Ilse and Robert Goldschmidt with their parents Albert Goldschmidt and Elly nee Schoenbeck grandfather Albert Schoenbeck and great grandmother Sophie Schoenbeck nee Mahler. Portraits Family

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Portrait of the engineer and geneologist Robert Goldschmidt Portraits Men

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Solomon Robert Kagan papers undated, 1920-1955

Contains correspondence, printed material, and photographs relating to Jews in the medical profession, used as a basis for Kagan's several works on Jews in medicine, including the correspondence of members of the American Physicians Fellowship Committee of the Israel Medical Association; includes also correspondence relating to the Near East and the internationalization of Jerusalem, 1945-1954; and personal correspondence. Among the correspondents are Bernard M. Baruch and Christian A. Herter.

Directional dominance on stature and cognition in diverse human populations

Homozygosity has long been associated with rare, often devastating, Mendelian disorders1, and Darwin was one of the first to recognize that inbreeding reduces evolutionary fitness2. However, the effect of the more distant parental relatedness that is common in modern human populations is less well understood. Genomic data now allow us to investigate the effects of homozygosity on traits of public health importance by observing contiguous homozygous segments (runs of homozygosity), which are inferred to be homozygous along their complete length. Given the low levels of genome-wide homozygosity prevalent in most human populations, information is required on very large numbers of people to provide sufficient power3, 4. Here we use runs of homozygosity to study 16 health-related quantitative traits in 354,224 individuals from 102 cohorts, and find statistically significant associations between summed runs of homozygosity and four complex traits: height, forced expiratory lung volume in one second, general cognitive ability and educational attainment (P < 1 × 10−300, 2.1 × 10−6, 2.5 × 10−10 and 1.8 × 10−10, respectively). In each case, increased homozygosity was associated with decreased trait value, equivalent to the offspring of first cousins being 1.2 cm shorter and having 10 months’ less education. Similar effect sizes were found across four continental groups and populations with different degrees of genome-wide homozygosity, providing evidence that homozygosity, rather than confounding, directly contributes to phenotypic variance. Contrary to earlier reports in substantially smaller samples5, 6, no evidence was seen of an influence of genome-wide homozygosity on blood pressure and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, or ten other cardio-metabolic traits. Since directional dominance is predicted for traits under directional evolutionary selection7, this study provides evidence that increased stature and cognitive function have been positively selected in human evolution, whereas many important risk factors for late-onset complex diseases may not have been.

Uskonto, luonto ja talous Yhdysvaltain uudestisyntyneiden ilmastonmuutoskeskustelussa

Tutkielmani tarkastelee Yhdysvaltain uudestisyntyneitä protestantteja ja heidän suhtautumistaan ilmastonmuutokseen. Heidän käymässään keskustelussa uskonto määrittää yksilön suhtautumisen talouteen sekä luontoon. Tarkoituksenani on selvittää ja tehdä ymmärrettäväksi näiden asioiden keskinäisiä suhteita ja yhtyeenkietoutuneisuutta. Uudestisyntyneen uskon eräs keskeinen tekijä on uskonnollisen narratiivisen tradition omaksuminen, jolle uskova vapaaehtoisesti alistaa menneisyytensä, nykyisyytensä ja tulevaisuutensa. Narratiivisen tradition keskeisyyden vuoksi kehittelen tutkielmani teoreettiseksi viitekehykseksi narratiivisen rationaalisuuden näkökulmaa, joka pohjautuu Max Weberin, Jerome Brunerin, uskontososiologian uuden paradigman sekä narratiivisen tutkimuksen käsitteistöön. Narratiivisessa rationaalisuudessa uskonto näyttäytyy Robert Bellahin sanoin todellisuutena sui generis, joka muodostaa uskovan elämän fokuksen. Ninian Smartin määritelmän mukaisesti fokuksen käsite mahdollistaa uskonnon tutkimisen siten, että vain uskomisella on totuusarvoa, ei uskomisen kohteella. Tutkimusaineistoni koostin internetistä uudestisyntyneiden ylläpitämistä blogeista. Blogien käyttäminen aineistolähteinä mahdollistaa analyysin kohdentamisen uudestisyntyneiden keskenään käymään keskusteluun eikä tutkijalla ole riskiä joutua käännytyspuheen kohteeksi. Lisäksi blogit ovat aineistoa, joka on syntynyt ilman tutkijan tai tutkimusintressin vaikutusta. Tutkimusaineistoni muodostavat 15 blogilta haetut ilmastonmuutokseen liittyvät kirjoitukset. Aineistoni jäsennyksen suoritan sisällönanalyyttisin perustein käyttäen apunani akateemisia ja teologisia keskusteluja. Keskeisimpiä näistä ovat Max Weberin Protestanttinen etiikka, Colin Campbellin Romanttinen etiikka, Robert Bellahin kansalaisuskonto sekä kristillisen tilanhoitajuuden käsite. Pääasiallinen analyysimetodini on narratiivinen analyysi, jolla haen aineistostani niitä kansanomaisen ajattelun malleja, joiden valossa uudestisyntyneiden käymä ilmastonmuutoskeskustelu on sisäisesti johdonmukaista ja ulkopuolisille ymmärrettävää. Uudestisyntyneiden ilmastonmuutoskeskustelua jäsentää amerikkalaisen unelman ja sekulaarin humanismin kansanomaisen ajattelun mallit. Yhdessä nämä mallit muodostavat kokonaisuuden, joka tekee keskustelusta sisäisesti johdonmukaista ja ymmärrettävää ja jonka uudestisyntyneet ovat omaksuneet. Molemmilla malleilla on kristilliset juuret, vaikka amerikkalainen unelma on niistä jo etääntynyt. Amerikkalaisen unelman voi lisäksi nähdä Weberin Protestanttisen etiikan sekä Campbellin Romanttisen etiikan yhdysvaltalaisena synteesinä.

