Measurement and explanation of socioeconomic inequality in health with longitudinal data

This paper presents a method for the measurement of changes in health inequality and income-related health inequality over time in a population.For pure health inequality (as measured by the Gini coefficient) andincome-related health inequality (as measured by the concentration index),we show how measures derived from longitudinal data can be related tocross section Gini and concentration indices that have been typicallyreported in the literature to date, along with measures of health mobilityinspired by the literature on income mobility. We also show how thesemeasures of mobility can be usefully decomposed into the contributions ofdifferent covariates. We apply these methods to investigate the degree ofincome-related mobility in the GHQ measure of psychological well-being inthe first nine waves of the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS). Thisreveals that dynamics increase the absolute value of the concentrationindex of GHQ on income by 10%.

Agency Fact Sheet, Explanation of Fields, FY2005

This document produced by the Iowa Department of Administrative Services has been developed to provide a multitude of information about executive branch agencies/department on a single sheet of paper. The facts provides general information, contact information, workforce data, leave and benefits information and affirmative action data.

A Mechanistic Explanation of The Physical Properties of Undisturbed Loess, February, 1968

The relation between the properties and the water content of an undisturbed loess were investigated to provide insight into the mechanical behavior of the natural soil. Hand-carved samples from a single deposit, at their natural water contents, and at water contents modified in the laboratory to provide a range from 870 to 3270, were subjected to unconsolidated-undrained triaxial compression tests, consolidation tests, and initial negative pore water pressure tests. In addition, the clay-size fraction was separated from the remainder of the loess for a separate series of tests to establish its properties. The natural water content of the deposit in the field was measured at regular intervals for one year to provide an example of the range in properties that would be encountered. at this site. The test results are presented and their interpretation leads to conclusions regarding the volumetric relations that exist as the water content varies. The significance of the water content in relation to the properties of the natural soil is explored and the concept of a critical water content for loess is introduced.

P value and the theory of hypothesis testing: an explanation for new researchers.

In the 1920s, Ronald Fisher developed the theory behind the p value and Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson developed the theory of hypothesis testing. These distinct theories have provided researchers important quantitative tools to confirm or refute their hypotheses. The p value is the probability to obtain an effect equal to or more extreme than the one observed presuming the null hypothesis of no effect is true; it gives researchers a measure of the strength of evidence against the null hypothesis. As commonly used, investigators will select a threshold p value below which they will reject the null hypothesis. The theory of hypothesis testing allows researchers to reject a null hypothesis in favor of an alternative hypothesis of some effect. As commonly used, investigators choose Type I error (rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true) and Type II error (accepting the null hypothesis when it is false) levels and determine some critical region. If the test statistic falls into that critical region, the null hypothesis is rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. Despite similarities between the two, the p value and the theory of hypothesis testing are different theories that often are misunderstood and confused, leading researchers to improper conclusions. Perhaps the most common misconception is to consider the p value as the probability that the null hypothesis is true rather than the probability of obtaining the difference observed, or one that is more extreme, considering the null is true. Another concern is the risk that an important proportion of statistically significant results are falsely significant. Researchers should have a minimum understanding of these two theories so that they are better able to plan, conduct, interpret, and report scientific experiments.

Alterations of Na, K and Rb concentrations in Mycenaean pottery and a proposed explanation using X-ray diffraction

One of the most important reference groups for Mycenaean pottery is the Mycenae/Berbati (MB). In several studies, a second group has been identified (MBKR). The chemical compositions were similar to MB, but with important differences in the Na, K and Rb contents. The present study suggests that these differences are due to selective alteration and contamination processes that are indirectly determined by the original firing temperature. Therefore, groups MB and MBKR should be considered as a single reference group.

A graphic explanation on how a tax on exports neutralizes the Dutch disease without costs to exporters

The adequate way of neutralizing the Dutch disease is the imposition of a variable tax on the export of the commodity that originates the disease. If such tax is equivalent to the "size" of the Dutch disease, it will shifts to the right its supply curve of the commodity in relation to the exchange rate, giving the existing domestic supply and the international demand, the exchange rate will depreciate at the value of the tax, and the equilibrium exchange rate will move from the "current" to the "industrial" equilibrium.

Familiar Science of The Scientific Explanation of Common Things

There is a signature on this book that reads "Julia Cleveland 22 East-8 Street, Erie Penna."

Drawing and Explanation of the Cleveland Family Coat of Arms

Drawing and explanation of the Cleveland Family coat of arms. Pro Deo et Patria means For God and Country. The name is Saxon in origin and in 1403 the “de” was dropped from the name. The drawing and text are said to be from Cleveland Genealogy by J.B. Cleveland, 1881. It can also be found in An Account of the Lineage of General Moses Cleaveland (founder of the city of Cleveland, Ohio) of Canterbury, compiled by H.G. Cleveland, n.d.

