910 resultados para Emigrants and Immigrants
Resumo:
En Suisse, le nombre de filles et de femmes migrantes excises au cours de leur enfance dans leur pays d'origine ou menaces de mutilations gnitales rituelles est estim 6-7000. Les professionnels de la sant en tant qu'interlocuteurs privilgis doivent donc tre en mesure de rpondre aux questions y relatives, non seulement durant l'adolescence, mais aussi dans toutes les phases de la vie. L'absence d'information ou de transmission par des anes aussi bien avant l'excision qu'au moment de la maturit sexuelle en fait souvent un vnement biographique traumatisant. Arrives en Suisse, le dcalage entre les attentes socioculturelles et familiales et le vcu individuel, influenc par le pays d'accueil, peut s'avrer particulirement difficile vivre pour les jeunes filles concernes. In Switzerland, the estimated number of survivors after traditional female genital mutilation in the country of origin or girls and adult women at risk is 6-7000. Health professionals must be able to respond adequately to their questions not only during adolescence but through out the different periods of life. The lack of information or transmission by the seniors as well before the excision as at the time of sexual maturity contributes in a large measure to the frequent biographic trauma. It can be very difficult for the girls to deal with the gap between socio cultural and family expectations and their individual life experience in Switzerland.
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The early childhood caries affect primary dentition before the eruption of the permanent teeth. It is set to extended use of a bottle containing fermentable carbohydrates. The early childhood caries is not only a dental disease: it is a social, cultural and behavioral condition that reflects the practices and beliefs around the child. Swiss data indicate that in aged 2 children, one of for could be affected by this devastating oral disease, mainly in vulnerable populations. The primary care physician has an important role in the screening of preschool children, in determining the risk level of the child for early childhood caries. Physicians can advise families, especially pregnant women, about preventive measures and behavior, leading to a dramatic drop of early childhood caries prevalence.
Resumo:
[Table des matires] 1. Introduction. 2. Mthodologie. 3. Rsultats. 3.1. Donnes sociodmographiques. 3.2. Comportements sexuels. 3.3. Besoins en conseils concernant le VIH/sida et les autres IST. 3.4. Facteurs associs l'utilisation du prservatif lors du dernier rapport sexuel. 3.5. Facteurs associs la condition de femme migrante dans la consultation de la policlinique gyncologique. 3.6. Faisabilit de l'tude. 4. Conclusions. 5. Bibliographie.
Resumo:
[Table des matires] 1. Introduction. 2. Besoin en matire de programmes offrant une galit des chances. 3. Programmes de promotion de la sant et de prvention valus. 4. Mesures prises pour garantir l'galit des chances d'accs lors de la conception et de la mise en oeuvre des programmes. 5. Participation aux programmes. 6. Quels obstacles la participation des migrants et quels facteurs susceptibles de l'amliorer?: avis des personnes consultes. 7. Mesures recommandes. 8. Annexes. 9. Rfrences.
Resumo:
[...] L'objectif de ce travail est d'exposer les notions de "comptence sanitaire" (Health Literacy) et d' "autonomisation" (Empowerment) dans un contexte de prise en charge pdiatrique des enfants de migrants. Nous sommes convaincus que ces deux concepts mergeants dans le domaine de la sant et appliqus au contexte migratoire constituent, sur les plans conomiques et de management, des lments qui peuvent mener terme : i) une rduction mesurable des cots de la sant et ii) une porte d'entre efficace dans un processus d'intgration - dont l'importance est reconnue sur le plan conomique - des migrants dans leur pays d'accueil. Tout au long de ce travail, il apparatra comme vident que des donnes propres la prise en charge sanitaire pdiatrique des enfants de migrants font actuellement souvent dfaut, a fortiori l'application des concepts de comptence sanitaire et d'autonomisation pour cette part de la socit. Nous le percevons comme une opportunit de mettre en place les conditions cadres pour combler ce vide. Nous poserons tout d'abord le cadre de ce mmoire au travers de la prsentation des concepts de comptence sanitaire et d'autonomisation, en mettant en avant leurs aspects conomiques dans les systmes de sant actuels, en particulier en Suisse. Nous prsenterons dans les chapitres 2 et 3 d'une part des donnes concernant l'tat de sant de la population migrante en Suisse et d'autre part la stratgie mise en place au niveau fdral dans le domaine " migration et sant 2008-2013 ". Le chapitre 4 nous permettra de prsenter un "case study" que nous avons intgr notre travail afin d'apporter des lments plus concrets aux notions thoriques abordes dans ce mmoire. Nous avons choisi de nous concentrer sur l'Hpital de l'Enfance de Lausanne (HEL) parce que l'HEL nous semble prsenter un cas de structure hospitalire qui fait un effort remarquable de prise en charge mdico-psycho-sociale des enfants de migrants. Le chapitre 5, en conclusion, aura pour objectif principal de soutenir que l'inclusion d'une dimension de management/gestion de la sant (reprsent ici par l'autonomisation et la comptence sanitaire) introduirait une valeur ajoute remarquable l'effort constructif consenti sur le plan mdico-social dcrit au chapitre prcdent. [Auteure, p. 4-5]
