Environmental selection on transcriptome-derived SNPs in a high gene flow marine fish, the Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus)

High gene flow is considered the norm for most marine organisms and is expected to limit their ability to adapt to local environments. Few studies have directly compared the patterns of differentiation at neutral and selected gene loci in marine organisms. We analysed a transcriptome-derived panel of 281 SNPs in Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus), a highly migratory small pelagic fish, for elucidating neutral and selected genetic variation among populations and to identify candidate genes for environmental adaptation. We analysed 607 individuals from 18 spawning locations in the northeast Atlantic, including two temperature clines (5-12 °C) and two salinity clines (5-35‰). By combining genome scan and landscape genetic analyses, four genetically distinct groups of herring were identified: Baltic Sea, Baltic-North Sea transition area, North Sea/British Isles and North Atlantic; notably, samples exhibited divergent clustering patterns for neutral and selected loci. We found statistically strong evidence for divergent selection at 16 outlier loci on a global scale, and significant correlations with temperature and salinity at nine loci. On regional scales, we identified two outlier loci with parallel patterns across temperature clines and five loci associated with temperature in the North Sea/North Atlantic. Likewise, we found seven replicated outliers, of which five were significantly associated with low salinity across both salinity clines. Our results reveal a complex pattern of varying spatial genetic variation among outlier loci, likely reflecting adaptations to local environments. In addition to disclosing the fine scale of local adaptation in a highly vagile species, our data emphasize the need to preserve functionally important biodiversity.

Gene-associated markers provide tools for tackling illegal fishing and false eco-certification

Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated fishing has had a major role in the overexploitation of global fish populations. In response, international regulations have been imposed and many fisheries have been 'eco-certified' by consumer organizations, but methods for independent control of catch certificates and eco-labels are urgently needed. Here we show that, by using gene-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms, individual marine fish can be assigned back to population of origin with unprecedented high levels of precision. By applying high differentiation single nucleotide polymorphism assays, in four commercial marine fish, on a pan-European scale, we find 93-100% of individuals could be correctly assigned to origin in policy-driven case studies. We show how case-targeted single nucleotide polymorphism assays can be created and forensically validated, using a centrally maintained and publicly available database. Our results demonstrate how application of gene-associated markers will likely revolutionize origin assignment and become highly valuable tools for fighting illegal fishing and mislabelling worldwide.

Gene-associated markers can assign origin in a weakly structured fish, Atlantic herring

Regulations on the exploitation of populations of commercially important fish species and the ensuing consumer interest in sustainable products have increased the need to accurately identify the population of origin of fish and fish products. Although genomics-based tools have proven highly useful, there are relatively few examples in marine fish displaying accurate origin assignment. We synthesize data for 156 single-nucleotide polymorphisms typed in 1039 herring, Clupea harengus L., spanning the Northeast Atlantic to develop a tool that allows assignment of individual herring to their regional origin. We show the method's suitability to address specific biological questions, as well as management applications. We analyse temporally replicated collections from two areas, the Skagerrak (n = 81, 84, 66) and the western Baltic (n = 52, 52). Both areas harbour heavily fished mixed-origin stocks, complicating management issues. We report novel genetic evidence that herring from the Baltic Sea contribute to catches in the North Sea, and find support that western Baltic feeding aggregations mainly constitute herring from the western Baltic with contributions from the Eastern Baltic. Our study describes a general approach and outlines a database allowing individual assignment and traceability of herring across a large part of its East Atlantic distribution.

Evaluating genetic traceability methods for captive-bred marine fish and their applications in fisheries management and wildlife forensics

Growing demands for marine fish products is leading to increased pressure on already depleted wild populations and a rise in aquaculture production. Consequently, more captive-bred fish are released into the wild through accidental escape or deliberate releases. The increased mixing of captive-bred and wild fish may affect the ecological and/or genetic integrity of wild fish populations. Unambiguous identification tools for captive-bred fish will be highly valuable to manage risks (fisheries management) and tracing of escapees and seafood products (wildlife forensics). Using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data from captive-bred and wild populations of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L. and sole Solea solea L., we explored the efficiency of population and parentage assignment techniques for the identification and tracing of captive-bred fish. Simulated and empirical data were used to correct for stochastic genetic effects. Overall, parentage assignment performed well when a large effective population size characterized the broodstock and escapees originated from early generations of captive breeding. Consequently, parentage assignments are particularly useful from a fisheries management perspective to monitor the effects of deliberate releases of captive-bred fish on wild populations. Population assignment proved to be more efficient after several generations of captive breeding, which makes it a useful method in forensic applications for well-established aquaculture species. We suggest the implementation of a case-by-case strategy when choosing the best method.

