1000 resultados para Efeitos do Clima


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O presente trabalho tem como objetivo identificar a forma como foi gerado o paradigma das políticas públicas sobre mudança climáticas no Brasil. Para alcançar este objetivo faz-se necessário um percurso analítico do que de mais relevante foi produzido nesse período, partindo da realidade Global em direção à realidade nacional. Considera-se que tais políticas públicas assentam-se em duas categorias básicas: globalização e governança. Os estudos sobre a globalização abordado neste trabalho, e sua dimensão ambiental, a partir do momento em que têm influenciado a agenda política dos Estados nacionais, resulta na contribuição da construção de uma governança contemporânea, especialmente o conceito de governança global climática, baseada na intersecção da governança global com as questões ambientais que dizem respeito aos efeitos negativos gerados pela mudança do clima. Entre as características dessa categoria estão a presença de novos atores, novos temas e nova correlação de forças, o que exige uma nova reorientação dos Estados nacionais, para o entendimento e o reconhecimento de novos padrões, inclusive os informais, não captados pelas instituições governamentais, ou seja, um sistema de governança exigido pela nova realidade impactada pela globalização, que apresenta desafios à ordem constituída, como a problemática das mudanças climáticas, evidenciado na instituição da Convenção Quadro sobre Mudança Climática e no Protocolo de Quioto das Nações Unidas. Finalizamos, mostrando como esse paradigma influenciou a construção das políticas nacionais e subnacionais sobre mudanças climáticas no Brasil.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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No semiárido brasileiro, a vegetação predominante é a Caatinga, bioma ainda pouco explorado, que apresenta plantas e micro-organismos com alta resistência aos períodos de seca imposto pelo clima. Os micro-organismos associados às plantas deste bioma, são capazes de desenvolver mecanismos de proteção celular contra o estresse hídrico, assim como proteção vegetal contra a dessecação. O presente estudo buscou compreender as rizobactérias associadas a Mimosa artemisiana a fim de selecionar bactérias tolerantes à seca com características de promover o crescimento de plantas sob condições de estresse hídrico, diminuindo assim, os efeitos adversos impostos pela seca. As amostras de solo rizosférico foram coletadas ao longo da Caatinga, englobando os estados da BA e PE, totalizando quatro pontos de coleta. Com o uso de metodologias dependentes de cultivo, foi isolado bactérias com algumas características de promoção de crescimento de plantas diretos e/ou indiretos, como produção de AIA e fixação de nitrogênio. Além disso, linhagens capazes de crescer em meio com reduzida atividade de água e com mecanismos de proteção contra a dessecação, como, produção de EPS, biofilme, produção da ACC deaminase e indução de resistência sistêmica através das enzimas peroxidase e polifenoloxidase. Uma linhagem de Paenibacillus sp. e outra de Bacillus sp. foram capazes de promover o crescimento de soja sob condições de estresse hídrico, aumentando alguns parâmetros vegetais como, parte aérea e sistema radicular analisados.

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A cultura da macieira, a exemplo de outras frutiferas, tem na adubação mineral, um dos fatores que mais contribuem para a qualidade de frutos e produtividade (NAVA et al., 2008), sendo o nitrogênio (N) e potássio (K) os nutrientes exportados em maior quantidade pela cultura (Souza16 et al., 2013). O nitrogênio pode afetar o crescimento dos ramos em tamanho e número interferindo diretamente na produção de frutos e alterando tanto o calibre como o número de frutos produzidos (DOLINSKI et al., 2007). Outro nutriente fundamental para a macieira é o K, que constitui um dos nutrientes que mais limita a produtividade da macieira (NAVA et al., 2008) por exercer nas plantas funções relacionadas ao armazenamento de energia, eficiência do uso de água e translocação de carboidratos produzidos nas folhas (TAIZ & ZEIGER, 2013). Entretanto, as informações sobre os efeitos da adubação com N e K em macieiras cultivadas em regiões semiáridas ainda são incipientes na literatura cientifica o que motiva o presente trabalho. Neste sentido, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da fertirrigação nitrogenada e potássica no cultivo da macieira (cv. ?Julieta?) em Lagoa Grande-PE.

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O ozônio troposférico ê o principal poluente responsável por danos às plantas, tornando-as mais suscetíveis a estresses ambientais como seca e calor excessivo, bem como ao ataque de pragas e doenças, resultando em perdas consideráveis à produtividade agropecuária. Os níveis de O3 troposférico vêm aumentando, e medidas de controle ambiental são necessárias para minimizar os impactos da poluição por O3. Este trabalho introduz os problemas causados pela poluição por O3 sobre as atividades agropecuárias, e apresenta as informações a serem consideradas na avaliação dos impactos do O3 sobre a agricultura brasileira.

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In insects that utilize patchy and ephemeral resources for feeding and egg laying, the outcome of larval competition for food resources depends on the amount of resources and the spatial distribution of immatures among patches of food. In the present study, the results of larval competition for food in Chrysomya megacephala, in traits such as female weight, fecundity and reproductive investment, were different in situations where the level of larval aggregation (proportion of competitors per amount of food) was the same, but with densities of competitors and amounts of food proportionally different. These results are indicative that the larval competition may depend both on the larval density and the amount of food, in different situations with the same proportion of larvae per gram of food.

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This article is divided into two parts. The first presents two abstract arguments that constitute the starting point for the development of the second part, which is directed towards discussing some aspects of the distance learning policies, i.e., the role of public authorities in encouraging and shaping this type of education. First of all, it is intended to establish some assumptions to understand the emergence of this phenomenon and some of its conditioning factors and consequences; then to suggest some analytical tools to allow us to reflect on public policy in this area.

