La littérature camerounaise en quête d’autonomie : analyse du rôle de l’association La ronde des poètes

Notre analyse du rôle de l’association La ronde des poètes dans la lutte pour l’autonomie de la littérature camerounaise s’est appuyée sur l’approche sociologique de Pierre Bourdieu pour qui la société est constituée de champs spécifiques en lutte les uns contre les autres pour atteindre un statut privilégié dans le champ social, ce qui constitue un aspect de leur autonomie. Selon Bourdieu, l’étude des manifestations de l’autonomie des champs littéraires devrait tenir compte de toutes les actions entreprises par les agents dudit champ. En effet, ces différentes actions ne sont que des stratégies de lutte. Seulement, d’après Jacques Dubois, l’autonomie des littératures nationales n’est acquise que lorsque celles-ci possèdent un appareil institutionnel propre capable d’assurer seul la production et la diffusion des œuvres, la légitimation et la consécration des écrivains. Si toutes ces conditions réunies échappent encore à plusieurs littératures de l’Afrique subsaharienne, il n’en demeure pas moins que ces dernières sont engagées dans un processus de lutte pour leur autonomie, ce que prouve l’exemple de La ronde des poètes, notre prétexte pour observer les manifestations de l’autonomie au sein du champ littéraire camerounais. Les stratégies de lutte de La ronde des poètes sont d’émergence et de fonctionnement. Pour le premier cas, la formule associative qui donne plus de possibilités que ne pourrait avoir un auteur isolé, le choix de la poésie aussi qui est un genre dont la production des œuvres ne nécessite pas de gros moyens financiers, nous sont apparus comme des stratégies ayant permis aux membres de La ronde des poètes de devenir des écrivains dans un contexte de production défavorable. De plus, par leurs textes fondateurs, ils se définissent comme un groupe ayant un programme d’action bien établi. Par ailleurs, ils attirent sur eux l’attention en se proclamant avant-gardistes et, pour le montrer, publient des manifestes et se détournent, idéologiquement parlant, de la poétique de la négritude dont la fixation sur la race a dominé la création littéraire pendant plusieurs décennies en Afrique. Les stratégies d’émergence de La ronde des poètes ont travaillé à l’identification de cette association comme un élément du champ littéraire camerounais ayant sa place aux côtés d’autres acteurs existant déjà dans ce champ. Pour ce qui est des stratégies de fonctionnement, La ronde des poètes s’est dotée d’un statut légal en se faisant enregistrer auprès des autorités camerounaises, ce qui la consolide dans son champ social. Sur le plan littéraire, ses membres lui confèrent un caractère institutionnel en créant en son sein des formes d’instances littéraires. Leurs ateliers d’écriture assurent la création des œuvres, les instances de diffusion prennent chez eux la forme d’un bulletin hebdomadaire, « Le rondin », mais surtout d’une revue, Hiototi : Revue camerounaise de poésie, de lettres et de culture. Cette revue recueille les articles de critiques littéraires formés à La ronde des poètes et de ceux du Cameroun. Le « Prix de la poésie rondine » est leur instance de consécration interne. Cette association réussit ainsi à obtenir la reconnaissance de pairs, poètes et écrivains camerounais et étrangers, celle aussi d’autorités camerounaises et internationales. En somme, la réunion de ces instances institutionnelles montre combien la marche vers l’autonomie de la littérature camerounaise en général est réelle.

Quand _Refus global_ devient "Refus global" : l'histoire d'une réception partielle

