser protetora do surgimento de sintomatologia de PCA e de hábitos/comportamentos disfuncionais nos adolescentes, enquanto a dimensão Rejeição parece aumentar o risco do desenvolvimento dessa sintomatologia e desses hábitos/comportamentos alimentares. Neste sentido, devem ser trabalhadas estas dimensões junto dos pais, eventualmente através de programas psicoeducativos. Também nas escolas e centros de saúde podem ser implementados programas com vista a melhorar os hábitos/comportamentos alimentares e ajudar a prevenir o surgimento de PCA. / Introduction: There are few studies both in the international and national literature exploring the association between parental educational styles, eating habits/behaviours and symptoms of Eating Disorders (ED). With this study we intend to examine the associations between the dimensions of an instrument assessing parenting styles (Parental Rearing Style Questionnaire for Adolescents/ EMBU-A), dimensions of a test assessing symptoms of eating disorders(Eating Attitudes Test-25/EAT-25), Body Mass Index (BMI), items assessing eating habits/behaviors and different sociodemographic family and health variables. Based on the associations found, we also intend to explore which are the variables that show to be predictors of symptoms of eating disorders and eating habits/behaviours. Methodology: 402 adolescents (girls: n = 241, 60%) between 12 and 18 years old (M = 14,2, SD = 1,62) from Coimbra, Cantanhede and Matosinhos completed a protocol consisting of a sociodemographic questionnaire, the EMBU-A and the EAT-25. Results: In general, we found a negative association between the Emotional Support dimension of EMBU-A, the EAT-25 dimensions and the total score of this instrument. In opposition, there was, generally, a positive association between the Overprotection and Rejection dimensions (EMBU-A) and the same results of the EAT-25. Sports’ practice was associated with a higher mean score of Motivation for Thinness and the total score of the EAT-25. In the predictive analyses, we verified that Emotional Support tends to decrease the likelihood of adolescents manifesting symptoms of ED. In contrast, Rejection tends to increase the likelihood of young people presenting these symptoms. Conclusion/Discussion: The dimension of seems to be protective of the appearance of symptoms of ED and of dysfunctional eating habits/behaviors in adolescents, while Rejection appears to increase the risk of developing such symptoms and these eating habits/behaviors. For these reasons, these dimensions should be worked together with parents, eventually by means of psicoeducational programs. Also, in schools and health centers programs can be implemented in order to improve eating habits/behaviors and to help prevent the development of ED.

Relación entre estilos parentales, intensidad psicopatológica y tipo de sintomatología en una muestra clínica adolescente

Se realizó una investigación con el objetivo de analizar la relación entre los estilos parentales percibidos, la intensidad de la psicopatología presentada y las dimensiones sintomáticas internalizante-externalizante en una muestra clínica de adolescentes con edades comprendidas entre los 13 y los 18 años. Los resultados hallados indican que la intensidad psicopatológica está asociada con la edad, a mayor edad mayor intensidad, y con el género femenino. Solamente dos dimensiones del estilo parental percibido se hallaron relacionadas con la intensidad psicopatológica: el control psicológico de forma negativa y el humor, de forma positiva. Al contrario que en otros estudios consultados, la dimensión control psicológico apareció vinculada con sintomatología externalizante y no con la internalizante.

O reflexo dos estilos parentais no jogo infantil

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Educacional.

Estilos de vida dos adolescentes e seus comportamentos desviantes e/ou delinquentes

A delinquência juvenil representa um problema social em crescimento e é influenciada por um conjunto de fatores de risco muitas vezes presentes no estilo de vida dos jovens. Desta forma, a pertinência deste estudo foca-se na compreensão dos estilos de vida dos jovens e os comportamentos desviantes ou delinquentes para melhor compreender e intervir no combate à delinquência. A amostra foi constituída por 80 participantes de ambos os sexos pertencentes à localidade de Ponte de Lima. Para tal recorreu-se à administração de um questionário, construído para o efeito, e o qual contempla itens para a caracterização sociodemográfica dos participantes, o seu funcionamento escolar/ocupacional e familiar, o estilo de vida e a ocupação de tempos livres e, por último, procura-se caracterizar a frequência da prática de certos comportamentos e desvios por parte dos adolescentes, nos últimos 12 meses. Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram que apesar da maior parte dos jovens se revelarem satisfeitos com o seu ambiente familiar, uma percentagem não negligenciável caraterizou esse ambiente como razoável, apelando à necessidade de haver mais tempo para a família e mais diálogo. Os relatos dos participantes apontam para a ausência de supervisão parental nas saídas à noite, falta de imposição de regras e tarefas diárias. A maior parte dos participantes classificou o ambiente escolar como razoável, admitindo a existência de alguns conflitos com colegas, professores e funcionários, falta de hábitos de estudo e atividades extracurriculares; a maior parte dos jovens admitiu realizar essencialmente atividades em grupos de pares, desde as saídas à noite como atividades de lazer; os comportamentos desviantes e delinquentes que mais se destacaram nos últimos 12 meses foram o envolvimento em agressões com colegas, professores e funcionários, o dano intencional de objetos de outra pessoa, e o download de filmes, músicas e documentos e o envolvimento em grupos de pares desviantes; os comportamentos delinquentes descritos foram a invasão em propriedades privadas, os furtos, e o tráfico de droga. O sexo masculino destacou-se na prática de crimes. Os dados deste estudo apontam, assim para a necessidade de se apostar mais na prevenção precoce de comportamentos de risco, de forma a diminuir comportamentos desviantes ou delinquentes futuros.

