Soils of the Jurassic formations in the central Algarve; their occurrence, distribution, genesis and site qualities

In the central Algarve different soils have developed dependent on petrography of the parent material, slope position and recent erosion. The general patterns of occurence and distribution of different soils are described. The age of an eutric Nitosol is estimated and the relation between the soil and the parent material is investigated. Some different soils are described as examples with their chemical and physical properties. The water budget of soils is described in general with considerations concerning ground water recharge and run-off as well as in dependence of climate and of different site conditions.

Analyse paléoécologique des formations récifales du golfe de Skoura (bordure méridionale du sillon Sud rifain; SE de Fés; Maroc). Implications paléogéographiques: communications Atlantique - Méditerranée au Miocène Terminal

The reef levels of the gulf of Skoura belong to the reef formation of the Upper Miocene of the South-Rifan straits. A detailed analysis of the vertical distribution of various forms of colonies has led to the establishment of precise coral morphologies zonation. This palaeoecological approach leads us to distinguish between two environments in the Skoura gulf, probably corresponding to two reef episodes. The palaeogeographical implications (relationships between the Atlantic ocean and the Mediterranean sea) will be pointed out.

Analyse paléoécologique des formations récifales du golfe de Skoura (bordure méridionale du sillon Sud rifain; SE de Fés; Maroc) implications paléogéographiques: communications Atlantique - Méditerranée au Miocène Terminal

The reef levels of the gulf of skoura belong to the reef formation of the Upper Miocene of the South-Rifan straits. A detailed analysis of the vertical distribution of various forms of colonies has led to the establishment of precise coral morphologies zonation. This palaeoecological approach leads us to distinguish between two environments in the Skoura gulf, probably corresponding to two reef episodes. The palaeogeographical implications (relationships between the Atlantic ocean and the Mediterranean sea) will be pointed out.

Les formations fluviatiles quaternaires de la plaine de Doukkala (Méséta Occidentale Marocaine). Sédimentologie et nouvelles données chronostratigraphiques

The Quaternary fluvial formations of the Doukkala plain are, until now, slightly studied. Our study has allowed to precise that the fluvial terraces of the oued "the Ourn Rbia oued", are clearly distinguished from the secondary oueds terraces by the dynamic deposit of the alluvial materials. Moreover, the mammal fossils recolted from some of these terraces allow to review the ages attributed by Gigout (1951).

Updating of the hierarchical rock mass rating (HRMR) system and a new subsystem developed for weathered granite formations

The RMR system is still very much applied in rock mechanics engineering context. It is based on the evaluation of six weights to obtain a final rating. To obtain the final rating a considerable amount of information is needed concerning the rock mass which can be difficult to obtain in some projects or project stages at least with accuracy. In 2007 an alternative classification scheme based on the RMR, the Hierarchical Rock Mass Rating (HRMR) was presented. The main feature of this system was the adaptation to the level of knowledge existent about the rock mass to obtain the classification of the rock mass since it followed a decision tree approach. However, the HRMR was only valid for hard rock granites with low fracturing degrees. In this work, the database was enlarged with approximately 40% more cases considering other types of granite rock masses including weathered granites and based on this increased database the system was updated. Granite formations existent in the north of Portugal including Porto city are predominantly granites. Some years ago a light rail infrastructure was built in the city of Porto and surrounding municipalities whi h involved considerable challenges due to the high heterogeneity levels of the granite formations and the difficulties involved in their geomechanical characterization. In this work it is intended to provide also a contribution to improve the characterization of these formations with special emphasis to the weathered horizons. A specific subsystem applicable to the weathered formations was developed. The results of the validation of these systems are presented and show acceptable performances in identifying the correct class using less information than with the RMR system.

Gender, sex and sexuality in two open access communication journals published in Portugal: a critical overview of current discursive practices

The links between gender, sex and sexuality and their relevance are theoretically and politically problematic (Richardson, 2007). One of the difficulties in understanding their interconnections is that these terms are often used differently and ambiguously by different authors (and even by the same authors). This article reports the results of an analysis of the articles published in open access communication journals with known impact factor, edited in Portugal and published between 2005 and 2012. The diverse conceptualisations of those three basic concepts and of their (inter)relationships within communication research are identified. The complexity and the intricate (and often implicit) nature of both the meanings of these categories and their relationships underlie and justify our attention and further research. What the findings suggest about the current communication research into gender issues published in the two journals surveyed is that the ‘Gender differences discourse’ (Sunderland, 2004) is the most pervasive discourse (also) in academic practice. Additionally, they show that gender and sex are mainly taken for a fact, not a question that is worth being studied. The editors of these journals, as well as the scholars submitting manuscripts, need to be more aware of the traditional nature of the theoretical and methodological choices that they make regarding gender- and sex-related issues, as well as of the relative lack of attention to sexuality as a research subject.

