952 resultados para DDRT-PCR (mRNA differential display)
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We have developed an approach to study changes in gene expression by selective PCR amplification and display of 3' end restriction fragments of double-stranded cDNAs. This method produces highly consistent and reproducible patterns, can detect almost all mRNAs in a sample, and can resolve hidden differences such as bands that differ in their sequence but comigrate on a gel. Bands corresponding to known cDNAs move to predictable positions on the gel, making this a powerful approach to correlate gel patterns with cDNA data bases. Applying this method, we have examined differences in gene expression patterns during T-cell activation. Of a total of 700 bands that were evaluated in this study, as many as 3-4% represented mRNAs that are upregulated, while approximately 2% were down-regulated within 4 hr of activation of Jurkat T cells. These and other results suggest that this approach is suitable for the systematic, expeditious, and nearly exhaustive elucidation of subtle changes in the patterns of gene expression in cells with altered physiologic states.
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BACKGROUND: Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is an increasing medical phenomenon of unknown aetiology leading to high levels of chronic morbidity. Of the many hypotheses that purport to explain this disease, immune system activation, as a central feature, has remained prominent but unsubstantiated. Supporting this, a number of important cytokines have previously been shown to be over-expressed in disease subjects. The diagnosis of CFS is highly problematic since no biological markers specific to this disease have been identified. The discovery of genes relating to this condition is an important goal in seeking to correctly categorize and understand this complex syndrome. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to screen for changes in gene expression in the lymphocytes of CFS patients. METHODS: 'Differential Display' is a method for comparing mRNA populations for the induction or suppression of genes. In this technique, mRNA populations from control and test subjects can be 'displayed' by gel electrophoresis and screened for differing banding patterns. These differences are indicative of altered gene expression between samples, and the genes that correspond to these bands can be cloned and identified. Differential display has been used to compare expression levels between four control subjects and seven CFS patients. RESULTS: Twelve short expressed sequence tags have been identified that were over-expressed in lymphocytes from CFS patients. Two of these correspond to cathepsin C and MAIL1 - genes known to be upregulated in activated lymphocytes. The expression level of seven of the differentially displayed sequences have been verified by quantifying relative level of these transcripts using TAQman quantitative PCR. CONCLUSION: Taken as a whole, the identification of novel gene tags up-regulated in CFS patients adds weight to the idea that CFS is a disease characterized by subtle changes in the immune system.
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Background. Previous knowledge of cervical lymph node compromise may be crucial to choose the best treatment strategy in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Here we propose a set four genes, whose mRNA expression in the primary tumor predicts nodal status in OSCC, excluding tongue. Material and methods. We identified differentially expressed genes in OSCC with and without compromised lymph nodes using Differential Display RT-PCR. Known genes were chosen to be validated by means of Northern blotting or real time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). Thereafter we constructed a Nodal Index (NI) using discriminant analysis in a learning set of 35 patients, which was further validated in a second independent group of 20 patients. Results. Of the 63 differentially expressed known genes identified comparing three lymph node positive (pN+) and three negative (pN0) primary tumors, 23 were analyzed by Northern analysis or RT-PCR in 49 primary tumors. Six genes confirmed as differentially expressed were used to construct a NI, as the best set predictive of lymph nodal status, with the final result including four genes. The NI was able to correctly classify 32 of 35 patients comprising the learning group (88.6%; p = 0.009). Casein kinase 1alpha1 and scavenger receptor class B, member 2 were found to be up regulated in pN + group in contrast to small proline-rich protein 2B and Ras-GTPase activating protein SH3 domain-binding protein 2 which were upregulated in the pN0 group. We validated further our NI in an independent set of 20 primary tumors, 11 of them pN0 and nine pN+ with an accuracy of 80.0% (p = 0.012). Conclusions. The NI was an independent predictor of compromised lymph nodes, taking into the consideration tumor size and histological grade. The genes identified here that integrate our "Nodal Index" model are predictive of lymph node metastasis in OSCC.