Validez de contenido de un cuestionario para evaluar las etapas del cambio de comportamiento en estilos de vida en escolares, Colombia: Estudio FUPRECOL

Estudio de validación en escolares pertenecientes a instituciones educativas oficiales de la ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia. Se diseñó y aplicó el CCC-FUPRECOL que indagó por las etapas de cambio para la actividad física/ejercicio, consumo de frutas, verduras, drogas, tabaco e ingesta de bebidas alcohólicas, de manera auto-diligenciada por formulario estructurado.

Estilos motivacionais de professores: propriedades psicométricas de um instrumento de avaliação

The purpose of this study was to conduct an exploratory factorial analysis of Problems in School, a teachers' motivational styles evaluation instrument, constructed by Deci et al. The original instrument is in a Likert-scale format with the underlying assumption of the existence of a continuum of four different styles contributing to promote students' autonomy. Translated into portuguese, the instrument was applied to 582 elementary and junior high school teachers from several regions of Brazil. Factorial analyses revealed a solution with four orthogonal distinct factors, the authors' initial supposition (existence of a continuum) was not confirmed. In fact, only two opposite styles (both high promotion of autonomy and of control) corresponded to the Deci et al. original ideas. Problems regarding the validity of the other remaining styles emerged. Data was discussed and a revised version of the scale was developed. Directions for further research were also suggested.

OFFSPRING IN RESPONSE TO PARENTAL FEMALE DENSITIES IN THE FRUIT FLY PARASITOID DIACHASMIMORPHA LONGICAUDATA (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE: OPIINAE)

As part of an evaluation of the braconid parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) as a biocontrol agent of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) in Brazil, the aims in the current study were to find the best parental ratio of females to males in the rearing cages in order to get the highest female biased offspring in the parasitoid rearing process, and to verify the parasitism efficiency on C. capitata according to parental female densities. Three treatments were assessed: T1 (20 females: 20 males), T2 (60 females: 20 males) and T3 (100 females: 20 males). Ten late-third instars of C. capitata were offered daily to each female parasitoid from the 1st to the 12th d of age. The parental female productivity, fecundity, offspring sex ratio, percentage of parasitoid emergence, and daily mortality of parental females and males at different female/male densities were evaluated. The results indicated that numbers higher than 20 parental females did not affect offspring sex ratio, overall offspring production, nor the percent parasitism. Female biased offspring occurred in all three parental female/male ratios analyzed in this study, except that predominately males developed from parasitoid eggs laid in the age interval 1-2 d post emergence. Higher parasitoid female productivity and fecundity were found at the 1:1 female/male per cage density whereas lower productivity and fecundity were recorded at the 5:1 female/male ratio. Higher female/male ratio in the parental cages increased the mortality rate of females but did not influence the number of parental male deaths. The results may facilitate advancement of an optimum mass-rearing system to aid in control of C. capitata in Brazil.

A frailty modeling approach for parental effects in animal breeding

Survival models involving frailties are commonly applied in studies where correlated event time data arise due to natural or artificial clustering. In this paper we present an application of such models in the animal breeding field. Specifically, a mixed survival model with a multivariate correlated frailty term is proposed for the analysis of data from over 3611 Brazilian Nellore cattle. The primary aim is to evaluate parental genetic effects on the trait length in days that their progeny need to gain a commercially specified standard weight gain. This trait is not measured directly but can be estimated from growth data. Results point to the importance of genetic effects and suggest that these models constitute a valuable data analysis tool for beef cattle breeding.

