Évaluation de la prévalence individuelle et de troupeau de quatre pathogènes d'importance dans les troupeaux laitiers biologiques du Québec

INTRODUCTION La production biologique contribue de façon significative aux défis du développement durable. Les infections à Mycobacterium avium sous-espèce paratuberculosis (MAP), Neospora caninum (NC), au virus de la diarrhée virale bovine (BVD) et au virus de la rhinotrachéite infectieuse bovine (IBR) sont bien reconnues pour affecter de manière significative la production dans les élevages laitiers. Il n’existe toutefois aucune donnée sur l’importance de ces pathogènes dans les troupeaux biologiques. HYPOTHESE Ces quatre pathogènes sont présents dans les troupeaux laitiers biologiques, mais leur prévalence est moindre par rapport à l’élevage conventionnel. OBJECTIFS Estimer les séroprévalences de NC, MAP, BVD, IBR dans les troupeaux laitiers biologiques québécois. MÉTHODOLOGIE Dans la province du Québec, 60 troupeaux laitiers biologiques ont été sélectionnés aléatoirement. Un échantillon sanguin a été prélevé sur 30 vaches adultes, pour l’évaluation de NC et MAP, et sur 5 animaux plus de 6 mois non vaccinés, pour l’évaluation de BVD et IBR. Une détection d’anticorps par ELISA, pour NC et MAP, et par séroneutralisation pour BVD et IBR a été réalisée sur les sérums obtenus. Un questionnaire a été rempli par chaque éleveur. RÉSULTATS La séroprévalence individuelle de NC et MAP, avec un intervalle de confiance de 95%, étaient de 4.1% (3.2%-5.2%) et 0.8% respectivement (0.0%-1.3%). La séroprévalence de troupeau de NC, MAP, BVD, IBR, si au moins un animal est positif dans un troupeau étaient de 50.8%, 20.3%, 37.3%, 31.0% respectivement. Ces séroprévalences étaient de 30.5%, 3.4%, 28.8% et 18.9%, respectivement, si au moins deux animaux sont positifs. La taille du troupeau a un effet significatif sur le statut de BVD (p=0.02) et il y a une bonne corrélation entre le statut BVD et IBR (Kappa-0.54). DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION La séroprévalence individuelle de NC, MAP, IBR semblent être moindre dans les troupeaux laitiers biologiques comparativement au conventionnel. Il ne semble pas y avoir de grandes différences entre la séroprévalence du BVD des troupeaux biologiques et celle des conventionnels.

Leistungsfähigkeit und Robustheit der Endzuchtgruppe aus dem Zuchtprogramm der "Witzenhäuser Landschaftspflegeziege"

Ziegenrassen, die in Deutschland in der Landschaftspflege eingesetzt werden, besitzen vorwiegend den Charakter einer intensiven Produktionsausrichtung. Das vorherrschende marginale Futterangebot auf Magerrasen-Biotopen kann die hohen Anforderungen auf das Fütterungsniveau der Tiere nicht erfüllen. Angeführt durch diese Ausgangssituation, begann das Fachgebiet Internationale Nutztierzucht und -haltung der Universität Kassel in Witzenhausen mit dem "Zuchtprogramm der Witzenhäuser Landschaftspflegeziege". Ziel dieser Untersuchung war es, die Leistungsfähigkeit und Robustheit der Endzuchtgruppe aus dem Zuchtprogramm über einen längeren Zeitraum (2001 bis 2003) anhand von definierten Merkmalen zu erfassen und zu dokumentieren. Alle Merkmale wurden zum selben Zeitpunkt ebenfalls an einer Kaschmirziegenherde, einer der drei Ursprungsrassen, zum Vergleich erhoben. Ausgangspunkt der Untersuchung, neben dem Hauptuntersuchungsareal des Naturschutzgebiets Ebenhöhe-Liebenberg, war die Lehr- und Versuchsbetrieb der Universität Kassel in Witzenhausen in Neu-Eichenberg. Achtung: Die Seitenzählung der Printausgabe ist mit der Online-Publikation nicht identisch.

Benchmarking or business opportunity: Using milk recording data to expose your clients' weaknesses

Routine milk recording data, often covering many years, are available for approximately half the dairy herds of England and Wales. In addition to milk yield and quality, these data include production events that can be used to derive objective Key Performance Indicators (KPI) describing a herd's fertility and production. Recent developments in information systems give veterinarians and other technical advisers access to these KPIs on-line. In addition to reviewing individual herd performance, advisers can establish local benchmark groups to demonstrate the relative performance of similar herds in the vicinity. The use of existing milk recording data places no additional demands on farmer's time or resources. These developments could also readily be exploited by universities to introduce veterinary undergraduates to the realities of commercial dairy production.