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In the literature on migration, as well as in social policies regarding this phenomenon, the situation of returning emigrants receives scant attention. This essay establishes an intricate connection between attitudes and policies that prevail in a country regarding emigration and those concerning immigration. The case of Italy provides a prime example for this as it once was a classical country of emigration, only to turn, in recent decades, into a country that appears highly attractive (and relatively accessible) to immigrants. The essay traces the pervasive ambiguity that characterizes this countrys attitudes towards emigration from the beginning of mass emigration shortly after the unification of Italy in 1868 to the emigration policies of the fascist regime of Mussolini and the post-World War II waves of emigration right through to the corresponding ambiguity concerning the status of immigrants in contemporary society, including the indifferent treatment of returning Italian emigrants who constitute a considerable numerical phenomenon. These reflections take their origin from the impending closure of a reception centre in Lazio, the Casa dellEmigrante near SantElia Fiumerapido, Province of Frosinone, ostensibly for financial reasons. This centre had been the only one of its kind in the whole of Italy dealing officially with the needs of repatriated Italians. It had assisted returning emigrants both with practical matters, such as negotiating the labyrinth of Italian bureaucracy , and with psychological implications of a return, which are often considerable given the time lag of experiences with current social realities and the frequently unrealistic expectations associated with the return. Questions of identity become highly acute in those circumstances. The threatened closure of the centre illustrates the unwillingness of the state to face up to the factual prevalence of migratory experiences in the country as a whole and as a core element of national history, experiences of migration in both directions. The statistics speak for themselves: of the 4.660.427 persons who left Italy between 1880 and 1950, 2.322.451 have returned, almost exactly 50%. To those have to be added 3.628.430 returnees of the 5.109.860 emigrants who left Italy between the end of World War II and 1976 for Europe alone. Attitudes towards people leaving changed ostensibly over time. In the first two decades after Unification parliament on the one hand wanted to show some concern over the fate of its citizens, not wanting to abandon those newly created citizens entirely to their own destiny, while on the other portraying their decisions to emigrate as expressions of individual liberty and responsibility and not necessitated by want and poverty. Emigrants had to prove, paradoxically that they had the requisite means to emigrate when in fact poverty was largely driving them to emigrate. To admit that publicly would have amounted to admission of economic and political failure made evident through emigration. In contrast to that Mussolinis emigration policies not only enforced large population movements within the territory of Italy to balance unemployment between regions and particularly between North and South, but also declared it citizens duty to be ready to move also to the colonies, thereby turning emigration as a sign of social crisis into a sign of national strength and the success of the countrys political agenda (Gaspari 2001, p. 34). The duplicity continued even after World War II when secret deals were done with the USA to allow a continuous flow of Italian immigrants and EU membership obviously further facilitated the departure of unemployed, impoverished Italians. With the growing prosperity of Italy the reversal of the direction of migration became more obvious. On the basis of empirical research conducted by one of the author on returning emigrants four types of motives for returning can be distinguished: 1. Return as a result of failure particularly the emigrants who left during the 1950-1970 period usually had no linguistic preparation, and in any case the gap between the spoken and the written language is enormous with the latter often being insurmountable. This gives rise to nostalgic sentiments which motivates a return into an environment where language is familiar 2. Return as a means of preserving an identity the life of emigrants often takes place within ghetto-like conditions where familiarity is being reproduced but under restricted conditions and hence not entirely authentic. The necessity for saving money permits only a partial entry into the host society and at the same time any accumulating savings add to the desire to return home where life can be lived fully again or so it seems. 3. Return of investment the impossibility to become fully part of another society often motivates migrants to accumulate not so much material wealth but new experiences and competences which they then aim to reinvest in their home country. 4. Return to retire for many emigrants returning home becomes acute once they leave a productive occupation and feelings of estrangement build up, in conjunction with the efforts of having invested in building a house back home. All those motives are associated with a variety of difficulties on the actual return home because, above all, time in relation to the country of origin has been suspended for the emigrant and the encounter with the reality of that country reveals constant discrepancies and requires constant readjustment. This is where the need for assistance to returning emigrants arises. The fact that such an important centre of assistance has been closed is further confirmation of the still prevailing politics of ambiguity which nominally demand integration from nationals and non-nationals alike but deny the means of achieving this. Citizenship is not a natural result of nationality but requires the means for active participation in society. Furthermore, the experiences of returning immigrants provide important cues for the double ambivalence in which immigrants to Italy live between the demands made on them to integrate, the simultaneous threats of repatriation and the alienation from the immigrants home country which grows inexorably during the absence. The state can only regain its credibility by putting an end to this ambiguity and provide to returning emigrants, and immigrants alike, the means of reconstructing strong communal identities.
