424 resultados para Corrosão
Resumo:
As pesquisas com o concreto buscam cada vez mais alternativas para melhorá-lo em desempenho, não apenas nas resistências mecânicas, mas também e principalmente quanto à sua durabilidade. Para isso, a utilização das adições minerais nos concretos, principalmente a partir da década de 80, no Brasil, passaram a fazer parte dos experimentos, em função dos benefícios que trazem para minimizar os problemas patológicos de deterioração do material. No entanto, estudos em concretos com essas adições precisam ser melhor investigados, especialmente na proteção da armadura contra a corrosão. Em vista disso, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal avaliar o desempenho dos concretos com e sem adições minerais frente à corrosão do aço induzida por carbonatação acelerada. Foram pesquisados, nas relações água/aglomerante (a/ag) nominais de 0,50, 0,60 e 0,70, cinco tipos de concreto, sendo quatro com adições minerais (substituição em massa): cinza volante 25% e 50%, cinza de casca de arroz 25% e escória granulada de alto-forno 70% e um sem adição: 100% cimento CPV-ARI, tomado como referência. Os concretos foram curados por 49 dias em câmara úmida e, em seguida, passaram por um processo de précondicionamento para equilíbrio de umidade interna até completarem 91 dias, segundo recomendações da RILEM-TC116/1999. O processo da corrosão foi induzido por carbonatação (10% de CO2 em volume) e acelerado por ciclos de molhagem/secagem, sendo avaliado através das técnicas eletroquímicas do potencial de corrosão e resistência de polarização bem como do ensaio de perda de massa gravimétrica. Também foram realizados os ensaios complementares de resistência à compressão axial, permeabilidade a gases, absorção capilar d’água, profundidade de carbonatação e pH. Os resultados mostraram que os concretos feitos com adições minerais, principalmente aqueles com altos teores (cinza volante/50% e escória/70%), apresentaram menor proteção para o aço contra a corrosão, quando comparados com o concreto de referência, feito somente com cimento. Portanto, no contexto das presentes condições experimentais, concluiu-se que os concretos com os tipos e teores de adições minerais estudados, para resistências à compressão ≤ 40 MPa e relações a/ag ≥ 0,50, não apresentaram desempenhos adequados no tocante à corrosão do aço induzida por carbonatação, necessitando, no entanto, de mais experimentos que comprovem tal comportamento para concretos em estruturas reais.
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Este trabalho tem por objetivo desenvolver um equipamento de ensaios para avaliar a vida de juntas soldadas, provenientes de tubulações para extração de petróleo, submetidas à corrosão-fadiga. Para atingir este objetivo foi estudado em que condições de corrosãofadiga uma tubulação esta exposta em alto mar sendo então definidos os parâmetros mais relevantes para serem reproduzidos em laboratório em corpos de prova menores. Nesta etapa foram definidos quais seriam os parâmetros de ensaio que o equipamento deveria atender. O equipamento foi construído para ensaiar uma junta soldada circunferencial por flexão a quatro pontos através de um sistema hidráulico com controle de carga com uma freqüência de 0,2 Hz e razão de carregamento, R=0,1. Para validar o equipamento foi usado um corpo de prova instrumentado com extensômetros resistivos para comparar o a carga calculada com a experimental e determinar se o nível de carregamento se mantêm constante ao longo dos ensaios. Foi levantada uma curva de fadiga com o equipamento desenvolvido e comparada com uma curva de fadiga feita ao ar do mesmo material em uma máquina servo hidráulica MTS.
