Technical Note: Dissolved organic matter fluorescence a finite mixture approach to deconvolve excitation-emission matrices

The analysis of the shape of excitation-emission matrices (EEMs) is a relevant tool for exploring the origin, transport and fate of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in aquatic ecosystems. Within this context, the decomposition of EEMs is acquiring a notable relevance. A simple mathematical algorithm that automatically deconvolves individual EEMs is described, creating new possibilities for the comparison of DOM fluorescence properties and EEMs that are very different from each other. A mixture model approach is adopted to decompose complex surfaces into sub-peaks. The laplacian operator and the Nelder-Mead optimisation algorithm are implemented to individuate and automatically locate potential peaks in the EEM landscape. The EEMs of a simple artificial mixture of fluorophores and DOM samples collected in a Mediterranean river are used to describe the model application and to illustrate a strategy that optimises the search for the optimal output.

Self-Organising Maps and Correlation Analysis as a Tool to Explore Patterns in Excitation-Emission Matrix Data Sets and to Discriminate Dissolved Organic Matter Fluorescence Components

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a complex mixture of organic compounds, ubiquitous in marine and freshwater systems. Fluorescence spectroscopy, by means of Excitation-Emission Matrices (EEM), has become an indispensable tool to study DOM sources, transport and fate in aquatic ecosystems. However the statistical treatment of large and heterogeneous EEM data sets still represents an important challenge for biogeochemists. Recently, Self-Organising Maps (SOM) has been proposed as a tool to explore patterns in large EEM data sets. SOM is a pattern recognition method which clusterizes and reduces the dimensionality of input EEMs without relying on any assumption about the data structure. In this paper, we show how SOM, coupled with a correlation analysis of the component planes, can be used both to explore patterns among samples, as well as to identify individual fluorescence components. We analysed a large and heterogeneous EEM data set, including samples from a river catchment collected under a range of hydrological conditions, along a 60-km downstream gradient, and under the influence of different degrees of anthropogenic impact. According to our results, chemical industry effluents appeared to have unique and distinctive spectral characteristics. On the other hand, river samples collected under flash flood conditions showed homogeneous EEM shapes. The correlation analysis of the component planes suggested the presence of four fluorescence components, consistent with DOM components previously described in the literature. A remarkable strength of this methodology was that outlier samples appeared naturally integrated in the analysis. We conclude that SOM coupled with a correlation analysis procedure is a promising tool for studying large and heterogeneous EEM data sets.

Local perception and use of the multifunctionality of water tanks in two villages of Tamil Nadu, South India

Using data from free listings and a survey in two villages of Tamil Nadu, India, we discuss local perceptions and uses of water tanks, a traditional irrigation infrastructure. We hypothesize that both farmers and nonfarmers perceive and use water tanks for purposes other than irrigation. We found that informants recognized the importance of water tanks for irrigation, but also acknowledged other socioeconomic uses and ecological functions. Marginal sectors (i.e., Scheduled Castes) use tank resources in more diverse ways than other sectors of the population. Findings are relevant for development. International organizations working on the revival of water tanks aim to transfer water management to farmers for the purpose of irrigation. By recognizing that tanks benefit people other than farmers and in ways other than providing irrigation water, organizations working on tank rejuvenation could achieve a more equitable management of tank resources.

Distribution, Abundance and Molecular Analysis of Genus Barbadocladius Cranston & Krosch (Diptera, Chironomidae) in Tropical, High Altitude Andean Streams and Rivers

The distribution of the genus Barbadocladius Cranston & Krosch (Diptera: Chironomidae), previously reported from Chile to Bolivia, has extended northwards. Larvae, pupae and pupal exuviae of this genus have been found in the high mountain tropical streams of Peru to 9°22′56″, but are restricted to very high altitude streams (altitudes over 3,278 m asl) compared to the lower altitude streams (below 1,100 m asl) in which the genus is reported in Chile and Argentina. Based on morphological studies, both described species in the genus, Barbadocladius andinus Cranston & Krosch and Barbadocladius limay Cranston & Krosch, have been found in Peru as pupae or pupal exuviae. Morphological analysis of the larvae and pupae revealed no differences between the two described species from Patagonia and Peru, which are of similar size and with a similar armament of hooklets and spines in pupal tergites and sternites. However, molecular analysis of larvae and pupae revealed that in Peru, there are at least two different evolutionary lines, one distributed widely and another restricted to one site. Phylogenetic analysis (using cox1 mitochondrial sequences) of all available sequences of Barbadocladius shows that the Chilean and Argentinean material differs from that of Peru. Therefore, a total of four molecular segregates are identified, although morphologically, neither larvae nor the pupae may be differentiated.