Resumo:
Fundamento: La asociacin de la inmigracin con el bajo peso al nacimiento (BP) y el parto pretrmino (PP) es un importante indicador de inequidades en salud. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las diferencias entre BP y el PP segn la nacionalidad de la madre. Mtodos: Los datos proceden del Boletn Estadstico de Nacimientos. Durante el perodo de estudio hubo 1.878.718 recin nacidos. La nacionalidad fue considerada como variable de exposicin (espaola-inmigrante). Las variables de efecto son BP (nacimientos de 37 o ms semanas de gestacin con un peso inferior a 2.500 gramos) y PP (recin nacidos con menos de 37 semanas de gestacin). Se calcularon odds ratios simples y ajustadas por posibles variables de confusin mediante regresin logstica. Resultados: La prevalencia de BP y PP entre las mujeres espaolas fue de 7,9% y 3,2% respectivamente, mientras que en las extranjeras fue de 7,3% y 2,4% respectivamente. En comparacin con las espaolas, el riesgo ms bajo de PP lo presentaron las mujeres procedentes de frica del Norte (ORa= 0,77 IC95%0,74-0,80). Con respecto al BP el riesgo ms bajo se observ en madres de Sudamrica (ORa=0,62 IC95%0,59-0,65) y Europa del Este (ORa=0,65 IC95%0,60-0,71). Conclusin: Los recin nacidos de madre extranjera presentan menos riesgo de BP y PP que los autctonos, posiblemente como consecuencia del sesgo por la condicin de ser inmigrante sano y por la menor frecuencia de prcticas de riesgo durante la gestacin de las mujeres inmigrantes.
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Antecedentes/Objetivos: Tras el crecimiento de la inmigracin extranjera de la pasada dcada, este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la evidencia cientfica generada en los ltimos quince aos sobre la salud de la poblacin inmigrante en Espaa que aborda la influencia de determinantes sociales y/o las desigualdades en comparacin con la poblacin espaola. Mtodos: Se realiz un estudio de revisin mediante la metodologa de scoping review y se efecto una bsqueda de la literatura cientfica publicada desde 1998 hasta 2013 en Espaa. Se consultaron las bases de datos de medline y medes. Se combinaron 3 filtros temticos: a) desigualdades sociales: se utiliz el propuesto por Borrell y Malmusi (Informe SESPAS 2010); b) inmigracin: trminos MeSH Emigrants and Immigrants, Emigration and Immigration, Transients and Migrants, Ethnic Groups; c) Espaa: se utiliz el desarrollado por Valderas et al. (Rev Esp Cardiol 2006). Se seleccionaron estudios sobre desigualdades sociales en salud con poblacin inmigrante procedente de pases tales como Latinoamrica, frica, Asia o Europa del Este. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 27 artculos. La mayora fueron publicados en los aos 2009 y 2010 (n = 17). Doce utilizaron encuestas poblacionales de salud de mbito nacional (n = 6) y autonmicas (n = 6). Un total de 23 se centraron en poblacin adulta mayor de 15 aos. Los indicadores ms frecuentemente analizados fueron el estado de salud percibido (n = 9) y la salud mental (n = 7). La poblacin inmigrante est expuesta a determinantes sociales ms desfavorables que la autctona (clase social, renta, condiciones de empleo y trabajo, apoyo social, discriminacin). A pesar de una menor prevalencia de enfermedades crnicas, parece presentar mayores problemas de salud mental y peor percepcin de salud, sobretodo en mujeres y a mayor tiempo de estancia. Tambin se reportan menores prevalencias de tabaquismo y consumo de alcohol, uso de frmacos y menor mortalidad, as como mayor sedentarismo y obesidad, sobre todo en mujeres, y violencia del compaero ntimo. Conclusiones: Los estudios exploran un amplio abanico de indicadores de salud en poblacin adulta e infantil. A pesar de su recin llegada, las peores condiciones de vida se traducen en desigualdades sociales en la salud que afectan a la poblacin inmigrante. Se detectan algunas lagunas de conocimiento y aspectos metodolgicos a mejorar. Se hace necesario analizar la evolucin de estas desigualdades en el nuevo contexto econmico y considerando el previsible deterioro del efecto inmigrante sano.
