Recursos alimentares explorados pelos cupins (Insecta: Isoptera)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Genética de populações de Prochilodus argenteus e P. costatus do médio São Francisco

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Estrutura da comunidade de trepadeiras de dois fragmentos de florestas estacional semidecidual em diferentes estágios de conservação

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Fogo no Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra/MG: abordagem dos aspectos fisiográficos e humanos na concepção de uma proposta de Manejo Integrado de Fogo

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Caracterização genética do pintado Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae), da Bacia Paraná-Paraguai, por marcadores moleculares do tipo microssatélite

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

História natural do lagarto partenogenético Leposoma percarinatum (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) em floresta amazônica, Pará, Brasil

Para entender o papel ecológico que cada espécie desempenha em seu hábitat, são necessários estudos básicos de história natural que envolvam questões sobre uso de hábitat, ecologia trófica e reprodutiva. Visando caracterizar o uso de microhábitat, a dieta e padrões reprodutivos de uma população de L. percarinatum (Muller, 1923), foram analisados espécimes coletados em duas áreas da Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã (PPBio e ECFPn), nos municípios de Melgaço e Portel, Estado do Pará. Para tanto, foram analisados a composição e importância dos itens alimentares, o uso de microhábitat, período de atividade, ciclo reprodutivo e fecundidade da espécie. L. percarinatum é um componente da fauna de serapilheira úmida, localizada próximo a corpos d’água. É um caçador diurno, com período de atividade se estendendo das 0800h às 1700h. Com hábito alimentar generalista, apresenta artrópodes, como Hymenoptera, Coleoptera e Araneae, como principais itens alimentares, não apresentando diferenças significativas na importância dos itens alimentares entre os períodos seco e chuvoso. O período reprodutivo se estende ao longo de todo o ano. As desovas apresentam número fixo de ovos por ninhada e o tamanho dos ovos está relacionado ao comprimento rostro-cloacal da fêmea.

Interações rural-urbano: a sociobiodiversidade e o trabalho em portos, feiras e mercados de Belém, Pará

Muitas espécies que representam a sociobiodiversidade amazônica, além de seu papel ecológico, exercem também impacto na economia através de seus variados usos – alimentar, terapêutico, artesanal, ornamental – e refletem o potencial produtivo das ilhas do município de Belém e de outras partes do estado do Pará. A valorização desses produtos propulsiona as atividades nas feiras, portos e mercados pesquisados – o Complexo do Ver-o-Peso, Porto do Açaí, Porto da Palha, Complexo de Abastecimento do Jurunas e Feira da Orla de Icoarací – e garante a reprodução de grupos sociais rurais e trabalhadores informais urbanos, os quais se agregam em mais de mil indivíduos diretamente envolvidos em sua comercialização, organizados de maneira individual ou familiar, e na grande maioria recebendo uma renda mensal de um a três salários mínimos. É imprescindível considerar os portos da orla fluvial de Belém como locais de interação entre o rural e o urbano, de modo a permitir uma análise crítica das formas de apropriação da cidade, da produção e reprodução social do trabalho, dos atores envolvidos e dos benefícios da sociobiodiversidade.

Morcegos frugívoros no uso do hábitat fragmentado e seu potencial para recuperação de áreas degradadas: subsídios para uma nova ferramenta voltada à conservação

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Pseudoplatystoma metaense and P. orinocoense (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) from the Orinoco basin, Venezuela: cytogenetic and molecular analyses

The genus Pseudoplatystoma includes catfish species distributed throughout the fresh waters of South America. These species are important fisheries resources and play a significant ecological role due to their piscivorous and migratory habits. The taxonomy of this genus is still debated: traditionally, only three species have been recognised, but recently, this number was raised to eight. The validity of these eight morphospecies, however, was not confirmed by two subsequent molecular phylogenetic studies, which identified either five or four main clades. In this study, we focused on the two morphospecies restricted to the Orinoco basin, P. metaense and P. orinocoense, which have been assigned to either the same or different clades in previous studies. We carried out cytogenetic analyses to describe their unknown karyotypes and to look for cytotaxonomic markers. We also analysed their mitochondrial sequences in order to assign the sampled specimens to the previously identified molecular clades. The two presumptive species show similar karyotypes (2n=56, 42 biarmed and 14 uniarmed chromosomes) and cytogenetic features in terms of the constitutive heterochromatin distribution and the number and location of minor and major ribosomal genes. Thus, no species-specific chromosome markers could be identified. The analysis of cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase I mitochondrial genes (carried out by retrieving all the mtDNA Pseudoplatystoma sequences available in GenBank) distributed the sampled specimens into two distinct molecular clades and confirmed the need to re-evaluate, by parallel morphological and molecular analyses, the monophyly of some lineages.