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O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o processo de corrosão no aço embutido nos concretos com relação a/agl 0,40; a/agl 0,50 e a/agl 0,70, com substituição parcial do cimento por 30% de cinza da casca de arroz (CCA), 25% ou 50% de cinza volante (CV), expresso por massa de cimento, obtendo-se concretos convencionais com resistência mecânica variando entre 17 e 51 MPa, aos 28 dias de idade. O processo de corrosão foi induzido pelos íons cloreto, por exposição aos ciclos de imersão em solução com 3,5% NaCl e secagem ao ar, durante um longo período de exposição (5 anos). Foram apresentados os resultados obtidos das propriedades físicas (resistência mecânica à compressão axial, índice de vazios e absorção de água) e propriedades elétricas (queda ôhmica, resistência e capacitância do concreto e interfacial). Foram discutidas as técnicas eletroquímicas usadas para avaliar o processo de corrosão, tais como o monitoramento do potencial de corrosão (Ecorr), resistência de polarização (Rp), espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIS) e curvas de polarização. A técnica de interrupção de corrente foi usada para obter-se informações sobre a queda ôhmica no sistema. No presente estudo foram utilizados diferentes métodos de determinação da velocidade de corrosão (icorr), tais como Rp e EIS. Ambas as técnicas foram relativamente adequadas para a determinação do valor da icorr, quando o aço se encontrava no estado de corrosão ativa. O valor da icorr obtida pela extrapolação das retas de Tafel (retas tangentes às curvas de polarização) tendeu ser mais baixo. Observou-se que a técnica de Rp é relativamente simples, rápida e quantitativa, mas requer a determinação da compensação da queda ôhmica no sistema, o qual pode variar com o tempo de exposição, conteúdo de umidade, teor de íons cloreto e com o grau de hidratação. A técnica EIS pode fornecer informações precisas sobre a icorr, processo de difusão envolvido, heterogeneidade ou porosidade da matriz e interfaces do concreto. Todavia, pode criar um espectro de difícil interpretação, além de consumir muito tempo para a aquisição dos resultados. A dificuldade na técnica EIS ficou também relacionada com a obtenção direta da resistência de transferência de carga (Rt) no diagrama de Nyquist. A evolução do processo de corrosão pode ser mais bem avaliada pelo acompanhamento da diminuição da inclinação da curva log |Z| x log ƒ no diagrama de Bode, sendo esta diretamente proporcional à Rt. Para a análise dos dados de impedância, um circuito equivalente foi proposto, auxiliando na interpretação física do processo de corrosão acontecendo no sistema aço-concreto sem pozolana. Os resultados obtidos também demonstraram que os concretos com mais baixa relação a/agl estudada e com pozolana (30% CCA, 25% CV ou 50% CV, por massa de cimento) foram mais eficientes no controle da iniciação do processo de corrosão, induzida por íons cloreto, quando monitorado pela medida do Ecorr.
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The corrosive phenomenon on reinforced concrete structures is one of the most founded pathologies on the coastal area. With the objective to prevent the process development, or even, retard its beginning, it was studied the application of inorganic covering over concrete surfaces, after its cure, as well as, evaluate the efficiency of the covering applied on the concrete in reducing its porosity of concrete preventing the entrance of aggressive agents to preserve the integrity of the existing armor inside it, comparing the result obtained with the body-of-proof reference, that didn´t receive covering protection. On the concrete production it was used Portland Cement CP II 32, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and water from the local distributive. Two types of covering were used, one resin based of silicon and solvent and other white cement based, selected sands and acrylic resin. The concrete mixture adopted was 1:1,5:2,5 (cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate) and 0.50 water/cement ratio. With the concrete on fresh state was made the experiment test to determinate the workability. On the hardened state was made the concrete resistance experiment, absorption of water and electrochemical experiments, through polarization curves. Also was held optical microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy experiments to analyze the layer of the covering applied to the concrete surface and the interface between the concrete and the layer. The obtained results shows that the covering applied to the concrete surface didn´t affect the resistance towards compression. On the absorption of water occurred a diminution of the percentage absorbed, improving the concrete development by making it more impermeable towards the entrance of aggressive agents. The electrochemical experiment results confirmed the water absorption results; the body-of-proof covered presented larger protection towards the development of corrosives process and retarded the evolution of the corrosive phenomenon