The role of parental anxiety in the treatment of childhood anxiety

Sixty-seven children aged 7 to 14 who met diagnostic criteria for an anxiety disorder were assigned to conditions according to parental anxiety level. Within these conditions, children were randomly assigned to I of 2 treatments: child-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or child-focused CBT plus parental anxiety management (CBT + PAM). At posttreatment, results indicated that within the child-anxiety-only condition, 82% of the children in the CBT condition no longer met criteria for an anxiety disorder compared with 80% in the CBT + PAM condition. Within the child + parental anxiety condition, 39% in the CBT condition no longer met criteria compared with 77% in the CBT + PAM condition. At follow-up, these differences were maintained, with some weakening over time. Results were not consistent across outcome measures. The interpretation and potential clinical implications of these findings are discussed.

Parental reactions to infant death: The effects of resources and coping strategies

The aim of this research was to examine, from a stress and coping perspective, the effects of resources (both personal and environmental) and coping strategies on parental reactions to infant death. One hundred and twenty-seven parents (60 fathers, 67 mothers) participated in the study. The predictors of parental distress (background factors, resources, coping methods) were initially assessed at 4-6 weeks post-loss. Parental distress (assessed using a composite measure of psychiatric disturbance, physical symptoms, and perinatal grief) was further assessed at 6 months post-loss and at 15 months postloss. After control for the stability in adjustment across time, there was consistent evidence that higher levels of education were associated with lower levels of parental distress over time. Among mothers, the number of friends in whom mothers had the confidence to confide emerged as a positive predictor of adjustment to infant death. A reliance on problem-focused coping was associated with greater maternal distress at 6 months post-loss, whereas coping by seeking support was associated with less distress at 15 months post-loss. There is no evidence that background factors and resources influenced parental distress through coping.

Effects of a program of intervention on parental distress following infant death

A longitudinal study of 144 patents (65 fathers, 79 mothers) was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a program of intervention in relieving the psychological distress of parents affected by infant death. Participants were assessed in terms of their psychiatric disturbance, depression, anxiety, physical symptoms, dyadic adjustment, and coping strategies. The experimental group (n = 84) was offered an intervention program comprising the use of specially designed resources and contact with a trained grief worker. A control group (n = 60) was given routine community care. Parental reactions were assessed at four to six weeks postloss (prior to the implementation of the intervention program), at six months postloss, and at 15 months postloss. A series of multivariate analyses of valiance revealed that the intervention was effective in reducing the distress of parents, particularly those assessed prior to the intervention as being at high-risk of developing mourning difficulties. Effects of the intervention were noted in terms of parents' overall psychiatric disturbance, marital quality, and paternal coping strategies.

Do Phenotypic Characteristics, Parental Psychopathology, Family Functioning, and Environmental Stressors Have a Role in the Response to Methylphenidate in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? A Naturalistic Study From a Developing Country

Little is known about the effect of clinical characteristics, parental psychopathology, family functioning, and environmental stressors in the response to methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) followed up in a naturalistic setting. Data from cultures outside the United States are extremely scarce. This is a longitudinal study using a nonrandom assignment, quasi-experimental design. One hundred twenty-five children with ADHD were treated with methylphenidate according to standard clinical procedures, and followed up for 6 months. The severity of ADHD symptoms was assessed by the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham rating scale. In the final multivariate model, ADHD combined subtype (P < 0.001) and comorbidity with oppositional defiant disorder (P = 0.03) were both predictors of a worse clinical response. In addition, the levels of maternal ADHD symptoms were also associated with worse prognosis (P < 0.001). In the context of several adverse psychosocial factors assessed, only undesired pregnancy was associated with poorer response to methylphenidate in the final comprehensive-model (P = 0.02). Our study provides evidence for the involvement of clinical characteristics, maternal psychopathology, and environmental stressors in the response to methylphenidate. Clinicians may consider adjuvant strategies when negative predictors are present to increase the chances of success with methylphenidate treatment.

Sibling competition and parental control: Patterns of begging in parrots

Begging and food allocation patterns are the outcome of complex and repeated interactions between parents and young. In most systems studied, food allocation is regulated by begging and scramble competition. In contrast, little is understood about how nestling solicitation behaviours will evolve in systems where parents engage in complex patterns of food allocation. Parrots appear to be an excellent group in which to examine the shifting balance between sibling competition and parental control. Studies to date have shown that levels of sibling competition within parrot broods are low, possibly in response to parental control over food distribution. I assess what is known about the function of nestling begging in parrots and evaluate why begging signals appear to function differently in this group.