Mental Toughness Moderates Social Loafing in Cycle Time-Trial Performance

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine if mental toughness moderated the occurrence of social loafing in cycle time-trial performance. Method: Twenty-seven men (Mage = 17.7 years, SD = 0.6) completed the Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire prior to completing a 1-min cycling trial under 2 conditions: once with individual performance identified, and once in a group with individual performance not identified. Using a median split of the mental toughness index, participants were divided into high and low mental toughness groups. Cycling distance was compared using a 2 (trial) × 2 (high–low mental toughness) analysis of variance. We hypothesized that mentally tough participants would perform equally well under both conditions (i.e., no indication of social loafing) compared with low mentally tough participants, who would perform less well when their individual performance was not identifiable (i.e., demonstrating the anticipated social loafing effect). Results: The high mental toughness group demonstrated consistent performance across both conditions, while the low mental toughness group reduced their effort in the non-individually identifiable team condition. Conclusions: The results confirm that (a) clearly identifying individual effort/performance is an important situational variable that may impact team performance and (b) higher perceived mental toughness has the ability to negate the tendency to loaf.

Gut Associated Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from the Estuarine Fish Mugil cephalus: Molecular Diversity and Antibacterial Activities against Pathogens

In the present study we address the issue on gut associated lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from the intestine of estuarine fish Mugil cephalus using de Man Rogossa and Sharpe (MRS) agar. LAB isolates were identified biochemically and screened for their ability to inhibit in vitro growth of various fish, shrimp and human pathogens. Most of the LAB isolates displayed an improved antagonism against fish pathogens compared to shrimp and human pathogens. Selected representative strains displaying high antibacterial activity were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Of the selected strains Lactobacillus brevis was the most predominant. Four other species of Lactobacillus, Enterobacter hormaechei and Enterobacter ludwigii were also identified. It was also observed that even among same species, considerable diversity with respect to substrate utilization persisted. Considering the euryhaline nature of grey mullet (Mugil cephalus), the LAB isolated from the gut possessed good tolerance to varying salt concentrations. This finding merits further investigation to evaluate whether the isolated LAB could be used as probiotics in various fresh and sea water aquaculture

Carcinoma de tiroides una verdadera pandemia?

El diagnóstico de cáncer de tiroides se ha incrementado y las posibilidades de detección de una enfermedad subclínica son altas, toda vez que disponemos de herramientas de detección más sensibles y de fácil acceso. Por ende, el clínico requiere conocer la historia natural del nódulo tiroideo y del carcinoma papilar de tiroides de bajo riesgo para brindar a su paciente el mejor tratamiento basado en la evidencia clínica. El objetivo de esta revision es reconocer los elementos clínicos que han condicionado el aumento inusitado de casos de cáncer de tiroides. Conclusión: El sobrediagnóstico del cáncer de tiroides es una realidad, que se posibilita por el uso extendido de biopsia por aspiración con aguja fina ((BACAF)) después de la detección de un nódulo tiroideo, en gran parte de manera incidental, sin acarrear la mayoría de las veces un mejor pronóstico después de su tratamiento.

August Thienemann and Loch Lomond - an approach to the design of a system for monitoring the state of north-temperate standing waters

Limnologists had an early preoccupation with lake classification. It gave a necessary structure to the many chemical and biological observations that were beginning to form the basis of one of the earliest truly environmental sciences. August Thienemann was the doyen of such classifiers and his concept with Einar Naumann of oligotrophic and eutrophic lakes remains central to the world-view that limnologists still have. Classification fell into disrepute, however, as it became clear that there would always be lakes that deviated from the prescriptions that the classifiers made for them. Continua became the de rigeur concept and lakes were seen as varying along many chemical, biological and geographic axes. Modern limnologists are comfortable with this concept. That all lakes are different guarantees an indefinite future for limnological research. For those who manage lakes and the landscapes in which they are set, however, it is not very useful. There may be as many as 300000 standing water bodies in England and Wales alone and maybe as many again in Scotland. More than 80 000 are sizable (> 1 ha). Some classification scheme to cope with these numbers is needed and, as human impacts on them increase, a system of assessing and monitoring change must be built into such a scheme. Although ways of classifying and monitoring running waters are well developed in the UK, the same is not true of standing waters. Sufficient understanding of what determines the nature and functioning of lakes exists to create a system which has intellectual credibility as well as practical usefulness. This paper outlines the thinking behind a system which will be workable on a north European basis and presents some early results.