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Regulatorische T-Zellen (Tregs) sind in der Lage die Proliferation und Cytokin-Produktion konventioneller T-Zellen zu supprimieren, wobei die beteiligten Moleküle weitestgehend unbekannt sind. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden differentielle Analysen sowohl auf mRNA - als auch auf Proteinebene durchgeführt um Moleküle zu identifizieren, welche präferentiell in regulatorischen bzw. in supprimierten T-Zellen (Tsups) exprimiert werden. Der Transkriptionsfaktor Pur-alpha konnte als präferentiell in murinen Tsups exprimiert identifiziert werden. Die präferentielle Expression von Pur-alpha in murinen Tsups konnte durch quantitative PCR-Analysen bestätigt werden. In humanen Tregs konnte mittels „differentieller Proteom-Analyse“ das Lektin Galectin-10 als das am stärksten präferentiell exprimierte Protein identifiziert werden. Die differentielle Expression von Galectin-10 konnte sowohl auf mRNA-Ebene als auch mit Hilfe eines spezifischen Antiserums gegen Galectin-10 bestätigt werden. Zur Untersuchung einer möglichen Beteiligung von Galectin-10 am anergen Phänotyp sowie an den suppressiven Eigenschaften von Tregs wurde ein Galectin-10-Expressionskonstrukt generiert. Die Überexpression von Galectin-10 in konventionellen T-Zellen führte zur Apoptose der transfizierten Zellen. Die Überexpression von Galectin-10 in der humanen T-Zell-Linie „Jurkat“ konnte hingegen problemlos durchgeführt werden, führte aber nicht zur Vermittlung suppressiver Eigenschaften. Zum Nachweis einer Beteiligung von Galectin-10 an den funktionellen Eigenschaften regulatorischer T-Zellen werden in weiterführenden Versuchen momentan siRNA-Experimente etabliert, um die Galectin-10-Biosynthese in Tregs spezifisch zu unterdrücken.
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A systematic screen termed the allelic message display (AMD) was developed for the hunting of imprinted genes. In AMD, differential display PCR is adopted to image allelic expression status of multiple polymorphic transcripts in two parental mouse strains, reciprocal F1 hybrids and pooled backcross progenies. From the displayed patterns, paternally and maternally expressed transcripts can be unequivocally identified. The effectiveness of AMD screening was clearly demonstrated by the identification of a paternally expressed gene Impact on mouse chromosome 18, the predicted product of which belongs to the YCR59c/yigZ hypothetical protein family composed of yeast and bacterial proteins with currently unknown function. In contrast with previous screening methods necessitating positional cloning efforts or generation of parthenogenetic embryos, this approach requires nothing particular but appropriately crossed mice and can be readily applied to any tissues at various developmental stages. Hence, AMD would considerably accelerate the identification of imprinted genes playing pivotal roles in mammalian development and the pathogenesis of various diseases.
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Although “polymorphic castes” in social insects are well known as one of the most important phenomena of polyphenism, few studies of caste-specific gene expressions have been performed in social insects. To identify genes specifically expressed in the soldier caste of the Japanese damp-wood termite Hodotermopsis japonica, we employed the differential-display method using oligo(dT) and arbitrary primers, compared mRNA from the heads of mature soldiers and pseudergates (worker caste), and identified a clone (PCR product) 329 bp in length termed SOL1. Northern blot analysis showed that the SOL1 mRNA is about 1.0 kb in length and is expressed specifically in mature soldiers, but not in pseudergates, even in the presoldier induction by juvenile hormone analogue, suggesting that the product is specific for terminally differentiated soldiers. By using the method of 5′- and 3′-rapid amplification of cDNA ends, we isolated the full length of SOL1 cDNA, which contained an ORF with a putative signal peptide at the N terminus. The sequence showed no significant homology with any other known protein sequences. In situ hybridization analysis showed that SOL1 is expressed specifically in the mandibular glands. These results strongly suggest that the SOL1 gene encodes a secretory protein specifically synthesized in the mandibular glands of the soldiers. Histological observations revealed that the gland actually develops during the differentiation into the soldier caste.
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The early steps in the biosynthesis of Taxol involve the cyclization of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to taxa-4(5),11(12)-diene followed by cytochrome P450-mediated hydroxylation at C5, acetylation of this intermediate, and a second cytochrome P450-dependent hydroxylation at C10 to yield taxadien-5α-acetoxy-10β-ol. Subsequent steps of the pathway involve additional cytochrome P450 catalyzed oxygenations and CoA-dependent acylations. The limited feasibility of reverse genetic cloning of cytochrome P450 oxygenases led to the use of Taxus cell cultures induced for Taxol production and the development of an approach based on differential display of mRNA-reverse transcription-PCR, which ultimately provided full-length forms of 13 unique but closely related cytochrome P450 sequences. Functional expression of these enzymes in yeast was monitored by in situ spectrophotometry coupled to in vivo screening of oxygenase activity by feeding taxoid substrates. This strategy yielded a family of taxoid-metabolizing enzymes and revealed the taxane 10β-hydroxylase as a 1494-bp cDNA that encodes a 498-residue cytochrome P450 capable of transforming taxadienyl acetate to the 10β-hydroxy derivative; the identity of this latter pathway intermediate was confirmed by chromatographic and spectrometric means. The 10β-hydroxylase represents the initial cytochrome P450 gene of Taxol biosynthesis to be isolated by an approach that should provide access to the remaining oxygenases of the pathway.
