North-South trade and directed technical change

In a world where poor countries provide weak protection for intellectual property rights (IPRs), market integration shifts technical change in favor of rich nations. Through this channel, free trade may amplify international income differences. At the same time, integration with countries where IPRs are weakly protected can slow down the world growth rate. An important implication of these results is that protection of intellectual property is most beneficial in open countries. This prediction, which is novel in the literature, is consistent with evidence from a panel of 53 countries observed in the years 1965-1990. The paper also provides empirical support for the mechanism linking North-South trade to the direction of technical change: an increase in import penetration from low-wage, low-IPRs, countries is followed by a sharp fall in R&D investment in a panel of US manufacturing sectors.

La organización de los Juegos Olímpicos de Barcelona’92: un ejemplo de economía mixta o de sociedad pública y privada

Documento publicado en la colección Working papers que analiza la organización de los Juegos Olímpicos de Barcelona como ejemplo de sociedad entre las iniciativas públicas y privadas, y la concepción de las relaciones entre la administración pública y el sector privado en términos de desarrollo económico local.

Iniciativas para el desarrollo sostenible del Área de Conservación Arenal- Huetar Norte, Costa Rica

El presente proyecto tiene como zona de estudio el Área de Conservación Arenal- Huetar Norte (ACA-HN), concretamente los cantones de Upala, Los Chiles y Guatuso. El propósito del proyecto es promover el desarrollo sostenible de la zona mediante los pilares de la educación y la economía. Para ello se elabora un manual de educación ambiental de la cuenca de río Frío y así poder solventar algunas de las carencias en educación que tienen los docentes de las escuelas de la cuenca hidrográfica. Por otro lado, se diagnostica la cadena de valor sobre usos alternativos de la biodiversidad, específicamente zoocriaderos de mariposas diurnas, en los cantones de Upala y Los Chiles. Por último, se trata la información de la zona de estudio con Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) para elaborar mapas que ilustren los proyectos anteriores y el proyecto sobre el diagnóstico de la industria de turismo local.

Explaining Variation in Organizational Change: The Reform of Human Resource Management in the European Commission and the OECD

In this article we investigate the reforms of human resource management in the European Commission and the OECD by analyzing comparatively to what extent both organizations have adjusted their respective structures towards the ideal type of the so-called New Public Management (NPM). The empirical findings show that reforms towards NPM are more pronounced in the Commission than in the OECD. These findings are surprising for two reasons: First, it seems rather paradoxical that the OECD as central promoter of NPM at the international level lags behind the global trend when it comes to reforming its own structures. Second, this result is in contradiction with theoretical expectations, as they can be derived from theories of institutional isomorphism. To nevertheless account for the surprising results, it is necessary to modify and complement existing theories especially with regard to the scope conditions of their causal mechanisms.

Fiscal insurance and debt management in OECD economies

Assuming the role of debt management is to provide hedging against fiscal shocks we consider three questions: i) what indicators can be used to assess the performance of debt management? ii) how well have historical debt management policies performed? and iii) how is that performance affected by variations in debt issuance? We consider these questions using OECD data on the market value of government debt between 1970 and 2000. Motivated by both the optimal taxation literature and broad considerations of debt stability we propose a range of performance indicators for debt management. We evaluate these using Monte Carlo analysis and find that those based on the relative persistence of debt perform best. Calculating these measures for OECD data provides only limited evidence that debt management has helped insulate policy against unexpected fiscal shocks. We also find that the degree of fiscal insurance achieved is not well connected to cross country variations in debt issuance patterns. Given the limited volatility observed in the yield curve the relatively small dispersion of debt management practices across countries makes little difference to the realised degree of fiscal insurance.

Why Catalonia will see its energy metabolism increase in the near future: an application of MuSIASEM

This paper applies the so-called Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism (MuSIASEM) to the economy of the Spanish region of Catalonia. By applying Georgescu-Roegen's fund-flow model, it arrives at the conclusion that within a context of the end of cheap oil, the current development model based on the growth of low productivity sectors such as services and construction must change. The change is needed not only because of the increasing scarcity of affordable energy carriers, or because of the increasing environmental impact that the present development represents, but also because of an ageing population that demands labour productivity gains. This will imply industry requiring more energy consumption per worker in order to increase its productivity, and therefore its competitiveness. Thus, we conclude that energy intensity, and exosomatic energy metabolism of Catalonia will increase dramatically in the near future unless major conservation efforts are implemented in both the household and transport sectors.

