Jurisdicción indígena. Reconocimiento de derechos, exigibilidad de obligaciones (Tema Central)

La Constitución Política del Ecuador, al igual que instrumentos internacionales sobre derechos de los indígenas, ha reconocido la potestad de las autoridades indígenas para ejercer jurisdicción en sus conflictos y que puedan resolverlos de conformidad con sus propias normas. Lamentablemente estos principios constitucionales no han sido desarrollados por una ley y tampoco han merecido un trato serio, salvo contadas excepciones, por parte de la Función Judicial y el Ministerio Público. En este ensayo se reflexiona sobre las tensiones entre la jurisdicción indígena y los derechos humanos, entre la jurisdicción indígena y ordinaria, se establecen algunos parámetros para determinar la validez del sistema ancestral de solución de conflictos y las obligaciones que tienen los operadores de justicia frente al derecho consuetudinario indígena. Finalmente, se insiste en la necesidad de reconocer, con todas sus implicancias, el pluralismo jurídico.

Inheritance, access to resources and poverty in Serer families in Senegal

This research explores the relationship between inheritance, access to resources and the intergenerational transmission of poverty among the Serer ethnic group in rural and urban environments in Senegal. In many Sub-Saharan African countries, customary law excludes women from owning and inheriting assets, such as land and property. Yet, assets controlled by women often result in increased investments in the next generation's health, nutrition and schooling and reduce the intergenerational transmission of poverty. Qualitative research with 60 participants in Senegal reveals the important role that land, housing and financial assets may play in building resilience to household shocks and interrupting the intergenerational transmission of poverty. However, the protection afforded by these assets was often dependent on other factors, including human, social and environmental capital. The death of a spouse or parent had major emotional and material impacts on many Serer families. The inheritance and control of assets and resources was strongly differentiated among family members along lines of gender, age and generation. Younger widows and their children were particularly vulnerable to chronic poverty. Although inheritance disputes were rare, the research suggests they are more likely between co-wives in polygamous unions and their children, particularly in urban areas. In addition to experiencing economic and health-related shocks, many interviewees were exposed to a range of climate-related risks and environmental pressures which increased their vulnerability. Family members coped with these shocks and risks by diversifying livelihoods, migrating to urban areas and other regions for work, participating in women's co-operatives and associations and developing supportive social networks with extended family and community members. Policies and practices that may help to alleviate poverty, safeguard women's and young people's inheritance and build resilience to financial, health-related and environmental shocks and risks include: - Social protection measures targeted towards poor widows and orphaned children, such as social and cash transfers to pay for basic needs including food, healthcare and children's schooling. - Micro-finance initiatives and credit and savings schemes, alongside training and capacity-building targeted to women and young people to develop income-generation activities and skills. - Free legal advice, support and advocacy for women and young people to pursue inheritance claims through the legal system. - Raising awareness about women's and children's legal rights and working with government and community and religious leaders to tackle discriminatory inheritance practices and contradictions caused by legal pluralism. - Increasing women's control of land and access to inputs, enhancing their business, organisational, and leadership skills and promoting civic participation in local, regional and national decision-making processes. - Improving access to basic services in rural areas, particularly healthcare, building the quality of education and promoting girls' access to education - Enhancing agricultural production and providing more employment opportunities, apprenticeships and vocational training for young people, particularly in rural areas.

Ethnography of a Land Grab and Gendered Coping Strategies in Northern Sierra Leone

Despite an increased scientific interest in the relatively new phenomenon of large-scale land acquisition (LSLA), data on the implementation of such projects and their impacts on the heterogeneous group of project-affected people are still sparse and superficial. Our ethnographic in-depth research on a Swiss-based bioenergy project in Sierra Leone generates well-documented data and provides insights into gendered access to land and wage employment. In the area where the project is located, customary land tenure applies. Thereby, women are structurally discriminated since they are not entitled to own land. However, user rights grant women and non-landowning men access to land and associated resources. Following the investing development banks’ guidelines, the company considered the local customary law when implementing its project. Nevertheless, the company only consulted and compensated landowners although women and non-landowning men could previously benefit from acquired land as well. Moreover, the company’s policy to enhance employment possibilities for women is barely implemented, and only few local women are hired. In order to cope with the transformed situation some women and non-landowning men continue to engage in subsistence farming on a reduced area of land. Others are involved in informal petty-trade or cooking food for the labourers whereby they subsidize the capitalist production of the company. In one village, women resisted additional land takes of the company. Acting within the framework of a specific power constellation on community level and simultaneously accommodating their claims within policy paradigms on transnational level, they were able to force a landowner to refuse leasing land to the company.

English gilds.

Mode of access: Internet.

Coutumes des pays et comté de Flandre. Quartier de Furnes.

Vol. 2, 1896.

Zeitschrift für vergleichende Rechtswissenschaft.

Published <1987-2009>: Heidelberg (varies): Verlag Recht und Wirtschaft.

Sitten und Gebräuche der Suaheli, nebst einem Anhang über Rechtsgewohnheiten der Suaheli /

Mode of access: Internet.

Svi︠e︡di︠e︡nīi︠a︡ o kazat︠s︡kikh obshchinakh na Donu : materīaly dii︠a︡ obychnago prava, sobrannye Mikhailom Kharuzinym.

Mode of access: Internet.

Međunarodno pravo u odnosima Južnih Slovena /

In Cyrillic characters.

Somme rural, ou, Le grand coustumier general de practique civil et canon /

Signatures: ã⁴(-ã4) ẽ⁴ ĩ⁴ õ⁴ ũ⁴ chi1 A-5B⁴ 6A-B⁴.

Prescription and custom : six lectures delivered in the Old Hall of Lincoln's Inn during Hilary Term, 1907 /

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Costumen, keuren, ende ordonnantien, van het baljuschap ende lande van Rijnland. Daar inne begrepen de algemene costumen ende regtsgebruyken, soo in de manier van procederen, als andere gemeene regtssaken, binnen de steden ende ten platten lande van Holland gebruykelijk. Verder gepast ende bevestigt met allen regten, regtsgeleerden, placcaten, ordonnantien, handvesten, keuren, gewoonten, ende gewijsden daar toe behorende.

"Lijste der welgeboren mannen, sedert den tijd dat Willem van Boshuysen baljuw van Rijnland was, die in den iare 1489. Baljuw wierd": p. 74-101.

Henrici Christiani Senckenberg serenissimi Hassiae principis ... Meditationum de universo iure et historia.

Errata: p. [230]

Coutumes de la ville de Maestricht /

Mode of access: Internet.

Coutumes des pays et comté de Flandre. Coutume du franc de Bruges,

Mode of access: Internet.