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In general, among the corrosion inhibitors surfactants are the most commonly used compounds, because they are significantly effective by forming protective films on anodic and cathodic areas. In this study, microemulsions containing he biodegradable saponified coconut oil as surfactant (SME-OCS) was used as green corrosion inhibitors. With this purpose, methanolic extracts of Ixora coccinea Linn (IC) and a polar fraction rich in alkaloids (FA) obtained from Croton cajucara Benth solubilized in the SME-OCS system were examined in the presence of AISI 1020 carbon steel, in saline solution (NaCl 3,5 %). The efficiency of corrosion inhibition of IC and FA were evaluated in the following microemulsions: SME-OCS-IC and SME-OCS-FA. The microemulsion system SME-OCS in the presence and absence of IC and FA was assessed by measurements of weight loss and the electrochemical method of polarization resistance, with variation in the concentration of IC and FA (50 - 400 ppm), showing significant results of corrosion inhibition (83,6 % SME-OCS; 92,2 % SME-OCS-FA; and 95,3 % SME-OCS-IC)
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In the search for products that act as corrosion inhibitors and do not cause environmental, impact the use of plant extracts as corrosion inhibitors is becoming a promising alternative. In this work the efficiency of polar extracts (ethanol extracts) obtained from the plants Anacardium occidentale Linn (AO) and Phyllantus amarus Schum. & Thonn (PA) as corrosion inhibitors were evaluated in different concentrations. For that AO and PA extracts were solubilized in the microemulsion systems (SME) containing saponified coconut oil as surfactant (SME -OCS and SME-OCS-1) in saline (NaCl 3,5 %) solution, which was also used as electrolyte. Both SME-OCS and SME-OCS-1 were characterized by surface tension and viscosity methods showing a Newtonian fluid behavior. The SME-OCS and SME-OCS-1 systems satisfactorily solubilized the polar extracts AO and PA with measurements carried out by ultraviolet spectroscopy. The measurements of corrosion inhibition efficiencies were performed by the electrochemical linear polarization resistance (LPR) technique as well as weight loss, on the surface of AISI 1020 carbon steel. The maximum corrosion inhibition efficiencies were determined by extrapolation of Tafel plots, showing the following values: 95,6 % for the system SME-OCS-AO, 98,9 % for the system SME-OCS-AO-1 and 93,4 % for the system SME-OCS-PA
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The main problem on the exploration activity on petroleum industry is the formation water resulted on the fields producing. The aggravating of this problem is correlated with the advancing technologies used on the petroleum extractions and on its secondary approach objecting the reobtainment of this oil. Among the main contaminants of the water formation are corrosives gases such as: O2, CO2 and H2S, some solids in suspension and dissolved salts. Concerning to those gases the CO2 is the one that produce significant damage for carbon steel on corrosion process of the petroleum and gas industries. Corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in formation water is one of the most used agents in control of those damages. In this context, the poor investigations of carbon steel corrosion proceeding from solids in suspension is an opened field for studies. On this work the inhibitor effect of the commercial CORRTREAT 703 was evaluated on some specific solids in suspension at saline medium containing 10.000 ppm of de-aerated chloride using CO2 until non oxygen atmosphere been present. For that, quartz, calcium carbonate, magnetite and iron sulphide were subjected to this investigation as the selected solids. The effect of this inhibitor on corrosion process correlated with those specific solids, was measured using electrochemical (resistance of linear polarization and galvanic pair) and gravimetrical techniques. During all the experimental work important parameters were monitored such as: pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, instantaneous corrosion rate and galvanic current. According to the obtained results it was proved that the suspension solids calcium carbonate and iron sulphide decrease the corrosion process in higher pH medium. Meanwhile the quartz and magnetite been hardness increase corrosion by broking of the passive layer for erosion. In the other hand, the tested inhibitor in concentration of 50 ppm, showed to be effective (91%) in this corrosion process
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This thesis has as objective presents a methodology to evaluate the behavior of the corrosion inhibitors sodium nitrite, sodium dichromate and sodium molybdate, as well as your mixture, the corrosion process for the built-in steel in the reinforced concrete, through different techniques electrochemical, as well as the mechanical properties of that concrete non conventional. The addition of the inhibitors was studied in the concrete in the proportions from 0.5 to 3.5 % regarding the cement mass, isolated or in the mixture, with concrete mixture proportions of 1.0:1.5:2.5 (cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate), superplasticizers 2.0 % and 0.40 water/cement ratio. In the modified concrete resistance rehearsals they were accomplished to the compression, consistence and the absorption of water, while to analyze the built-in steel in the concrete the rehearsals of polarization curves they were made. They were also execute, rehearsals of corrosion potential and polarization resistance with intention of diagnose the beginning of the corrosion of the armors inserted in body-of-proof submitted to an accelerated exhibition in immersion cycle and drying to the air. It was concluded, that among the studied inhibitors sodium nitrite , in the proportion of 2.0 % in relation to the mass of the cement, presented the best capacity of protection of the steel through all the studied techniques and that the methodology and the monitoring techniques used in this work, they were shown appropriate to evaluate the behavior and the efficiency of the inhibitors