Resumo:
Fundamentos: La realidad socio-demogrfica configurada en Espaa a partir de la incorporacin de la poblacin inmigrante requiere analizar las necesidades y prioridades generadas por esta situacin en todos los mbitos, incluido el de la investigacin en salud. El objetivo del presente estudio es conocer las caractersticas generales de los artculos incluidos en una revisin bibliogrfica sobre este tema y realizada en el marco del Subprograma de Salud e Inmigracin del CIBERESP. Mtodos: Revisin bibliogrfica de los artculos originales publicados en espaol o ingls en el periodo 1998-2012. Se seleccionaron artculos realizados en Espaa y que cumplieran la definicin de inmigrante de la Organizacin Internacional de Migraciones. La bsqueda bibliogrfica se realiz en Medline y MEDES. Se analiz la distribucin temporal de la produccin y las caractersticas generales de los artculos mediante frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Resultados: En la bsqueda inicial se identificaron 2.625 artculos (2.434 Medline y 191 Medes-MEDicina), finalmente se incluyeron los 311 que cumplan criterios de inclusin. La mayora eran estudios epidemiolgicos de diseo transversal realizados con datos primarios. En el 69% se compar a la poblacin inmigrante con la autctona. En 217, (70%) la temtica principal fue la relacionada con enfermedades transmisibles. En 256 (82%) el periodo produccin fue entre 2004 y 2011. En 220 (71%) el pas de origen fue la forma ms comn de clasificacin de la poblacin inmigrante. Conclusiones: Las enfermedades transmisibles fueron el principal objeto de investigacin de los estudios desarrollados en Espaa sobre salud de la poblacin inmigrante. La mayora de estudios incluyen a la poblacin autctona como grupo de comparacin.
Resumo:
Fundamentos: La relacin entre inmigracin, trabajo y salud constituye uno de los retos ms importantes en salud laboral y ms concretamente en Espaa por el importante incremento de proporcin inmigrante acontecido en el mercado laboral. El objetivo de esta investigacin es conocer la relacin entre las condiciones de trabajo y sus efectos en la salud de trabajadores inmigrantes en Espaa. Mtodos: Revisin bibliogrfica de artculos cientficos originales en espaol e ingls Medline y Medes (1998-2012). Se revisaron los textos completos de los artculos incluidos. Resultados: Se incluyeron 20 estudios, 13 con metodologa de investigacin cuantitativa y 7 cualitativa. Los temas tratados abordaban problemas especficos de salud relacionados con el trabajo (principalmente lesiones por accidente de trabajo), incapacidad laboral y diferencias en condiciones de trabajo y empleo. Los hallazgos de los estudios mostraron mayor incidencia de lesiones por accidentes de trabajo, menores tasas de incapacidad laboral, mayor prevalencia de presentismo laboral, exposicin a factores psicosociales y precariedad laboral en la poblacin inmigrante. Conclusiones: A pesar de la singularidad del proceso demogrfico migratorio, los problemas de salud y determinantes identificados no difieren de los referenciados en otros pases, en otros contextos y en otros momentos.
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The precondition for labour-market competition between immigrants and natives is that both are willing to accept jobs that do not differ in quality. To test this hypothesis, in this paper we compare the working conditions between immigrants and natives in Catalonia. Comparing immigrants working conditions in relation to their native counterparts is not only a useful analysis for studying the extent to which immigrants and low-skilled native workers are direct competitors in the labour market, but also allows us to contribute to the literature on this issue by moving away from the conventional approach used in previous studies. Our results indicate that: i) natives and immigrants display a different taste for job (dis)amenities; ii) Catalan-born workers might be in direct competition with EU15 immigrants, while non-Catalan Spanish workers might be competing with Latin American immigrants, and; iii) African-born immigrants are the group in the Catalan workforce that by far face the worst working conditions.