Transformación de los roles de las mujeres colonas y cambio socioambiental : el caso de la penetración de la minería transnacional en un agroecosistema de la comunidad de Junín, Ecuador

Este artículo trata de analizar el rol de las mujeres en una comunidad campesina de la Sierra norte del Ecuador, en función de las transformaciones socioambientales sufridas en base a dos procesos que se están dando hoy en día en el panorama local de Junín. Se trata por un lado de la tendencia de la comunidad hacia un modelo agroindustrial, y por el otro del conflicto socioambiental minero, latente desde hace poco más de una década en la realidad de la comunidad. Ambos procesos se encuentran fuertemente vinculados e influyen de manera directa sobre las estrategias de vida de la comunidad, puesto que ambos acaban transformando, debido a la aparición de nuevas actividades productivas, el uso que se hace de los recursos, de esta manera se observa una evolución del agroecosistema que conforma la comunidad de Junín. La discusión del presente estudio gira entorno a las repercusiones que estos dos procesos han tenido entorno al rol de la mujer, es decir se pretende estudiar un cambio social relacionado con el rol de la mujer en la comunidad, mediante un cambio ambiental que se ha dado entorno a estos dos procesos. De esta manera se ha observado que el conflicto minero ha sido el punto de partida que ha hecho salir a la mujer a la esfera pública, sobretodo por las alternativas productivas que ha creado, concretamente el ecoturismo por medio del cual la mujer ha pasado a realizar actividades productivas. Por otra parte, la modernización agrícola ha dejado patente la relación existente entre la mujer y la unidad doméstica. Esta tendencia hacia el modelo agroindustrial ha hecho desplazar a los hombres de la comunidad a realizar actividades agrícolas relacionadas con la comercialización, mientras que la mujer se ha mantenido en el sector de la agricultura de subsistencia.

Inversión en infraestructuras, crecimiento y convergencia regional

This paper presents estimates of the contribution of infrastructure investment to the growth of output and employment in Spain and its regions and investigates the impact of this factor on the process of regional convergence in income per capita during the period 1965-2004.

Deconstructing Shocks and Persistence in OECD Real Exchange Rates

This paper analyzes the persistence of shocks that affect the real exchange rates for a panel of seventeen OECD developed countries during the post-Bretton Woods era. The adoption of a panel data framework allows us to distinguish two different sources of shocks, i.e. the idiosyncratic and the common shocks, each of which may have di¤erent persistence patterns on the real exchange rates. We first investigate the stochastic properties of the panel data set using panel stationarity tests that simultaneously consider both the presence of cross-section dependence and multiple structural breaks that have not received much attention in previous persistence analyses. Empirical results indicate that real exchange rates are non-stationary when the analysis does not account for structural breaks, although this conclusion is reversed when they are modeled. Consequently, misspecification errors due to the non-consideration of structural breaks leads to upward biased shocks' persistence measures. The persistence measures for the idiosyncratic and common shocks have been estimated in this paper always turn out to be less than one year.

New evidence of the real interest rate parity for OECD countries using panel unit root tests with breaks

This paper tests for real interest parity (RIRP) among the nineteen major OECD countries over the period 1978:Q2-1998:Q4. The econometric methods applied consist of combining the use of several unit root or stationarity tests designed for panels valid under cross-section dependence and presence of multiple structural breaks. Our results strongly support the fulfillment of the weak version of the RIRP for the studied period once dependence and structural breaks are accounted for.

Political institutions and the development of telecomunications

It has traditionally been argued that the development of telecommunications infrastructure is dependent on the quality of countries’ political institutions. We estimate the effect of political institutions on the diffusion of three telecommunications services and find it to be much smaller in cellular telephony than in the others. By evaluating the importance of institutions for technologies rather than for industries, we reveal important growth opportunities for developing countries and offer policy implications for alleviating differences between countries in international telecommunications development.