Refus global, le recueil, n’est pas « Refus global », le texte rédigé par Paul-Émile Borduas et cosigné par 15 membres du groupe automatiste. Partant de cette distinction entre le recueil automatiste et son texte éponyme et du constat selon lequel la partie éclipse le tout dans le discours critique, cette thèse a pour objectif d’expliquer l’occultation du recueil dans l’histoire sociale et artistique québécoise. À partir de l’étude de la réception de 1948 à 2008, j’interroge la constitution du récit commun entourant l’œuvre, duquel le recueil est exclu. Il s’agit donc de mettre au jour les obstacles qui se sont présentés dans le parcours de réception du recueil, nuisant à la formation d’un discours unifié et cohérent à son sujet et l’empêchant de s’inscrire dans l’histoire. Dégagés de l’étude du corpus composé de 639 objets sémiotiques secondaires (OSS, selon le concept proposé par Brigitte Louichon), les obstacles à la réception du recueil relèvent à la fois de facteurs pragmatiques, telles la composition hétérogène de l’œuvre ou sa disponibilité; de facteurs institutionnels ou historiographiques, comme la disciplinarisation du champ culturel ou l’impact du récit de la Révolution tranquille sur l’histoire littéraire; et de facteurs humains, reposant sur le rôle des auteurs et de certains critiques dans l’accueil réservé à l’œuvre. Les différentes étapes de la réception sont ainsi considérées : de l’horizon d’attente (Jauss) à la réception productive (Link), en passant par la publication, les premières critiques, les rééditions, les lectures savantes, l’historicisation et l’entrée de l’œuvre dans la mémoire à titre de symbole ou d’hypotexte. Or, plutôt qu’à ce parcours de réception exemplaire, c’est son envers qui est interrogé ici, c’est-à-dire les difficultés et les déviations de la réception du recueil Refus global. Cette thèse est divisée en trois parties. La première, théorique et méthodologique, situe mon propos dans les domaines de l’histoire culturelle et des études de réception, et présente diverses considérations concernant la constitution du corpus et le traitement des données. La deuxième aborde l’horizon d’attente et la première réception, moment crucial pour la survie de l’œuvre, comme l’ont montré Hans Robert Jauss et Daniel Chartier. On y observe notamment l’effet de verrou (Cambron) qu’a le renvoi de Borduas sur la constitution du récit de réception, de même que les critères éthiques et esthétiques en fonction desquels s’est opérée la hiérarchisation des composantes du recueil. La troisième partie couvre la réception subséquente (1950-2008). À l’étude des obstacles empêchant l’intégration du recueil dans l’histoire s’ajoute alors l’étude des réceptions parallèles, parcellaires et autonomes dont a bénéficié Refus global pour survivre – ponctuellement et partiellement – en dehors du récit commun formé autour de « Refus global ». Avec les différentes catégories d’OSS (directs, indirects, hypertextuels, métacritiques et parcellaires), ces trois types de réception font partie des outils heuristiques développés dans le but d’expliquer la réception partielle dont a fait l’objet le recueil. Selon l’approche quantitative et environnementaliste de l’histoire culturelle, Refus global est envisagé comme un microcosme de la culture, dans lequel certaines œuvres sont retenues et d’autres négligées. L’analyse d’un corpus critique large et varié permet ainsi de saisir non seulement les phénomènes conduisant à la consécration du texte éponyme ou à l’oubli relatif du recueil, mais aussi les tendances critiques, les parutions marginales, les critiques isolées, etc. qui, enfouies dans les angles morts de la réception, offrent au recueil et à ses composantes des voies de contournement du discours dominant. En somme, l’étude de la réception du recueil Refus global a permis à la fois de déplacer la focalisation critique depuis « Refus global » vers Refus global, de développer des outils pour envisager la réception d’œuvres marginalisées et de mettre en évidence des critères privilégiés dans la constitution de l’histoire et de la mémoire culturelles québécoises depuis 1948.

La sécurité culturelle en tant que moteur de réussite postsecondaire : enquête auprès d'étudiants autochtones de l'Institution Kiuna et des espaces adaptés au sein des établissements allochtones

L’adaptation culturelle de programmes et de services postsecondaires peut-elle contribuer à la construction identitaire des étudiants de Premières Nations? L’enracinement identitaire peut-il à son tour favoriser la persévérance et la réussite scolaires? À travers les concepts de sécurité culturelle et d’enracinement identitaire, je démontrerai que la consécration d’espaces physiques et idéologiques à l’intérieur du système scolaire postsecondaire contribue à la rétention et à la réussite de persévérants de Premières Nations. Pour ce faire, je m’appuierai sur les conclusions d’une enquête, menée entre 2013 et 2015 auprès d’une centaine d’étudiants autochtones adultes et une quinzaine de professionnels du milieu. Cette recherche a été rendue possible grâce à la collaboration de différentes instances éducatives incluant notamment le volet Jeunes autochtones du Projet SEUR de l’Université de Montréal, l’Institution Kiuna, le Conseil en éducation des Premières Nations (CEPN), l’Aboriginal Resource Center du Collège John-Abbott, la First Peoples’ House et le Indigenous Student Alliance (ISA) de l’Université McGill, l'Aboriginal Student Resource Center de l’Université Concordia et le Centre de développement de la formation et de la main-d'oeuvre (CDFM) huron-wendat. À l’intérieur de ce mémoire, deux formules issues du système d'éducation québécois seront successivement analysées: 1.L’adaptation culturelle de services au sein de l’institution postsecondaire allochtone et 2. L’adaptation de programmes et de services à l’intérieur d’une institution affiliée par et pour les Premières Nations. Cette deuxième initiative sera examinée à travers une étude de cas de l’Institut collégial Kiuna et de son programme novateur de Sciences humaines - profil Premières Nations (300.b0) à la lumière des expériences du Collège Manitou de La Macaza (1973-1976) et des Tribal Colleges and Universities américains (TCU).

Leonardo Favio: el mito del autor frente a la crítica cultural (In Memoriam)

Este ensayo realiza una crítica de la recepción de la filmografía del argentino Leonardo Favio construida a partir de un paradigma modernista fundado en la noción de “autor”. Analiza un conjunto de discursos que en los años noventa llevaron a la consagración de la figura de Favio vigentes hasta la actualidad. Finalmente, introduce nuevas perspectivas para comprender la pluralidad de la obra del cineasta basadas en las tensiones culturales olvidadas por la crítica modernista. A partir de conceptos como “transculturación” e “hibridez” se plantea una lectura que integra lo culto y lo popular, particularismo y universalismo, tradición y modernidad.