Faster Algorithms for Incremental Topological Ordering.Robert Tarjan

We present two online algorithms for maintaining a topological order of a directed acyclic graph as arcs are added, and detecting a cycle when one is created. Our first algorithm takes O(m 1/2) amortized time per arc and our second algorithm takes O(n 2.5/m) amortized time per arc, where n is the number of vertices and m is the total number of arcs. For sparse graphs, our O(m 1/2) bound improves the best previous bound by a factor of logn and is tight to within a constant factor for a natural class of algorithms that includes all the existing ones. Our main insight is that the two-way search method of previous algorithms does not require an ordered search, but can be more general, allowing us to avoid the use of heaps (priority queues). Instead, the deterministic version of our algorithm uses (approximate) median-finding; the randomized version of our algorithm uses uniform random sampling. For dense graphs, our O(n 2.5/m) bound improves the best previously published bound by a factor of n 1/4 and a recent bound obtained independently of our work by a factor of logn. Our main insight is that graph search is wasteful when the graph is dense and can be avoided by searching the topological order space instead. Our algorithms extend to the maintenance of strong components, in the same asymptotic time bounds.

Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest protected areas

The rapid disruption of tropical forests probably imperils global biodiversity more than any other contemporary phenomenon(1-3). With deforestation advancing quickly, protected areas are increasingly becoming final refuges for threatened species and natural ecosystem processes. However, many protected areas in the tropics are themselves vulnerable to human encroachment and other environmental stresses(4-9). As pressures mount, it is vital to know whether existing reserves can sustain their biodiversity. A critical constraint in addressing this question has been that data describing a broad array of biodiversity groups have been unavailable for a sufficiently large and representative sample of reserves. Here we present a uniquely comprehensive data set on changes over the past 20 to 30 years in 31 functional groups of species and 21 potential drivers of environmental change, for 60 protected areas stratified across the world's major tropical regions. Our analysis reveals great variation in reserve `health': about half of all reserves have been effective or performed passably, but the rest are experiencing an erosion of biodiversity that is often alarmingly widespread taxonomically and functionally. Habitat disruption, hunting and forest-product exploitation were the strongest predictors of declining reserve health. Crucially, environmental changes immediately outside reserves seemed nearly as important as those inside in determining their ecological fate, with changes inside reserves strongly mirroring those occurring around them. These findings suggest that tropical protected areas are often intimately linked ecologically to their surrounding habitats, and that a failure to stem broad-scale loss and degradation of such habitats could sharply increase the likelihood of serious biodiversity declines.

An estimate of the number of tropical tree species

The high species richness of tropical forests has long been recognized, yet there remains substantial uncertainty regarding the actual number of tropical tree species. Using a pantropical tree inventory database from closed canopy forests, consisting of 657,630 trees belonging to 11,371 species, we use a fitted value of Fisher's alpha and an approximate pantropical stem total to estimate the minimum number of tropical forest tree species to fall between similar to 40,000 and similar to 53,000, i.e., at the high end of previous estimates. Contrary to common assumption, the Indo-Pacific region was found to be as species-rich as the Neotropics, with both regions having a minimum of similar to 19,000-25,000 tree species. Continental Africa is relatively depauperate with a minimum of similar to 4,500-6,000 tree species. Very few species are shared among the African, American, and the Indo-Pacific regions. We provide a methodological framework for estimating species richness in trees that may help refine species richness estimates of tree-dependent taxa.

Redescubrir la finalidad natural : Robert Spaemann y Tomás de Aquino

Resumen: En ocasión de la autobiografía de Robert Spaemann aparecida en 2012, este trabajo examina la lectura que Spaemann hace de la teleología en la doctrina de Santo Tomás de Aquino, especialmente en su obra Natürliche Ziele (2005) que prosigue la versión de 1981. En la primera parte, se estudia la historia de la teleología en el pensamiento filosófico y científico expuesta en «Fines naturales». La finalidad intrínseca en la naturaleza de los seres es conocida con profundidad creciente gracias a Platón, Aristóteles, al estoicismo y a la tradición cristiana. Estos aportes se integran en una estructura teleológica unitaria en el Aquinate. Después acontece una «inversión» de la teleología centrada en la conservación del propio ser y una consideración de los fines como algo externo a la realidad. Con la teoría evolucionista surge la teleonomía que se limita a las reglas del dinamismo, suprimiendo el fin. Con todo, los científicos no logran eliminar los términos «con el fin de» o «para» en su lenguaje. Eso permite proceder a un redescubrimiento de los fines naturales. En la segunda parte, se ve cómo Tomás de Aquino lleva el conocimiento de la finalidad más allá de Aristóteles, porque ella remite a una inteligencia creadora. La teleología implica una teología, aunque no queda del todo claro si es la teología filosófica o la cristiana. Spaemann tiene un planteo ontológico de tipo persuasivo, pero en algunos momentos siente dificultad para superar en el plano teorético a quien se limita a una teleonomía.

Carta enviada por el Dr. Robert Worms a Justo Garate

1 carta (manuscrita) ; 202x145mm.

Topological structure of the solitons solution in SU(3) Dunne-Jackiw-Pi-Trugenberger model

By using phi-mapping topological current theory and gauge potential decomposition, we discuss the self-dual equation and its solution in the SU(N) Dunne-Jackiw-Pi-Trugenberger model and obtain a new concrete self-dual equation with a 6 function. For the SU(3) case, we obtain a new self-duality solution and find the relationship between the soliton solution and topological number which is determined by the Hopf index and Brouwer degree of phi-mapping. In our solution, the flux of this soliton is naturally quantized.