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Dissertação de Mestrado, Engenharia Biológica, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2014
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Background Display technologies which allow peptides or proteins to be physically associated with the encoding DNA are central to procedures which involve screening of protein libraries in vitro for new or altered function. Here we describe a new system designed specifically for the display of libraries of diverse, functional proteins which utilises the DNA binding protein nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p50 to establish a phenotype-genotype link between the displayed protein and the encoding gene. Results A range of model fusion proteins to either the amino- or carboxy-terminus of NF-κB p50 have been constructed and shown to retain the picomolar affinity and DNA specificity of wild-type NF-κB p50. Through use of an optimal combination of binding buffer and DNA target sequence, the half-life of p50-DNA complexes could be increased to over 47 h, enabling the competitive selection of a variety of protein-plasmid complexes with enrichment factors of up to 6000-fold per round. The p50-based plasmid display system was used to enrich a maltose binding protein complex to homogeneity in only three rounds from a binary mixture with a starting ratio of 1:108 and to enrich to near homogeneity a single functional protein from a phenotype-genotype linked Escherichia coli genomic library using in vitro functional selections. Conclusions A new display technology is described which addresses the challenge of functional protein display. The results demonstrate that plasmid display is sufficiently sensitive to select a functional protein from large libraries and that it therefore represents a useful addition to the repertoire of display technologies.
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Bleached mutants of Euglena gracilis were obtained by treatment with ofloxacin (Ofl) and streptomycin (Sm) respectively. As shown by electron microscopy, the residual plastids contain prothylakoids in an Ofl mutant, and the highly developed and tightly stacked membranous structure found in cells of two Sm, mutants. Nine genes of the plastid genome were examined with PCR, showing that ribosomal protein genes and most other plastid genes were lost in all but one Sm mutant. Using differential display and RT-PCR, it was shown that chloroplast degeneration could cause changes in transcription of certain nucleus-encoded genes during heterotrophic growth in darkness.
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胸苷酸合成酶(thymidylate synthase,简称TS)和二氢叶酸还原酶(dihydrofolate reductase, 简称DHFR)都是叶酸依赖性酶,在维持DNA合成和DNA修复上发挥关键作用,并且多年来一直是肿瘤研究和化疗的重要靶点。我们前期的研究发现,TS和DHFR在翻译水平上存在负反馈调控机制。人TS和DHFR可以与其自身的mRNA结合,从而抑制mRNA的表达,化疗药物可以与TS或者DHFR相互作用,形成的复合物不能与TS mRNA结合, 使负反馈机制丧失。因此深入研究TS和DHFR的翻译调控机理,对阐明肿瘤抗药性机制,对发现新的抗肿瘤药物和肿瘤的治疗都具有十分重要的意义。 本论文利用mRNA体外展示技术,构建多肽库(约10万亿种多肽分子),利用多种实验手段将mRNA体外展示技术进行优化,提高了多肽库融合肽的产量,提高了mRNA体外展示技术筛选的特异性。将TS mRNA分子上的顺式因子TS30 RNA固定于磁珠上,将融合肽库与顺式因子作用,经过6轮循环,由多肽库中获得了与TS mRNA高度亲和的多肽序列,体外结合实验证明亲和肽可以与TS全长mRNA结合,体外翻译实验证明多肽可以抑制TS mRNA的翻译。并且利用phage display技术由噬菌体肽库(12个氨基酸随机肽库)经过四轮筛选,分别筛选到TS和DHFR的亲和肽,凝胶阻滞实验证明它们分别能与TS和DHFR mRNA结合。 本论文利用的展示技术可以广泛应用于特异靶点的蛋白质筛选,并且本论文筛选到的TS和DHFR亲和肽可以作为TS和DHFR的抑制剂,从而为获得新型的抗肿瘤药物奠定基础。