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The covering of the soil is an agricultural practice that intends to control the harmful herbs, to reduce the losses of water by evaporation of the soil, and to facilitate the harvest and the commercialization, once the product is cleaner and healthier. However, when the soil is covered important microclimatic parameters are also altered, and consequently the germination of seeds, the growth of roots, the absorption of water and nutrients, the metabolic activity of the plants and the carbohydrates storage. The current trial intended to evaluate the effect of soil covering with blue colored film on consumptive water-use in a lettuce crop (Lactuca sativa, L.). The experiment was carried out in a plastic greenhouse in Araras - São Paulo State, Brazil from March 3rd, 2001 to May 5th, 2001. The consumptive water-use was measured through two weighing lysimeter installed inside the greenhouse. Crop spacing was 0.25 m x 0.25 m and the color of the film above soil was blue. Leaf area index (IAF), was measured six times (7; 14; 21; 28; 35; 40 days after transplant) and the water-use efficiency (EU) was measured at the end. The experimental design was subdivided portions with two treatments, bare soil and covered soil. The average consumptive water-use was 4.17 mm day-1 to the bare soil treatment and 3.11 mm day-1 to the covered soil treatment. The final leaf area index was 25.23 to the bare soil treatment and 24.39 to the covered soil treatment, and there was no statistical difference between then.

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The use of technology to protect and produce vegetables and ornamental plants was developed over several adaptation phases that supported the demand for quality and amount of products. These developments also reduced production costs and climate damage to the crops. Many of these adaptations were carried out by farmers on their own initiative, using different materials and devices to solve their problems. This study was carried out at Agricultural Engineering College - Campinas University/UNICAMP, from December 2002 to January 2003, with the objective of evaluating the deformations of the constructive system of bamboo structure for greenhouses, submitted to different spacing among columns, and different vertical strains. It was tested the use of beams and columns built with bamboo stems from the specie Bambusa tuldoides Munro. The beams and columns were tied together with plastic spacing parts, specially designed to facilitate and standardize the construction of the building, providing more resistance and stability. Three column spaces (2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 m) were evaluated under different load strains. The best result was obtained with a spacing of 2.5 m.

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Behavioral adjustments may occur fast and with less cost than the physiological adaptations. Considering the social behavior is suggestive that the frequency and the intensity of aggressive interactions, the total social cohesion and the extent of vicious attitudes may be used to evaluate welfare. This research presents an analysis of the interactions between the experimental factors such as temperature, genetic and time of the day in the behavior of female broiler breeders under controlled environment in a climatic chamber in order to enhance the different reaction of the birds facing distinct environmental conditions. The results showed significant differences between the behaviors expressed by the studied genetics presenting the need of monitoring them in real-time in order to predict their welfare in commercial housing, due to the complexity of the environmental variables that interfere in the well being process. The research also concluded that the welfare evaluation of female broiler breeders needs to consider the time of the day during the observation of the behaviors.

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Tomatoes are one of the most important vegetable crops grown in Brazil and are among the crops that have one of the highest post-harvest losses indexes in the country. The present work aimed at evaluating impact damage observed in packing lines of fresh tomatoes as well as to determine, under laboratory conditions, quality alterations of tomato fruits submitted to impact damage in different surface types. Critical points evaluation was accomplished using an instrumented sphere. Critical transference points found showed variations in acceleration levels from 30 to 129 G (m s-2). Tests carried out under laboratory conditions showed that padded surfaces reduced up to 31% impact damage. Incidence of severe internal physical damage was evaluated by a subjective scale and increased by 79% on hard surfaces for the highest fall drop. On the other hand, it was observed an effective reduction in physical damage on fruits when padded surfaces were used. When a 10-cm drop was performed, the maximum reduction measured was 10% for hard surfaces and 5% for previously padded surfaces. For quality parameters, it was observed for high drops on hard surfaces, highest values for weight loss, total acidity, lower values for vitamin C and Soluble Solids.

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Handball is a sport that demands endurance associated with fast and powerful actions such as jumps, blocks, sprints and throws. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a 38-week systematic physical training applied to a women's under 21 handball team on upper and lower limb power, 30m sprints speed and endurance. The periodization applied was an adaptation of the Verkhoshansky theory, and aimed at two performance peaks during the season with six data collections. The median and range values for three kg medicine ball throwing was: 2.98m (2.15-3.50); 2.84m (2.43-3.20); 2.90m (2.60-3.38); 3.10 (2.83-3.81); 2.84 (2.55-3.57) and 3.34 (2.93-3.83). Regarding the three-pass running test: 5.60m (4.93-6.58); 5.37m (5.04-6.38); 5.36m (4.93-6.12); 5.65m (4.80-6.78); 5.63m (5.00-6.40) and 5.83m (5.14-6.05). Regarding the 30-m sprint test: 5.8m/s (5.45-6.44); 6,64 m/s (6,24-7,09); 5.65m/s (5.17-5.95); (there was not IV moment for this test); 6.19 m/s (5.57-6.26) and 5.83 (5.14-6.05).Regarding the 30-m sprint endurance test until 10% decrease: 4 sprints (4-6); 5 sprints (4-9); 4,5 sprints (4-16); (there was not IV moment for this test); 6 sprints (4-12) and 5 sprints (4-5). Significant differences (p<0.05) were observed in three kg medicine ball throwing and three-pass running tests at least in one of the performance peak planned, with no significant differences in 30-m sprint speed or endurance tests. The applied physical training was efficient at improving the specific physical fitness in the performance peaks, as well as giving support for better physical training adjustment for the upcoming season.