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Research implies that there ~ay be an association between attitudes toward margil1alized human outgroups and non-human animals. Very few studies, however, have specifically tested this relation empirically. The general purpose of the present research was to determine if such a relation exists and if perceptions of human-animal similarity avail as a common predictor of both types of attitudes. Ideological orientations associated with prejudiced attitudes (Social Dominance Orientation, Right-Wing Authoritarianism, and Universal Orientation) were also examined as individual differences in predicting perceptions of human-animal similarity. As predicted, people who endorsed prejudiced attitudes toward human outgroups (Study 1) and immigrants in particular (Studies 2 and 3), were more likely to endorse prejudiced attitudes toward non-human animals. In Study 2, perceptions that humans are superior (versus similar) to other animals directly predicted higher levels of prejudice toward non-human animals, whereas the effect of human superiority beliefs on immigrant prejudice was mediated by dehumanization. In other words, greater perceptions of humans as superior (versus similar) to other animals "allowed for" greater dehumanization of immigrants, which in turn resulted in heightened immigrant prejudice. Furthermore, people higher in Social Dominance Orientation or Right-Wing Authoritarianism were particularly likely to perceive humans as superior (versus similar) to other animals, whereas people characterized by a greater Universal Orientation were more likely to perceive humans and non-human animals as similar. Study 3 examined whether inducing perceptions of human-animal similarity through experimental manipulation would lead to more favourable attitudes toward non-human animals and immigrants. Participants were randomly assigned to read one of four 11 editorials designed to highlight either the similarities or differences between humans and other animals (i.e., animals are similar to humans; humans are similar to animals;~~nimals are inferior to humans; humans are superior to animals) or to a neutral control condition. Encouragingly, when animals were described as similar to humans, prejudice towards non-human animals and immigrants was significantly lower, and to some extent this finding was also true for people naturally high in prejudice (i.e., high in Social Dominance Orientation or Right-Wing Authoritarianism). Inducing perceptions that nonhuman animals are similar to humans was particularly effective at reducing the tendency to dehumanize immigrants ("re-humanization"), lowering feelings of personal threat regarding one's animal-nature, and at increasing inclusive intergroup representations and empathy, all of which uniquely accounted for the significant decreases in prejudiced attitudes. Implications for research, theory and prejudice interventions are considered.
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We investigate whether the dependence of immigrants on welfare benefits leads to opposition to further immigration by natives and immigrants in a pooled cross-section of 21 European countries for the 2004{2010 period. Explicitly controlling for the dependence of immigrants and natives on benefits we find that higher benefit take-up rates among immigrants than among natives lead to less favourable attitudes of natives towards immigration. Interestingly, we do not find similar stylised facts for immigrants' attitudes towards immigration.
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We investigate whether the dependence of immigrants on welfare benefits leads to opposition to further immigration by natives and immigrants in a pooled cross-section of 21 European countries for the 2004-2010 period. Explicitly controlling for the dependence of immigrants and natives on benefits we find that higher benefit take-up rates among immigrants than among natives lead to less favourable attitudes of natives towards immigration. Interestingly, we do not find similar stylised facts for immigrants' attitudes towards immigration.
Resumo:
Background: The immigrant population living in Spain grew exponentially in the early 2000s but has been particularly affected by the economic crisis. This study aims to analyse health inequalities between immigrants born in middle- or low-income countries and natives in Spain, in 2006 and 2012, taking into account gender, year of arrival and socioeconomic exposures. Methods: Study of trends using two cross-sections, the 2006 and 2012 editions of the Spanish National Health Survey, including residents in Spain aged 1564 years (20 810 natives and 2950 immigrants in 2006, 14 291 natives and 2448 immigrants in 2012). Fair/poor self-rated health, poor mental health (GHQ-12 > 2), chronic activity limitation and use of psychotropic drugs were compared between natives and immigrants who arrived in Spain before 2006, adjusting robust Poisson regression models for age and socioeconomic variables to obtain prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: Inequalities in poor self-rated health between immigrants and natives tend to increase among women (age-adjusted PR2006 = 1.39; 95% CI: 1.241.56, PR2012 = 1.56; 95% CI: 1.331.82). Among men, there is a new onset of inequalities in poor mental health (PR2006 = 1.10; 95% CI: 0.861.40, PR2012 = 1.34; 95% CI: 1.061.69) and an equalization of the previously lower use of psychotropic drugs (PR2006 = 0.22; 95% CI: 0.110.43, PR2012 = 1.20; 95% CI: 0.732.01). Conclusions: Between 2006 and 2012, immigrants who arrived in Spain before 2006 appeared to worsen their health status when compared with natives. The loss of the healthy immigrant effect in the context of a worse impact of the economic crisis on immigrants appears as potential explanation. Employment, social protection and re-universalization of healthcare would prevent further deterioration of immigrants health status.