New or little known titanotheres from the lower Uintah formations, with notes on the stratigraphy and distribution of fossils / By Elmer S. Riggs -- Oliver Cummings Farrington --

v.4:no.2(1912)

Banning Obsolete Weapons or Reshaping Perceptions of Military Utility: Discursive Dynamics in Weapons Prohibitions

The paper focuses on the argumentative process through which new international norms prohibiting the use of weapons causing severe civilian harm emerge. It examines the debate surrounding the use and usefulness of landmines and cluster munitions and traces the process through which NGOs change conceptions of military utility and effectiveness of certain weapons by highlighting their humanitarian problems and questioning their military value. By challenging military thinking on these issues, NGOs redefine the terms of the debate – from a commonplace practice, the use of such weapons becomes controversial and military decisions need to be justified. The argument-counterargument dynamic shifts the burden of proof of the necessity and safety of the weapons to the users. The process witnesses the ability of NGOs to influence debates on military issues despite their disadvantaged position in hard security issue areas. It also challenges realist assumptions that only weapons that are obsolete or low-cost force equalizers for weak actors can be banned. To the contrary, the paper shows that in the case of landmines and cluster munitions, defining the military (in)effectiveness of the weapons is part and parcel of the struggle for their prohibition.

Direct Determination of mechanical properties in shallow formations by (ultra) sonic methods

For several decades mechanical properties of shallow formations (soil) obtained by sonic to ultrasonic wave testing were reported to be greater than those based on mechanical tests. The present article relying on a statistical analysis of more than 300 tests shows that elastic moduli of the soil can indeed be obtained from (ultra)sonic tests and that they are identical to those resulting from mechanical tests.

Vers un cadre commun de référence pour les formations en langues dans l'Espace européen d'enseignement supérieur : les critères de qualité de Bologne et l'enjeu de profils plurilingues et pluriculturels adéquats

Ce travail examine les nouveaux objectifs et critères de qualité définis dans le processus de Bologne - et essentiels à sa réalisation - sous l'angle du plurilinguisme. Il s'interroge d'une part sur le rôle du plurilinguisme pour l'ensemble des disciplines dans le contexte d'internationalisation engendré par la création de l'Espace européen d'enseignement supérieur (EEES), et de l'autre sur ce que ces nouvelles exigences signifient en termes de compétences spécifiques à développer à travers les formations en langues universitaires. L'application des critères de Bologne et l'internationalisation qui s'ensuit renforcent l'importance fondamentale du plurilinguisme pour l'ensemble des disciplines, et fait du développement du plurilinguisme dans tous les cursus un facteur de réussite de ce processus. En effet, il s'agit d'une compétence transversale clé pour répondre aux nouveaux défis sociaux, économiques et académiques. Par ailleurs, cette application implique une réorientation substantielle dans les formations en langues universitaires elles-mêmes par rapport aux pratiques actuelles. Des innovations majeures s'imposent quant aux acquis de formation visés. Les nouveaux profils plurilingues et pluriculturels à développer doivent être plus larges et différents, dans la mesure où ils exigent une contextualisation accrue par rapport aux situations d'utilisation auxquelles sont confrontés les étudiants et diplômés dans un monde globalisé multilingue et multiculturel. Dans ce contexte, il s'agit plus particulièrement de contextualiser et de spécifier, en rapport avec le contexte universitaire actuel, un modèle transsectoriel existant, le Cadre européen commun de référence pour les langues (CECRL) du Conseil de l'Europe. Dans cette optique, cette thèse a comme objectif principal d'identifier et de fonder des points de référence spécifiques au domaine des langues et au contexte universitaire européen actuel, qui puissent être constitutifs d'un futur cadre européen commun de référence pour les langues dans l'EEES. Ces points de repère tiennent compte aussi bien des nouveaux besoins et exigences nés du processus de Bologne, que des principes de la politique éducative européenne ainsi que du contexte sociopolitique et économique spécifique, en transformation rapide, qui est à l'origine de la réforme actuelle. De plus, ils incluent les concepts théoriques en relation avec le plurilinguisme que ce travail cherche à contextualiser par diverses analyses et des recherches empiriques afin de spécifier des compétences plurilingues et pluriculturelles génériques pertinentes au secteur universitaire en relation avec les besoins professionnels et académiques. Cette thèse vise à soutenir des stratégies d'application et tente d'instaurer une nouvelle manière d'envisager le lien entre les fondements théoriques et la recherche, la politique éducative européenne et la pratique institutionnelle, pour favoriser le développement d'une compétence plurilingue adéquate des étudiants. Dans ce but elle propose, à partir de points de référence définis au préalable, des outils qui ont pour objectif aussi bien de favoriser une meilleure compréhension des enjeux du plurilinguisme dans Bologne. Elle veut donner un appui systématique et scientifiquement fondé à un processus de prise de conscience et de réflexion nécessaire pour garantir une mise en oeuvre informée des changements requis. Ceci concerne plus particulièrement les choix relatifs aux acquis de formation appropriés, la nature des compétences plurilingues et pluriculturelles à développer dans différentes disciplines linguistiques et non linguistiques, ainsi que les profils à spécifier qui s'articulent aussi bien autour des points de référence européens - eux-mêmes dynamiques et évolutifs grâce à une interaction continue entre théorie et pratique - qu'autour d'une situation locale spécifique.