Napoleon and the queen of Prussia; an historical novel

UANL

Máximas de guerra de Napoleón I extraídos de sus memorias

UANL

Stimulation of peripheral Kappa opioid receptors inhibits inflammatory hyperalgesia via activation of the PI3K gamma/AKT/nNOS/NO signaling pathway

Background: In addition to their central effects, opioids cause peripheral analgesia. There is evidence showing that peripheral activation of kappa opioid receptors (KORs) inhibits inflammatory pain. Moreover, peripheral mu-opioid receptor (MOR) activation are able to direct block PGE(2)-induced ongoing hyperalgesia However, this effect was not tested for KOR selective activation. In the present study, the effect of the peripheral activation of KORs on PGE(2)-induced ongoing hyperalgesia was investigated. The mechanisms involved were also evaluated. Results: Local (paw) administration of U50488 (a selective KOR agonist) directly blocked, PGE(2)-induced mechanical hyperalgesia in both rats and mice. This effect was reversed by treating animals with L-NMMA or N-propyl-L-arginine (a selective inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, nNOS), suggesting involvement of the nNOS/NO pathway. U50488 peripheral effect was also dependent on stimulation of PI3K gamma/AKT because inhibitors of these kinases also reduced peripheral antinociception induced by U50488. Furthermore, U50488 lost its peripheral analgesic effect in PI3K gamma null mice. Observations made in vivo were confirmed after incubation of dorsal root ganglion cultured neurons with U50488 produced an increase in the activation of AKT as evaluated by western blot analyses of its phosphorylated form. Finally, immunofluorescence of DRG neurons revealed that KOR-expressing neurons also express PI3K gamma (congruent to 43%). Conclusions: The present study indicates that activation of peripheral KORs directly blocks inflammatory hyperalgesia through stimulation of the nNOS/NO signaling pathway which is probably stimulated by PI3K gamma/AKT signaling. This study extends a previously study of our group suggesting that PI3K gamma/AKT/nNOS/NO is an important analgesic pathway in primary nociceptive neurons.

How women and men are addressed in job advertisements

Research has shown that gender references in job advertisements play an important role for gender (in)equality in personnel selection. In advertisements gender is referred to in different ways, for instance, by using grammatically masculine and feminine human nouns (e.g., German Mechaniker/Mechanikerin 'mechanic, masc./fem.'), by mentioning typically feminine or typically masculine traits (e.g., kind and friendly versus determined and independent) as well as by showing pictures of women and men. The present study addresses the questions which forms of gender references occur in job advertisements, how these forms are distributed across different lines of business and across different countries. We collected job advertisements published online in four countries with different rankings of gender equality (i.e., Switzerland, Austria, Poland, and Czech Republic; World Economic Forum, 2011). We randomly selected 100 advertisements per country from four lines of business that are characterized by different proportions of female and male employees: (1) steels/metals, (2) science, (3) restaurants/food services, and (4) health care. The advertisements were analyzed with regard to the linguistic form of the job title and of the remaining text as well as reference to gender-typical traits. We also examined indicators of job status and other information (e.g., equal opportunity policies) which might be related to the use of gender references in job advertisements. The results show that, in general, gender-fair language occurs much more often in job ads from Switzerland and Austria than in those from Poland and the Czech Republic, where job titles are mostly masculine. While exclusive use of feminine forms are almost never used in Switzerland and Austria, they are more frequently used in Poland and Czech Republic. In general, gender-fair forms are more common when there are many women in a line of business, whereas more masculine forms are used where the proportion of women is low. In Switzerland and Austria, masculine forms are mostly combined with the supplement m/f to indicate that both women and men are addressed. The present data provide a sound basis for future studies on gender references in job advertisements. Furthermore it sheds a light on how companies comply with national guidelines of gender equality.

Gender references in job advertisements – relations to job status and gender equality

Research has shown that gender references in job advertisements play an important role for gender (in)equality in personnel selection. The use of pair forms (masculine and feminine form) in German-language job advertisements, for example, was found to reduce the lack of fit between women and leadership roles (Horvath & Sczesny, 2013). Therefore the present study addresses the question which forms of gender reference are used in job advertisements, how these forms are distributed in different countries and how language use is related to gender typicality and status of the job. We collected job advertisements published online in four countries with different rankings of gender equality (i.e., Switzerland, Austria, Poland, and Czech Republic; World Economic Forum, 2011). We randomly selected 100 advertisements per country from four branches that are characterized by different proportions of female and male employees: steels/metals, science, restaurants/food services, and health care. The advertisements were analyzed with regard to gender references as well as different indicators of job status. The results show that, in general, men and women are addressed more equally in Swiss and Austrian job advertisements compared to Polish and Czech job advertisements. The results also show that women and men are addressed more equally in branches where the proportion of women is high than where the proportion of women is low. We thus can conclude that the use of gender references is associated with the degree of gender equality achieved in a country and with the gender typicality of a profession.

Prodigium & Elogium Perfidiae ac Ignaviae Strasburgensis : Olim Civitatis Imperialis; Nunc Municipii Gallici

A Rurali Solitario, C. F. a K. In Campis Silesiae Habitante, Celeri Calamo concinnatum; Nec non Perpetuae Recordationi, Orbi Germanico, Germanaeq[ue] Posteritati Publicatum

Semanario erudito : que comprehende varias obras ineditas, criticas, morales, instructivas ... de nuestros mejores autores ...

Contiene: Grandes controversias acaecidas en la menor edad del ... Carlos IIº entre la Reyna Madre Doña Maria Ana Teresa de Austria i ... Juan de Austria ... sobre la dirección y gobierno de estos Reynos

Kaiser Franz Josef I. als König von Ungarn.

Mode of access: Internet.

Franciscéische Curiosa; oder, Ganz besondere Denkwürdigkeiten aus der Lebens- und Regierungs- Periode des Kaisers Franz II. (I.)

Mode of access: Internet.

Traité des droits de la Reyne tres-chrétienne sur diuers etats de la Monarchie d'Espagne.

Iniciales y cabeceras calcográficas.

Concordiae inter Alexandrum III, summum pont. et Fridericum I, imperatorem Venetiis confirmatae narratio ... Criminationes ab authore actorum Alexandri Tertii, [et] chronico Romualdi archiepiscopi Salernitani depulsae. Caesaris cardinalis Baronii authoritas à calumniis vindicata. Ex notis et animaduersionibus Felicis Contelori ... ad Fortunati Ulmi libellum de Alexandri Tertii occulto aduentu Venetias anno MCLXXVII

Mode of access: Internet.

Histoire de Napoleón I /

Mode of access: Internet.

[Legitimación, esposición [sic] del párrafo XII, Tit. X, Lib. I de las instituciones de Justiniano] : discurso leído en la Universidad Central /

Tesis de la Universidad Central (Madrid), Facultad de Derecho, leída el 26-11-1860.

[Legitimación, esposición (sic) del párrafo XII, Tit. X, Lib. I de las instituciones de Justiniano] : discurso leído ante el claustro de la Universidad Central al recibir la investidura de Doctor en Derecho Civil y Canónico /

Tesis de la Universidad Central (Madrid), Facultad de Derecho, leída el 11-10-1866.

Acta remitida de Miramar por la comision encargada de ofrecer los votos de los mexicanos y la corona de México i [i.e. a] S.A.I. y R. el archiduque Fernando Maximiliano de Austria. y Decreto de S.M. el emperador nombrando su lugarteniente al General D. Juan N. Almonte.

Mode of access: Internet.