Prediction of nutrient digestibility and energy concentrations in fresh grass using nutrient composition

Improved nutrient utilization efficiency is strongly related to enhanced economic performance and reduced environmental footprint of dairy farms. Pasture-based systems are widely used for dairy production in certain areas of the world, but prediction equations of fresh grass nutritive value (nutrient digestibility and energy concentrations) are limited. Equations to predict digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) used for grazing cattle have been either developed with cattle fed conserved forage and concentrate diets or sheep fed previously frozen grass, and the majority of them require measurements less commonly available to producers, such as nutrient digestibility. The aim of the present study was therefore to develop prediction equations more suitable to grazing cattle for nutrient digestibility and energy concentrations, which are routinely available at farm level by using grass nutrient contents as predictors. A study with 33 nonpregnant, nonlactating cows fed solely fresh-cut grass at maintenance energy level for 50 wk was carried out over 3 consecutive grazing seasons. Freshly harvested grass of 3 cuts (primary growth and first and second regrowth), 9 fertilizer input levels, and contrasting stage of maturity (3 to 9 wk after harvest) was used, thus ensuring a wide representation of nutritional quality. As a result, a large variation existed in digestibility of dry matter (0.642-0.900) and digestible organic matter in dry matter (0.636-0.851) and in concentrations of DE (11.8-16.7 MJ/kg of dry matter) and ME (9.0-14.1 MJ/kg of dry matter). Nutrient digestibilities and DE and ME concentrations were negatively related to grass neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents but positively related to nitrogen (N), gross energy, and ether extract (EE) contents. For each predicted variable (nutrient digestibilities or energy concentrations), different combinations of predictors (grass chemical composition) were found to be significant and increase the explained variation. For example, relatively higher R(2) values were found for prediction of N digestibility using N and EE as predictors; gross-energy digestibility using EE, NDF, ADF, and ash; NDF, ADF, and organic matter digestibilities using N, water-soluble carbohydrates, EE, and NDF; digestible organic matter in dry matter using water-soluble carbohydrates, EE, NDF, and ADF; DE concentration using gross energy, EE, NDF, ADF, and ash; and ME concentration using N, EE, ADF, and ash. Equations presented may allow a relatively quick and easy prediction of grass quality and, hence, better grazing utilization on commercial and research farms, where nutrient composition falls within the range assessed in the current study.

Suitability of bronopol preservative treated milk for fatty acid determination

This work aimed to test if milk preserved with bronopol can be reliably used for fatty acid determination. Dairy production and milk quality are often monitored regularly to assess performance and contribute to selection indices. With evidence that fat composition can be influenced by selective breeding, there might be an interest in using samples collected in routine testing to evaluate individual cow fatty acid profiles, contributing to breeding indices. However, most recording services use a preservative such as bronopol and there is no published record if this influences subsequent fatty acid analysis. This study used milk from an oil seed supplementation trial, generating a wide range of milk fatty acid profiles, to test if the concentration of 31 individual fatty acids determined by GC were influenced by bronopol. Provided preserved samples are subsequently frozen, milk treated with bronopol can reliably be used to evaluate fatty acid composition in most cases; however bronopol might influence a few long-chain fatty acids present in relatively low concentrations. This is one small step towards simplifying milk compositional analysis but it could ultimately streamline the inclusion of milk fat quality into breeding indices, either with a view to 'healthier' milk or potentially reducing methane output and the environmental impact of dairy production.

Caracterização físico-química, reológica e sensorial de iogurte obtido pela mistura dos leites bubalino e caprino

Milk from different animals can be used for dairy production. Yoghurt is a popular fermented milk product and considered to be one of the greatest importance in terms of consumer acceptance and consumption. The present research deals with the production of strawberry set-type yoghurt by mixing goat and buffalo s milk and it has the objective of taking advantage of the intrinsic characteristics of each milk to produce a final product with desirable attributes. It was conducted by analyzing five experimental groups with different proportions of goat and buffalo s milk: C 100% goat s milk; 7C3B - 70% goat s milk and 30% buffalo s milk, 5C5B - 50% goat s milk and 50% buffalo s milk, 3C7B 30% goat s milk and 70% buffalo s milk; B - 100% buffalo s milk. Each group was evaluated for total solids content and the acidification profile was monitored every 30 minutes by pH analysis. The yoghurt samples were analyzed for physical-chemical (pH, acidity, protein, fat, total and reducing sugars, ash and total solids), rheological (syneresis and viscosity) and sensory characteristics (appearance, odor, consistency and flavour). Samples with higher percentual of bubaline milk reached Vm faster, but the time necessary for pH 4.6 (Te) were similar between groups. Statistical differences (p<0.05) were observed for fat and total solids content of yoghurt, with superior values for groups higher proportions of buffalo s milk. The parameters of behavior reached by the model of Ostwald of Waale pointed yoghurt samples as non-Newtonian and pseudoplastic fluids. Yoghurt made only with goat s milk (C) had higher values (p<0.05) for syneresis, which can be explained by its fragile coagulum. Additionally, this group also had the lowest sensory scores for the attributes consistence and taste, while bubaline yoghurt (B) obtained the best acceptance indexes for all of the appraised parameters