El medi marí del cap de Creus i el golf de Roses

El medi marí de cap de Creus i golf de Roses té unes característiques ecològiques, geològiques i oceanogràfiques excepcionals que han permès el desenvolupament turístic i pesquer de les viles costaneres adjacents, Aquest article sintetitza els principals valors ecològics i econòmics de l'àmbit marí d'aquests dos espais inclosos dins la candidatura de Patrimoni Mundial de la UNESCO

A novel approach to analysing the regimes of temporary streams in relation to their controls on the composition and structure of aquatic biota

Temporary streams are those water courses that undergo the recurrent cessation of flow or the complete drying of their channel. The structure and composition of biological communities in temporary stream reaches are strongly dependent on the temporal changes of the aquatic habitats determined by the hydrological conditions. Therefore, the structural and functional characteristics of aquatic fauna to assess the ecological quality of a temporary stream reach cannot be used without taking into account the controls imposed by the hydrological regime. This paper develops methods for analysing temporary streams' aquatic regimes, based on the definition of six aquatic states that summarize the transient sets of mesohabitats occurring on a given reach at a particular moment, depending on the hydrological conditions: Hyperrheic, Eurheic, Oligorheic, Arheic, Hyporheic and Edaphic. When the hydrological conditions lead to a change in the aquatic state, the structure and composition of the aquatic community changes according to the new set of available habitats. We used the water discharge records from gauging stations or simulations with rainfall-runoff models to infer the temporal patterns of occurrence of these states in the Aquatic States Frequency Graph we developed. The visual analysis of this graph is complemented by the development of two metrics which describe the permanence of flow and the seasonal predictability of zero flow periods. Finally, a classification of temporary streams in four aquatic regimes in terms of their influence over the development of aquatic life is updated from the existing classifications, with stream aquatic regimes defined as Permanent, Temporary-pools, Temporary-dry and Episodic. While aquatic regimes describe the long-term overall variability of the hydrological conditions of the river section and have been used for many years by hydrologists and ecologists, aquatic states describe the availability of mesohabitats in given periods that determine the presence of different biotic assemblages. This novel concept links hydrological and ecological conditions in a unique way. All these methods were implemented with data from eight temporary streams around the Mediterranean within the MIRAGE project. Their application was a precondition to assessing the ecological quality of these streams.

Caracterización física, química e hidromorfológica de los ríos altoandinos tropicales de Ecuador y Perú

Para comprender la variabilidad física, química e hidromorfológica de los ríos en la zona altoandina tropical (sobre los 2000 msnm) se muestrearon 123 ríos de ocho cuencas hidrográficas de Ecuador y Perú, seleccionados según criterios de distribución en latitud y altitud, así como el grado de alteración antrópica. Los muestreos se realizaron entre octubre 2007 y octubre 2008, coincidiendo con la época seca en ambos paises. En cada localidad se midieron tanto parámetros físicos y químicos (i.e., temperatura, oxígeno disuelto, conductividad, fosfatos, nitritos, nitratos, amonio, etc.) como hidromorfológicos (i.e., altitud, índice de calidad riparia (QBR), calidad y naturalidad de la cubierta vegetal de la ribera, naturalidad del canal fluvial, índice del hábitat fluvial (IHF), frecuencia de rápidos, composición del sustrato). A nivel regional (entre cuencas) la mineralización, las características hidromorfológicas y la heterogeneidad del hábitat mostraron ser los factores de mayor importancia para explicar la variabilidad encontrada. La temperatura, oxígeno disuelto y heterogeneidad del hábitat fueron los parámetros relevantes en el gradiente altitudinal, mientras que la mineralización lo fue en el gradiente latitudinal. La significación o importancia de un factor u otro parecen estar determinados en gran medida por el nivel espacial estudiado (localidad, cuenca, región). Sin embargo, se determinó que a nivel regional la altitud y las variables que cambiaron con ella, como temperatura y oxígeno disuelto, son siempre significativas independientemente de la ubicación latitudinal de la cuenca.

Environmental factors, spatial variation, and specific requirements of Chironomidae in Mediterranean reference streams

Chironomidae spatial distribution was investigated at 63 near-pristine sites in 22 catchments of the Iberian Mediterranean coast. We used partial redundancy analysis to study Chironomidae community responses to a number of environmental factors acting at several spatial scales. The percentage of variation explained by local factors (23.3%) was higher than that explained by geographical (8.5%) or regional factors(8%). Catchment area, longitude, pH, % siliceous rocks in the catchment, and altitude were the best predictors of Chironomidae assemblages. We used a k-means cluster analysis to classified sites into 3 major groups based on Chironomidae assemblages. These groups were explained mainly by longitudinal zonation and geographical position, and were defined as 1) siliceous headwater streams, 2) mid-altitude streams with small catchment areas, and 3) medium-sized calcareous streams. Distinct species assemblages with associated indicator taxa were established for each stream category using IndVal analysis. Species responses to previously identified key environmental variables were determined, and optima and tolerances were established by weighted average regression. Distinct ecological requirements were observed among genera and among species of the same genus. Some genera were restricted to headwater systems (e.g., Diamesa), whereas others (e.g., Eukiefferiella) had wider ecological preferences but with distinct distributions among congenerics. In the present period of climate change, optima and tolerances of species might be a useful tool to predict responses of different species to changes in significant environmental variables, such as temperature and hydrology.