Non-replication of the association between 5HTTLPR and response to psychological therapy for child anxiety disorders

Background We previously reported an association between 5HTTLPR genotype and outcome following cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) in child anxiety (Cohort 1). Children homozygous for the low-expression short-allele showed more positive outcomes. Other similar studies have produced mixed results, with most reporting no association between genotype and CBT outcome. Aims To replicate the association between 5HTTLPR and CBT outcome in child anxiety from the Genes for Treatment study (GxT Cohort 2, n = 829). Method Logistic and linear mixed effects models were used to examine the relationship between 5HTTLPR and CBT outcomes. Mega-analyses using both cohorts were performed. Results There was no significant effect of 5HTTLPR on CBT outcomes in Cohort 2. Mega-analyses identified a significant association between 5HTTLPR and remission from all anxiety disorders at follow-up (odds ratio 0.45, P = 0.014), but not primary anxiety disorder outcomes. Conclusions The association between 5HTTLPR genotype and CBT outcome did not replicate. Short-allele homozygotes showed more positive treatment outcomes, but with small, non-significant effects. Future studies would benefit from utilising whole genome approaches and large, homogenous samples.

Clinical predictors of response to cognitive-behavioural therapy in pediatric anxiety disorders: the Genes for Treatment (GXT) Study

Objective The Genes for Treatment study is an international, multisite collaboration exploring the role of genetic, demographic, and clinical predictors in response to cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in pediatric anxiety disorders. The current article, the first from the study, examined demographic and clinical predictors of response to CBT. We hypothesized that the child’s gender, type of anxiety disorder, initial severity and comorbidity, and parents’ psychopathology would significantly predict outcome. Method A sample of 1,519 children 5 to 18 years of age with a primary anxiety diagnosis received CBT across 11 sites. Outcome was defined as response (change in diagnostic severity) and remission (absence of the primary diagnosis) at each time point (posttreatment, 3-, 6-, and/or 12-month follow-up) and analyzed using linear and logistic mixed models. Separate analyses were conducted using data from posttreatment and follow-up assessments to explore the relative importance of predictors at these time points. Results Individuals with social anxiety disorder (SoAD) had significantly poorer outcomes (poorer response and lower rates of remission) than those with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Although individuals with specific phobia (SP) also had poorer outcomes than those with GAD at posttreatment, these differences were not maintained at follow-up. Both comorbid mood and externalizing disorders significantly predicted poorer outcomes at posttreatment and follow-up, whereas self-reported parental psychopathology had little effect on posttreatment outcomes but significantly predicted response (although not remission) at follow-up. Conclusion SoAD, nonanxiety comorbidity, and parental psychopathology were associated with poorer outcomes after CBT. The results highlight the need for enhanced treatments for children at risk for poorer outcomes.

Sports and mediatization : a case of women´s ski-jumping

Ski jumping was the only sport included in the Winter Olympics, where women were not allowed to take part until the first week of April 2011, when IOC decided to let them in to the Olympic family, a major victory for women´s ski-jumping. Since 2004 the Norwegian media had women ski jumping as one important topic in their media coverage. The third of March 2010 the new Holmenkollen ski-jumping hill was inaugurated. It had been rebuilt for the World Championships 2011. The first jump on the hill was surrounded by an intense debate. Annette Sagen was decided to be the first jumper on the hill after a poll on the social media channel Facebook that gave Annette Sagen over 40 000 votes.  However Tuesday the second of March Björn Einar Romören, a world cup jumper, did the first jump during a training session. This act started a significant chain of events. The biggest Norwegian web – magazines Verldens Gang and Aftenposten made this the head story and they invited the readers to interaction. Within 24 hours 11 000 comments were written, most of them in favor of Sagen and against Romören´s behavior. The Norwegian Ski Association excluded Romören from two World Cup competitions. What did happen during these days in the media?  I want to present the activities, which went on in two web-magazines, and analyze the articles written on the topic. Main issues are to show what an impact a social media network had on the sport in this specific case and how different actors appeared in the media and discuss if Romörens exclusion was a result of the mediatization.

Avaliação e desempenho do modelo de fator de retorno esperado no Brasil

Sempre houve, na humanidade, incertezas quanto ao futuro. Por parte dos investidores, incertezas e riscos nos investimentos. Outros acreditam que os mercados financeiros operam de forma eficiente e, portanto, para reduzirem o risco e minimizarem as perdas tentam fazer regressão à média, ou seja, tomam decisões pensando que os fatos voltarão ao “normal”. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho procura discutir uma nova metodologia, proposta por Haugen (2000), e denominada de Modelo de Fator de Retorno Esperado, utilizando-se de variáveis fundamentalistas. Contudo, no dia-a-dia, os erros cometidos, a ambigüidade dos fatos e, principalmente, o poder das emoções humanas - “efeito manada”, podem rapidamente destruir um modelo. Os mercados são bem menos eficientes na prática do que quando se estudam ou se tenta aplicar as teorias. Por isso, os modelo aqui estudados, o Modelo de Fator do Retorno Esperado e, secundariamente, o Modelo de Precificação de Ativos(CAPM) e a Teoria de Preços por Arbitragem(APT), diferem muito entre si. Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal avaliar o desempenho do Modelo de Fator de Retorno Esperado. Assim, o trabalho mostrou que o Modelo de Fator de Retorno Esperado, ao ser utilizado na composição de carteiras de investimento, é eficiente. Carteiras montadas de acordo com este modelo superaram o desempenho do Índice principal do mercado acionário brasileiro. Pôde-se constatar que outras variáveis, além do beta, aqui denominadas de fundamentalistas, podem explicar a rentabilidade esperada de um ativo. São elas: Valor de Mercado (VM), Indicador de Preço/Lucro (PL), o índice Preço de Mercado/Valor Patrimonial (PV), o Retorno sobre o Patrimônio líquido (ROE), a Liquidez em Bolsa(Liq) e o Beta do Mercado (BETA).