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With the increasing of demand for natural gas and the consequent growth of the pipeline networks, besides the importance of transport and transfer of oil products by pipeline, and when it comes to product quality and integrity of the pipeline there is an important role regarding to the monitoring internal corrosion of the pipe. This study aims to assess corrosion in three pipeline that operate with different products, using gravimetric techniques and electrical resistance. Chemical analysis of residues originated in the pipeline helps to identify the mechanism corrosive process. The internal monitoring of the corrosion in the pipelines was carried out between 2009 and 2010 using coupon weight loss and electrical resistance probe. Physico-chemical techniques of diffraction and fluorescence X-rays were used to characterize the products of corrosion of the pipelines. The corrosion rate by weight loss was analyzed for every pipeline, only those ones that has revealed corrosive attack were analyzed located corrosion rate. The corrosion potential was classified as low to pipeline gas and ranged from low to severe for oil pipelines and the pipeline derivatives. Corrosion products were identified as iron carbonate, iron oxide and iron sulfide
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In this paper it is proposed an indirect method to evaluate the corrosion rate of an aluminum and zinc alloy in alkaline solution by using a well-known device for collecting gases over water. The hydrogen gas formation, a corrosion product, is monitored at different time intervals and associated with the alloy mass loss. It has been suggested that the students should work in groups, which may make feasible the social interaction among them and that results discussion may be done collectively under a professor orientation. This proposal may propitiate the learning of terminology and involved concepts as well as contribute to a better understanding of corrosion phenomena that occur in their everyday life.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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An interesting development in surfactants science and technology is their application as corrosion inhibitors, since they act as protective films over anodic and cathodic surfaces. This work aims to investigate the efficiency of saponified coconut oil (SCO) as corrosion inhibitor and of microemulsified system (SCO + butanol + kerosene oil + distilled water), in saline medium, using an adapted instrumented cell, via techniques involving linear polarization resistance (LPR) and mass loss coupons (MLC). For this, curves of efficiency versus SCO concentration (ranging between 0 and 75 ppm) have been constructed. According to the obtained results, the following efficiency levels were reached with OCS: 98% at a 75 ppm concentration via the LPR method and 95% at 75 ppm via the MLC method. The microemulsified system, for a concentration of 15 ppm of SCO, obtained maximum inhibition of 97% (LPR) and 93% (MLC). These data indicate that it is possible to optimize the use of SCO in similar applications. Previous works have demonstrated that maximal efficiencies below 90% are attained, typically 65% as free molecules and 77% in microemulsified medium, via the LPR method in a different type of cell. Therefore, it can be concluded that the adapted instrumented cell (in those used methods) showed to be an important tool in this kind of study and the SCO was shown effective in the inhibition of the metal
Resumo:
Corrosion inhibitors in solution are utilized to minimize processes from corrosion in steel. Of the present dissertation was evaluated the efficiency by inhibition from the surfactant saponified coconut oil (OCS) in the carbon steel 1020 through in linear polarization electrochemistry technique, well as, studied the process from adsorption through from the isotherms from Langmuir, Frumkin and Temkin. The corrosion current was determined through in Tafel extrapolation from the curves in the polarization, and then, was calculated the efficiency in the inhibitor to each concentration and temperature. Were studied four concentrations (12,5 ppm, 25 ppm, 50 ppm, and 75 ppm) in the inhibitor OCS and one in the NaCl salt (10.000 ppm) in six temperatures (301 K, 308 K, 313 K, 318 K, 323 K, and 328 K) in triplicate. By the results obtained observed that the technique applied can evaluated with rapidity and efficiency corrosion inhibitors. In relation to the isotherms, the than best appropriated was the in Langmuir and in the concentrations studied, the that obtained the best efficiency was the concentration of 75 ppm