Pla de gestió i estudi fitosociològic del bosc madur de l' Espunya (Vall de Bianya)

Estudi basat en la gestió de forests i concretament, la gestió de la finca forestal de l’Espunya (comarca de la Garrotxa). Aquest bosc, però, íntimament lligat a una sèrie de valors de qualitat ecològica i forestal excepcionals, presenta deficiències pel que fa a una protecció de caràcter tècnic, integral i estratègic, degut a la seva situació. Fora dels límits administratius del Parc Natural de la Zona Volcànica de la Garrotxa no se’n reconeixen els seus valors ni s’hi aplica un nivell adequat de protecció. El que es planteja és la gestió del bosc per millorar-ne la seva qualitat mitjançant una explotació sostenible, amb un diagnòstic previ. Es donarà importància de conservació a aquelles àrees que es considerin potencials d’estar en estadis avançats de la successió ecològica o les àrees que pel seu historial forestal, presenten certs valors a protegir. En aquest projecte es pretén creuar els criteris forestals que conformen un pla tècnic de gestió i millora forestal (PTGMF), un estudi fitosociològic i un conjunt de paràmetres que mesuren la maduresa dels boscos d’una propietat

Diagnosi i propostes de millora dels trams urbans dels rius de la ciutat de Girona

Estudi dels quatre rius de la ciutat de Girona, Ter, Onyar, Güell i Galligants, realitzant una diagnosi ambiental i posteriors propostes de millora

Pla de recuperació del tritó del Montseny (Calotriton arnoldi)

L’estudi fa una sèrie de propostes per a la conservació i recuperació del tritó del Montseny destacant els factors que amenacen les seves poblacions i presentant possibles solucions .L’objectiu del pla es concreta en l’avaluació de l'estat dels ambients aquàtics del Parc Natural del Montseny, com a hàbitat principal del tritó, la quantificació de la magnitud dels diversos factors que amenacen l’hàbitat del tritó amb una proposta de solucions viables i l’establiment de propostes resolutives en referència a la propietat privada del Montseny

Girona, ciutat fluvial

En aquest treball es descriuen les estretes relacions que la ciutat de Girona ha mantingut amb els seus rius al llarg de la seva història. Unes relacions que es poden estudiar des de diferents enfocaments (hidrològic, urbanístic, etc), però que en aquest cas se centraran específicament a resseguir la relació entre els rius gironins i el desenvolupament urbà de la ciutat de Girona a partir de l'amenaça que les inundacions han representat al llarg de la seva història. Bàsicament, es tracta de caracteritzar quan, com i per què la ciutat ha anat ocupant els espais situats a prop dels rius, i quines han estat les estratègies de defensa desenvolupades per la societat gironina per afrontar l'amenaça constant de les inundacions. En altres paraules, un exercici d'anàlisi i comprensió historicogeogràfica de la vulnerabilitat i l'adaptació de la societat gironina al risc d inundació

El medi marí del cap de Creus i el golf de Roses

El medi marí de cap de Creus i golf de Roses té unes característiques ecològiques, geològiques i oceanogràfiques excepcionals que han permès el desenvolupament turístic i pesquer de les viles costaneres adjacents, Aquest article sintetitza els principals valors ecològics i econòmics de l'àmbit marí d'aquests dos espais inclosos dins la candidatura de Patrimoni Mundial de la UNESCO

Restauració fluvial del riu Onyar

Diagnosi de l’estat actual del riu Onyar per tal de proposar unes directrius orientatives que permetin aconseguir el bon estat ecològic del medi fluvial. Aquestes propostes es presenten en format de fitxes segons els trams principals on cal actuar i les actuacions més concretes per a cada un d’ells

The use of pulse amplitude modulated fluorescence techniques for metal toxicity assessment in fluvial biofilms

Metal pollution in rivers is in great concern with human activities in the fluvial watershed. This thesis aims to investigate the potential use of chl-a fluorescence parameters as biomarkers of metal toxicity, and to find cause-effect relationships between metal exposures, other environmental factor (i.e. light), and functional and structural biofilm responses. This thesis demonstrates that the use of chl-a fluorescence parameters allows detect early effects on biofilms caused by zinc toxicity, both in the laboratory as in polluted rivers. In microcosm experiments, the use of chl-a fluorescence parameters allows evaluates structural changes on photosynthetic apparatus and in algal groups’ composition of biofilms long-term exposed to zinc. In order to evaluate the effects of chronic metal pollution in rivers, it is recommended the use of biofilm translocation experiments and the use of a multi-biomarker approach.