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A novel manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) was cloned from bay scallop Argopecten irradians by 3' and 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) PCR. The full-length cDNA of MnSOD was of 1207 bp with a 678 bp open reading frame encoding 226 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence contained a putative signal peptide of 26 amino acids. Sequence comparison showed that the MnSOD of A. irradians shared high identity with MnSOD in invertebrates and vertebrates, such as MnSOD from abalone Haliotis discus discus (ABG88843) and frog Xenopus laevis (AAQ63483). Furthermore, the 3D structure of bay scallop MnSOD was predicted by SWISS-MODEL Protein Modelling Server and compared with those of other MnSODs. The overall structure of bay scallop MnSOD was similar to those of zebrafish Danio rerio, fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis, human Homo sapiens, and had the highest similarity to scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis and abalone H. discus discus. A quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assay was developed to detect the mRNA expression of MnSOD in different tissues and the temporal expression in haemocytes following challenge with the bacterium Vibrio anguillarum. A higher-level of mRNA expression of MnSOD was detected in gill and mantle. The expression of MnSOD reached the highest level at 3 h post-injection with V. anguillarum and then slightly recovered from 6 to 48 h. The results indicated that bay scallop MnSOD was a constitutive and inducible protein and thus could play an important role in the immune responses against V anguillarum infection. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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The AINT/ERIC/TACC genes encode novel proteins with a coiled coil domain at their C-terminus. The founding member of this expanding family of genes, transforming acidic coiled coil 1 (TACC1), was isolated from a BAC contig spanning the breast cancer amplicon-1 on 8p11. Transfection of cells in vitro with TACC1 resulted in anchorage-independent growth consistent with a more "neoplastic" phenotype. Database searches employing the human TACC1 sequence revealed other novel genes, TACC2 and TACC3, with substantial sequence homology particularly in the C-terminal regions encoding the coiled coil domains. TACC2, located at 10q26, is similar to anti-zuai-1 (AZU-1), a candidate breast tumour suppressor gene, and ECTACC, an endothelial cell TACC which is upregulated by erythropoietin (Epo). The murine homologue of TACC3, murine erythropoietin-induced cDNA (mERIC-1) was also found to be upregulated by Epo in the Friend virus anaemia (FVA) model by differential display-PCR. Human ERIC-1, located at 4p16.3, has been cloned and encodes an 838-amino acid protein whose N- and C-terminal regions are highly homologous to the shorter 558-amino acid murine protein, mERIC-1. In contrast, the central portions of these proteins differ markedly. The murine protein contains four 24 amino acid imperfect repeats. ARNT interacting protein (AINT), a protein expressed during embryonic development in the mouse, binds through its coiled coil region to the aryl hydrocarbon nuclear translocator protein (ARNT) and has a central portion that contains seven of the 24 amino acid repeats found in mERIC-1. Thus mERIC-1 and AINT appear to be developmentally regulated alternative transcripts of the gene. Most members of the TACC family discovered so far contain a novel nine amino acid putative phosphorylation site with the pattern [R/K]-X(3)-[E]-X(3)-Y. Genes with sequence homology to the AINT/ERIC/TACC family in other species include maskin in Xenopus, D-TACC in Drosophila and TACC4 in the rabbit. Maskin contains a peptide sequence conserved among eIF-4E binding proteins that is involved in oocyte development. D-TACC cooperates with another conserved microtubule-associated protein Msps to stabilise spindle poles during cell division. The diversity of function already attributed to this protein family, including both transforming and tumour suppressor properties, should ensure that a new and interesting narrative is about to unfold.