Explanation of the Land Surrendered to the Crown by the Six Nations Indians for Mr. Dickson

Explanation of the Land Surrendered to the Crown by the Six Nations Indians for Mr. Dickson: 1 handwritten page explaining the Six Nations surrender of land to the Crown in order to allow the Crown to transfer the land to Mr. Dickson to compensate him for legal fees. [This is not an older document. It was possibly written by the Niagara Historical Society], n.d.

Increased spinal pain sensitization : a new explanation for highly prevalent painful somatic symptoms in major depressive disorder?

Objectifs: Malgré que les patients souffrant de dépression majeure (DM) rapportent souvent des symptômes douloureux, la relation entre la douleur et la dépression n’est pas encore claire. Ce n’est que récemment que des études employant des paradigmes de sommation temporelle ont pu offrir une explication préliminaire de la cooccurrence de la douleur et de la dépression. Notre étude vise à évaluer la contribution des procédés spinaux et surpraspinaux dans la sensibilisation de la douleur dans la DM en utilisant un paradigme de sommation temporelle. Participants : Treize sujets sains et quatorze patients souffrant de DM ont été inclues dans l’analyse finale. Méthodes : Pour induire une sommation temporelle, nous avons utilisé des stimulations intermittentes du nerf sural de basses et hautes fréquences. La sensibilisation spinale de la douleur a été quantifiée en mesurant la variation de l’amplitude du réflex de retrait nociceptif (NFR) entre les deux conditions de stimulations, ainsi que la sensibilisation supraspinale de la douleur a été obtenue en mesurant le changement dans l’appréciation verbale de la douleur entre ces deux conditions. Résultats : Nous avons observé une sensibilisation plus élevée de la réponse NFR chez les patients dépressifs durant la condition de stimulation à haute fréquence, un effet qui n’a pas été reflété par une sensibilisation amplifiée des appréciations subjectives de la douleur durant l’expérience. Néanmoins, nous avons observé une association entre la sensibilisation spinale et les symptômes somatiques douloureux chez les patients DM. Conclusion : Ces résultats suggèrent une sensibilisation spinale amplifiée dans la DM, ce qui pourrait expliquer la prévalence élevée des symptômes somatiques douloureux chez ces patients.

Nongenetic inheritance, linguistic competence, prenatal experience and behavior manipulation: recent contributions from behavioral neurobiology and neuropsychology to the explanation of behavior

This article gives an overview of presuppositions and explanations posed by behaviorist psychology (particularly its radical branch), cognitive–nativist sciences (i.e. psycholinguistics and a branch of cognitive psychology) and other disciplines regarding important psychological events such as anxiety, stress, fear, mood states and language. In relation to the discussion of environment versus genetics, contributions from behavioral neurobiology and neuropsychology are added, showing evidence of traits that can be multigenerationally inherited in a non-genetic way, which have an impact thought the life of organisms and on their way of interacting with the environment; ways in which behavior can be altered by recently unsuspected environmental agents or events, and the overlooked role of prenatal experiences in the explanation of behavior. The evidence calls into question presuppositions made by the academic disciplines listed above, and suggests alternative behavior reinterpretations and explanations

Leadership: A complex concept awaiting a new explanation?

Leaders have the task of developing future strategy while being consciously engaged in executing current strategy and mapping landmarks, pathways and obstacles which they meet asthey endeavor to traverse challenging, rapidly evolving terrain. In an era in which there is a global leadership credibility crisis, business as usual is no longer an option in the pursuit of the longer-term survival of any organization. The leadership approach to complexity outlined here is based on learning to achieve results through experimentation, learning, and reflection. A case study is presented that illustrates the application of this approach. In this paper, the reader is first introduced to a brief overview of some key definitions and debates, shifting leadership boundaries, and emerging accountabilities and opportunities. This is followed by a summary of some of the key topics and issues that face current and future leaders.

A DSGE model with loss aversion in consumption and leisure: an explanation for business cycles asymmetries

In this chapter, an asymmetric DSGE model is built in order to account for asymmetries in business cycles. One of the most important contributions of this work is the construction of a general utility function which nests loss aversion, risk aversion and habits formation by means of a smooth transition function. The main idea behind this asymmetric utility function is that under recession the agents over-smooth consumption and leisure choices in order to prevent a huge deviation of them from the reference level of the utility; while under boom, the agents simply smooth consumption and leisure, but trying to be as far as possible from the reference level of utility. The simulations of this model by means of Perturbations Method show that it is possible to reproduce asymmetrical business cycles where recession (on shock) are stronger than booms and booms are more long-lasting than recession. One additional and unexpected result is a downward stickiness displayed by real wages. As a consequence of this, there is a more persistent fall in employment in recession than in boom. Thus, the model reproduces not only asymmetrical business cycles but also real stickiness and hysteresis.

Simplicity and complexity in child language and its explanation. 'Simplicidad y complejidad en el lenguaje infantil : modelos y explicaciones'.

Monográfico con el título: 'The debate on language acquisitions: constructivism versus innatism'. Resumen basado en el de la publicación