Índice de previsão de produção de leite para vacas Jersey

No Brasil, o uso de vários modelos de criação intensiva e semi-extensiva desfavorece a adoção generalizada de métodos de manejo do gado bovino, principalmente do gado leiteiro. Mesmo assim, a produção leiteira pode ser melhorada a partir do uso de tecnologias que possam garantir o manejo adequado do rebanho. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um índice de previsão de produção de leite para vacas Jersey em lactação, de genética de alta produtividade, em regime semi-estabulado, nas condições tropicais. Para a obtenção do índice, consideraram-se a temperatura e a umidade relativa do ambiente e a velocidade do ar, assim como valores de precipitação pluviométrica, temperatura do solo do pasto e a radiação solar como agentes estressores, os quais podem alterar a produção de leite. O experimento considerou dois tratamentos: A - as vacas permaneceram em sala de espera guarnecida com chuveiro e ventiladores, por um período 30 min antes da ordenha; B - as vacas não tiveram acesso a essa sala de espera (controle). Fora do período de ordenha, as vacas tiveram acesso ao pasto. Observou-se que as diferenças de médias de produção entre os tratamentos não foram estatisticamente significativas. Foram procedidas as análises para efeito de elaboração do modelo e chegou-se a um modelo factível, considerando a relação entre produção e a precipitação, assim como a temperatura máxima do solo do pasto.

Avaliação da relação entre a temperatura da superficie corporal e produção de vacas jersey submetidas à climatização na pré-ordenha

Jersey cows has been used in warm climates because they have better performance in dairy production. Generally milk production is reduced in warm climates due to the consequent reduction in feed intake because of the heat stress. When the heat stress occurs there is an increase in the body temperature, however it is not known if the skin temperature indicates a thermal discomfort or if it influences milk yield. The objective of this research was to verify if there was a correlation between skin temperature and milk yield using two treatments. Treatment (A) where the cows stayed for 30 minutes before the milking period, in a room with a shower and a fan; and treatment (B) where the cows did not had access to any cooling device (control). After milking the skin temperature were recorded in the places: forehead, back, leg and teats. Data were statistically analyzed and, even though in treatment (A) the skin temperature were reduced it was not found correlation between skin temperature and milk yield.

Infecção por Leptospira spp. e Neospora caninum, em rebanho bovino leiteiro: avaliação dos aspectos produtivos e reprodutivos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Estudo da influência de dois tipos de sistemas de produção sobre a incidência de mastite em ovelhas bergamácia primíparas e avaliação dos níveis lácteos e plasmáticos de minerais e vitaminas

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Variabilidade genética do peso ao nascer e seleção para crescimento em bubalinos do Estado do Pará, Brasil

O peso ao nascer constitui característica produtiva de elevada importância zootécnica, devido à sua relação com a taxa de sobrevivência à desmama e com os pesos nas demais fases de desenvolvimento do animal, quer seja para a produção de carne, leite ou em animais que se destinam à reprodução. O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter estimativas de herdabilidade e tendências fenotípicas e genéticas do peso ao nascer, em bubalinos do Estado do Pará, Brasil. Foram calculadas as estatísticas descritivas e realizado o teste de Normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk por meio do pacote estatístico Statistical Analisys System. As estimativas de herdabilidade foram obtidas por inferência Bayesiana. O peso ao nascer apresentou média de 36,6 kg. O modelo de análise considerou como fixos os efeitos de sexo, ano de nascimento e composição racial do animal e como efeitos aleatórios animal, efeito materno e residual. A distribuição da herdabilidade direta apresentou-se platicúrtica (achatada) e com maior assimetria, tendo uma distribuição bimodal com a primeira moda próxima a 0,10 e a segunda próxima a 0,30; a materna apresentou-se trimodal, com picos bem próximos a 0,15 e outro menos evidente próximo a 0,20. A tendência genética direta do peso ao nascer mostrou-se negativa (-0,03kg ano-1) e a tendência genética materna próxima à zero (0,001 kg ano-1), ainda que a tendência fenotípica tenha sido positiva (0,156kg ano-1). Existe variabilidade genética possível de ser trabalhada em um programa de melhoramento, no entanto, pouco foi feito quanto à seleção para crescimento em búfalos no Estado do Pará.

Estresse término na reprodução de vacas leiteiras

Climate change in tropical countries, like Brazil, causes major problems in dairy production due to an increase of heat stress effects. In recent years, milk production in Brazil increased 36.07%. The Southeast region remains a leader in production with herds of high producing Holstein cattle (mostly), which is more susceptible to heat stress. Thermal stress decreases fertility in direct and indirect ways. Conception rates are reduced of 40-60% during cooler months of the year and 10-20% in the warmer months. Negative effects of heat stress involve changes in reproductive hormones, follicular development, oocytes, and embryos, and decreased dry matter intake. Several studies discuss change in reproductive hormones, such as reduction in plasma concentration of GnRH, LH, and oestradiol, which lead to decreased detection of estrus and ovulation. Various methods are being studied to bypass these negative effects and increase the fertility of dairy cows under heat stress. Cooling systems are the most advantageous and can be associated with technologies such as ET and TAI

Práticas higiênico-sanitárias na ordenha de vacas e percepção de risco de produtores rurais no Estado de São Paulo

Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - FMVA

Produção e qualidade do leite e da carne de caprinos anglo nubianos suplementados com óleos vegetais

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Boas práticas de manejo de bezerras leiteiras na fase de cria e potenciais efeitos na recria

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)