APT versus modelo de fator de retorno esperado : a aplicação de duas ferramentas de previsão de retornos das ações na BOVESPA

Apesar da grande evolução, a questão da precificação de ativos encontra-se ainda cercada de incertezas e indefinições quanto à forma como esta deve ser feita. A incerteza por parte dos investidores em relação aos resultados a serem obtidos em suas aplicações no mercado financeiro gera forte demanda por modelos mais precisos quanto à capacidade de quantificação do retorno esperado. Este trabalho procura, em uma análise preliminar, estudar, utilizando o tratamento estatístico de regressão múltipla, os fatores explicativos dos retornos diferenciais das ações na Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo (Bovespa) no período de janeiro de 1995 a dezembro de 1999. Em seguida, visa-se analisar, através de um teste comparativo de desempenho envolvendo simulação de investimentos em portfolios de ações, a capacidade do Modelo de Fator de Retorno Esperado de Haugen e Baker (1996) e da APT (Arbitrage Pricing Theory) de Ross (1976) em prognosticar os retornos das 70 ações incluídas na amostra. Por fim, levanta-se o perfil de risco e liquidez dos portfolios selecionados pelos modelos a fim de verificar a relação risco-retorno. Os resultados apontaram sete fatores capazes de explicar o retorno diferencial mensal das ações. Contrapondo-se aos pressupostos teóricos, nenhum fator de risco inseriu-se no grupo de fatores selecionados. Já os fatores que apresentaram significância estatística em suas médias, dois inserem-se no grupo liquidez, três referem-se aos parâmetros de valor das ações e dois estão relacionados ao histórico de preços das ações. Comparando os resultados obtidos pelos modelos inseridos neste estudo, conclui-se que o Modelo de Fator de Retorno Esperado é mais eficiente na tarefa de predizer os retornos futuros das ações componentes da amostra. Este, além de ter alcançado uma média de retornos mensais superior, foi capaz de sustentar retorno acumulado superior ao da APT durante todo o período de teste (jan/2000 a dez/2002). Adicionalmente, o uso deste modelo permitiu selecionar portfolios com um perfil de menor risco.

Fatores determinantes dos preços das ações em mercados ineficientes : um estudo do mercado acionário brasileiro no período de 1995 a 2003

Este trabalho traz interessantes descobertas acerca do comportamento dos preços das ações no mercado acionário brasileiro. Utilizando a metodologia de Haugen e Baker (1996) e seu Modelo de Fator de Retorno Esperado, o estudo mostra que são cinco os fatores determinantes dos preços das ações no mercado brasileiro, considerando o período de janeiro de 1995 a julho de 2003. Dentre os fatores, dois foram obtidos a partir do comportamento dos preços passados das ações, o que evidencia que o mercado não é eficiente nem em sua forma fraca, conforme os conceitos apresentados por Fama (1970). Além disso, fatores como o beta do CAPM e os betas da APT, os principais modelos de precificação de ativos, não foram incluídos entre os fatores determinantes. A aplicação dos fatores determinantes em duas simulações de investimento, uma sem custos de transação e outra com custos de transação, mostrou que o Modelo de Fator de Retorno Esperado possui boa eficiência na previsão dos retornos das ações, sendo capaz de construir, entre 10 carteiras, aquela com maior retorno em relação às demais e, inclusive, em relação ao principal índice de mercado brasileiro, o Ibovespa. A Carteira 1, com melhor retorno esperado, apresentou retorno médio mensal de 1,78% na simulação sem custos de transação e de 0,46% na simulação com custos de transação, ambos superiores ao retorno médio mensal do Ibovespa, de -0,45%. Além da melhor performance, a análise do perfil dos portfolios apontou resultados também relevantes, especialmente no que concerne ao risco das carteiras. A Carteira 1 apresentou a menor volatilidade dos retornos mensais, o menor beta de mercado, bem como mostrou ser formada por ações de empresas com o menor grau de endividamento do patrimônio líquido.