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As leucemias são neoplasias que afetam o sistema hematopoiético e compreendem 2,53% dos casos de câncer relatados. Entre as leucemias, 27,95% correspondem a casos de leucemia mielóide crônica (LMC), que apresenta como marcador genético o cromossomo Philadelphia (Ph). Presente em mais de 80% dos casos, o cromossomo Ph é derivado da translocação t(9;22) (q34;q11), que origina um gene híbrido entre a região 5´ do gene bcr e 3´do gene abl. O produto deste gene é uma proteína Bcr-Abl na qual a atividade reguladora e nuclear do domínio tirosina quinase, originado da proteína Abl, torna-se constitutiva e citoplasmática. Estas mudanças na atividade tirosina quinase afetam diferentes vias de sinalização, com consequências em vários processos celulares como adesão, proliferação e apoptose. Em nível fisiológico, foi mostrado tanto in vitro quanto in vivo que as células hematopoiéticas precursoras Ph+ se diferenciam principalmente em células eritróides. Entretanto, quase 70% dos pacientes com LMC sofrem anemia, mostrando que, as células Ph+ diferenciadas em células eritróides não conseguem amadurecer até hemácias funcionais. Isto faz da LMC um bom modelo para o estudo da diferenciação de células eritróides e suas características, como os fatores que afetam a sintese de hemoglobina (Hb). A linhagem K562 é uma linhagem celular eritroleucêmica Ph+, amplamente utilizada como modelo para estudar drogas com capacidade anti-proliferativa e/ou indutoras da síntese de hemoglobina fetal. Entre estas drogas encontram-se a aclarrubicina (ACLA) e doxorrubicina (DOX) que, embora sejam análogos químicos pertencentes à família das antraciclinas, possuem mecanismos de ação diferentes e ainda não completamente esclarecidos. Neste trabalho, foram investigados vários aspectos da biologia das células K562 durante o tratamento com estas drogas. Foi observado que o tratamento com DOX produz um aumento de tamanho nas células e bloqueio do ciclo celular na fase G2/M, afetando também grandemente a viabilidade celular, com 70% de células mortas no sétimo dia de tratamento. Já durante o tratamento com ACLA a viabilidade, tamanho e ciclo celular foram menos afetados, com aproximadamente 15% de células mortas no sétimo dia de tratamento e um bloqueio transitório do ciclo na fase G1. No entanto, as duas drogas causaram um aumento significativo da síntese de hemoglobina, principalmente DOX que induziu um aumento quase duas vezes maior que o induzido por ACLA. A análise da expressão gênica realizada através da técnica de differential display mostrou várias bandas diferencialmente representadas e com diversas cinéticas de expressão, apresentando semelhanças e diferenças quando são comparados os dois tratamentos ou células tratadas e controle. Destas bandas, 26 estão sequenciadas mostrando genes envolvidos em vários processos celulares como dano do DNA, resistência a drogas, processamento do RNA e codificação de proteinas relacionadas com ferro. Das bandas sequenciadas, 7 foram validadas por RT-PCR (ndrg1, erk2, nf2l2, atp6ap1, rfc1, phf20 e zkscan) sendo observado um aumento na sua expressão durante o tratamento, com exceção de ndrg1 para o qual a expressão foi induzida em vez de aumentada e nf2l2 onde a diferença com o controle foi pequena e não permitiu validar este gene como diferencialmente expresso. Com o objetivo de procurar por mecanismos comuns entre os vários indutores da síntese de hemoglobina em células K562, estes genes foram também analisados durante o tratamento destas células com os indutores hidroxiuréia e dGTP. Além de induzirem a expressão de hemoglobina, os dois tratamentos provocaram um aumento no tamanho das células tratadas e um bloqueio no ciclo celular na fase S. Visando futuros trabalhos envolvendo os genes diferencialmente expressos, foi ainda otimizado um sistema de transferência gênica por eletroporação. Para isto foram testados varios parâmetros como campo elétrico, resistência, capacitância, meios de eletroporação, manipulação das células e uso de inibidores de DNAses. Como resultado, foi alcançado com o eletroporador padrão uma eficiência de transfecção de 81%, similar àquela alcançada pelo nucleoporator (eletroporador de última geração). As condições estabelecidas foram 750 V/cm, resistência infinita, 500 μF, meio RPMI1640, centrifugação e sulfato de zinco pós-pulso. A relação das antraciclinas e a hidroxiuréia, assim como de outros indutores da síntese de hemoglobina, com o ferro intracelular, juntamente com a diferença na expressão, durante o tratamento, de genes afetados direta ou potencialmente pela não disponibilidade de ferro intracelular, nos permitiu gerar uma hipótese para a via de sinalização que leva à síntese de hemoglobina. Nesta, sinais de falta ou não disponibilidade de ferro nas células ativariam a maquinaria celular para a captação e internalização do ferro extra-celular, simultaneamente com síntese de proteínas que utilizam o ferro para realizar as suas funções biológicas, entre elas a hemoglobina. Do mesmo modo, propomos a via de sinalização do ferro como um alvo potencialmente afetado por drogas indutoras da síntese de hemoglobina, como as antraciclinas, cujos alvos são ainda pouco conhecidos. Contudo, mais genes desta via de sinalização, bem como outros indutores, deveram ser estudados para saber se a síntese de hemoglobina pode ser induzida por drogas mais específicas e com menos efeitos colaterais que aquelas usadas atualmente para o tratamento de câncer e outras doenças.