Perfil enzimático e potencial biotecnológico de fungos isolados de jardins das formigas cortadeiras

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Development and application of DNA techniques for validating and improving pinniped diet estimates

Polymerase chain reaction techniques were developed and applied to identify DNA from .40 species of prey contained in fecal (scat) soft-part matrix collected at terrestrial sites used by Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in British Columbia and the eastern Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Sixty percent more fish and cephalopod prey were identified by morphological analyses of hard parts compared with DNA analysis of soft parts (hard parts identified higher relative proportions of Ammodytes sp., Cottidae, and certain Gadidae). DNA identified 213 prey occurrences, of which 75 (35%) were undetected by hard parts (mainly Salmonidae, Pleuronectidae, Elasmobranchii, and Cephalopoda), and thereby increased species occurrences by 22% overall and species richness in 44% of cases (when comparing 110 scats that amplified prey DNA). Prey composition was identical within only 20% of scats. Overall, diet composition derived from both identification techniques combined did not differ significantly from hard-part identification alone, suggesting that past scat-based diet studies have not missed major dietary components. However, significant differences in relative diet contributions across scats (as identified using the two techniques separately) reflect passage rate differences between hard and soft digesta material and highlight certain hypothesized limitations in conventional morphological-based methods (e.g., differences in resistance to digestion, hard part regurgitation, partial and secondary prey consumption), as well as potential technical issues (e.g., resolution of primer efficiency and sensitivity and scat subsampling protocols). DNA analysis of salmon occurrence (from scat soft-part matrix and 238 archived salmon hard parts) provided species-level taxonomic resolution that could not be obtained by morphological identification and showed that Steller sea lions were primarily consuming pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and chum (Oncorhynchus keta) salmon. Notably, DNA from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) that likely originated from a distant fish farm was also detected in two scats from one site in the eastern Aleutian Islands. Overall, molecular techniques are valuable for identifying prey in the fecal remains of marine predators. Combining DNA and hard-part identification will effectively alleviate certain predicted biases and will ultimately enhance measures of diet richness, fisheries interactions (especially salmon-related ones), and the ecological role of pinnipeds and other marine predators, to the benefit of marine wildlife conservationists and fisheries managers.

Distribution of microphytobenthic biomass in Martel Inlet, King George Island (Antarctica)

The spatial and temporal variation of microphytobenthic biomass in the nearshore zone of Martel Inlet (King George Island, Antarctica) was estimated at several sites and depths (10-60 m), during three summer periods (1996/1997, 1997/1998, 2004/2005). The mean values were inversely related to the bathymetric gradient: higher ones at 10-20 m depth (136.2 +/- A 112.5 mg Chl a m(-2), 261.7 +/- A 455.9 mg Phaeo m(-2)), intermediate at 20-30 m (55.6 +/- A 39.5 mg Chl a m(-2), 108.8 +/- A 73.0 mg Phaeo m(-2)) and lower ones at 40-60 m (22.7 +/- A 23.7 mg Chl a m(-2), 58.3 +/- A 38.9 mg Phaeo m(-2)). There was also a reduction in the Chl a/Phaeo ratio with depth, from 3.2 +/- A 3.2 (10-20 m) to 0.7 +/- A 1.0 (40-60 m), showing a higher contribution of senescent phytoplankton and/or macroalgae debris at the deeper sites and the limited light flux reaching the bottom. Horizontal differences found in the biomass throughout the inlet could not be clearly related to hydrodynamics or proximity to glaciers, but with sediment characteristics. An inter-summer variation was observed: the first summer presented the highest microphytobenthic biomass apparently related to more hydrodynamic conditions, which causes the deposition of allochthonous material.

The relationship between leaf nitrogen, nitrogen metabolites and herbivory in two species of Nyctaginaceae from the Brazilian Cerrado

Guapira graciliflora and Neea theifera are taxonomically related species of the tribe Pisoneae. Both species are found in the same environment, the Brazilian Cerrado, and therefore, are subjected to similar selective pressures. These species occur in oligotrophic environments, yet contain high concentrations of nitrogen in their leaves. The present study was carried out to investigate the ecological role of nitrogen in herbivory on these species. The differences in the N content, compositions of secondary N-metabolites, mechanical resistance, and water content between their leaves indicate that these species have different adaptations as defense mechanisms. In both species, their high nitrogen content seems to promote herbivory. The presence of secondary nitrogen metabolites does not prevent the species from suffering intense damage by herbivores on their early leaves. The herbivory rates observed were lower for mature leaves of both species than for young leaves. In G. graciliflora, nutritional content and leaf hardness are the most important variables correlated with reduction of herbivory rates, whereas in N. theifera, N compounds are also correlated with herbivory rates. Despite the differences in the strategies of these two species, they exhibit a similar efficiency of protection against natural enemies because their total herbivory rates are similar. The difference in their N defense allocation may imply benefits for survival under Cerrado conditions. We briefly discuss the oligotrophic habitat conditions of the studied plants and possible advantages of their strategies of N accumulation and metabolic uses. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Identification, Abundance and Rearing of Mysids of Gran Canaria: aplication to laboratory and oceanographic respiratory metabolism studies

Programa de doctorado en Oceanografía

Viruses in the marine environment: community dynamics, phage-host interactions and genomic structure

[EN] There are an estimated 1030 viruses in the world oceans, the majority of which are phages (viruses that infect bacteria). Extensive research has demonstrated the significant influence of marine phages on microbial abundance, community structure, genetic exchange and global biogeochemical cycles. In this thesis, we contribute to increase the knowledge about the ecological role of viruses in marine systems, but also we aimed to provide a better understanding about the interactions between phages and their hosts and the genetic pool and biogeography of some the isolated phages genomes.