Economic development and changes in car ownership patterns

The contributions of this paper are twofold: On the one hand, the paper analyses the factors determining the growth in car ownership in Spain over the last two decades, and, on the other, the paper provides empirical evidence for a controversial methodological issue. From a methodological point of view, the paper compares the two alternative decision mechanisms used for modelling car ownership: ordered-response versus unordered-response mechanisms. A discrete choice model is estimated at three points in time: 1980, 1990 and 2000. The study concludes that on the basis of forecasting performance, the multinomial logit model and the ordered probit model are almost undistinguishable. As for the empirical results, it can be emphasised that income elasticity is not constant and declines as car ownership increases. Besides, households living in rural areas are less sensitive than those living in urban areas. Car ownership is also sensitive to the quality of public transport for those living in the largest cities. The results also confirmed the existence of a generation effect, which will vanish around the year 2020, a weak life-cycle effect, and a positive effect of employment on the number of cars per household. Finally, the change in the estimated coefficients over time reflects an increase in mobility needs and, consequently, an increase in car ownership.

The economy of the Beijing Olympic Games: An analysis of first impacts and prospects

This paper was presented at the International Sport Business Symposium, held by the Capital University of Economics and Business in Beijing, in 2008. The speakers, Ferran Brunet, as a professor at the Autonomous University of Barcelona and Zuo Xinwen, as a member of Beijing Development and Reform Commission, both set out to analyze changes in the economic and social development of the city which were undertaken with the aim to celebrate the 2008 Olympic Games. They discuss aspects as a transformation in the mode of economic growth, resources of the Organizing Committee, investments related to the Games, transport and communications, industries, the balance of urban and rural development, urban construction and management service and operations into a well-off society.

Derecho de propiedad, medio ambiente y desarrollo sostenible: una perspectiva constitucional y comparada

Proyecto de investigación realizado a partir de una estancia en la University of Illinois entre febrero y junio del 2007. La investigación se ha centrado en el desarrollo teniendo como eje principal el derecho a la propiedad. El desarrollo como base i en relación al cual he examinado diferentes elementos que lo componen como el mencionado derecho a la propiedad (uno de los derechos más cuestionados y problemáticos analizado desde pensamientos muy diversos y antagónicos ) o el derecho al medioambiente y la relación entre y otros derechos (desarrollo económico, interés general, principis constitucionals, etc. ) (...)

Environmental Kuznets Curves for Carbon Emissions: A Critical Survey

The empirical finding of an inverse U-shaped relationship between per capita income and pollution, the so-called Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), suggests that as countries experience economic growth, environmental deterioration decelerates and thus becomes less of an issue. Focusing on the prime example of carbon emissions, the present article provides a critical review of the new econometric techniques that have questioned the baseline polynomial specification in the EKC literature. We discuss issues related to the functional form, heterogeneity, “spurious” regressions and spatial dependence to address whether and to what extent the EKC can be observed. Despite these new approaches, there is still no clear-cut evidence supporting the existence of the EKC for carbon emissions. JEL classifications: C20; Q32; Q50; O13 Keywords: Environmental Kuznets Curve; Carbon emissions; Functional form; Heterogeneity; “Spurious” regressions; Spatial dependence.Residential satisfaction is often used as a barometer to assess the performance of public policy and programmes designed to raise individuals' well-being. However, the fact that responses elicited from residents might be biased by subjective, non-observable factors casts doubt on whether these responses can be taken as trustable indicators of the individuals' housing situation. Emotional factors such as aspirations or expectations might affect individuals' cognitions of their true residential situation. To disentangle this puzzle, we investigated whether identical residential attributes can be perceived differently depending on tenure status. Our results indicate that tenure status is crucial not only in determining the level of housing satisfaction, but also regarding how dwellers perceive their housing characteristics. Keywords: Housing satisfaction, subjective well-being, homeownership. JEL classification: D1, R2.