Motivação no trabalho voluntário: expectativas e motivos na Pastoral da Criança

The present study has proposed a structural model to identify the reasons why individuals become voluntary, keep and exit this type of work. The empirical space was the Pastoral da Criança - social action agency of the National Conference of Bishops of Brazil (CNBB) - community-based institution that has its work based on solidarity and the sharing of knowledge. The theoretical framework has the context in which are volunteering studies in Brazilian and world level. Then discuss the various concepts of volunteering and presented the theoretical models of volunteer motivation. Studies of Mostyn (1983) and studies conducted by the BEPEGE-Base for Studies and Research in Management Policies and Strategies - in their line of research GERQUAL - Human Resource Management and Organizational Quality - of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte as Carvalho e Souza(2006), Souza, Medeiros e Fernandes (2006), Souza et al (2009, 2010), Cavalcante et al (2011a, 2011b, 2011c, 2011d) were the main theoretical references for the construction of the model that was tested. Data collection was done through a survey with 71 indicators, in 2 visits to cities from the Diocese of Pesqueira, Pernambuco. The first data collection occurred in the period between May 30 and June 3, 2011, in Buique/PE and the second collection happened in Pesqueira/PE, in St. Joseph Seminary, in the period between July 6-8, 2011. 720 questionnaires were collected. The sample was divided into two parts. Exploratory Factor Analysis was applied in first part and Confirmatory Factor Analysis - structural equation modeling - in the second half. The examination of the results achieved by the expectations, reasons for entry, reasons for staying and exit reasons showed that all hypotheses were accepted. So the motivation of voluntary Pastoral da Criança can be explained by a set of interactions between these five constructs: Altruistic, Affectionate, Amiable, Adjusted and Astute

Yes, nós temos arquitetura moderna! Reconstituição e análise da arquitetura residencial moderna em Natal das décadas de 50 e 60

Brazilian architecture was recognized because of the consecration of the icons of the Carioca and Paulista schools which are represented nationally and internationally by names like Niemeyer, Lucio Costa and Vilanova Artigas, among others. Because of this, classic studies dedicated to the Brazilian case look to present the Southeastern region with the title of father of modern Brazil, at the cost of subjugating various other modern movements and peripheral sayings, whether their values are known or forgotten. On the other hand, there has been an effort, in the sense of registering and analyzing these regional productions of modern Brazilian architecture, an assignment that DOCOMOMO Brasil participates firmly through initiatives like the creation of a Library to aid in the documentation and registration of modernity in Brazil. Inside this context of insertions of the National-Modern scheme, this work has as its objective to present modern potiguar (northern Brazil) architecture through its contemporary residential examples, investigating specifically its constructive, formal aspects, that together that together demonstrate one more architectural emphasis of modern Brazilian architecture: the potiguar. This way, by contributing to the work of the register and the documentation of the Modern Movement and attributing to the modern architecture of Natal it s real worth, we can say: Yes, we have modern architecture

Proteção da relação de emprego sob o prisma da dignidade da pessoa humana

This work aims to show that the protection of the employment relation is one of the determining factors to respect the principle of the human dignity. The goal is initially to show the devaluation of work from antiquity to the early twentieth century, when the constitutions began to standardize protective devices. This way, the consecration of the social labor rights in the Constitution of 1988 represents the culmination of the historical achievements. This work demonstrates that such rights can not be reduced or suppressed by political conveniences, once these rights are included in the list of immutable clauses. It is displayed that to achieve the fundamental right to work is not well advised to encourage the creation of jobs that maculates the worker s dignity. The outsourced work is, therefore, a classic example of the advancement of precarious forms of contemporary labor. It is inferred that the presence of various forms of harassment results in a degradation of working environment, bringing about dire consequences on professional and personal life of the worker. Thus, decent work must be the appropriate benchmark for the creation of new jobs. It is also shown that the flexibilization of the propaganda rights by certain pressure groups has as main goal to reduce or eliminate rights, based on fallacious data depicting an increase of competitiveness and jobs. In addition, the flexibility implies a growth of the precarization of the work - a reality felt by many workers subjected to such a situation due to the unemployment phenomenon whose origin is not in the protectionism of the norms. It is necessary to expand and structure the constitutionally legitimate institutions to monitor and curb the precarized work, as well as all practices that go against the dignity of the worker. It is also shown the loss of power of the sindicates in the last few years as a consequence of the pulverization workes and the capital attacks through the productive restructure whose outsourcings and privatizations are notorious examples

O direito fundamental contra a autoincriminação: a análise a partir de uma teoria do Processo Penal Constitucional

The right against self-incrimination is a fundamental right that works in the criminal prosecution, and therefore deserves a study supported by the general theory of criminal procedure. The right has a vague origin, and despite the various historical accounts only arises when there is a criminal procedure structured that aims to limit the State´s duty-power to punish. The only system of criminal procedure experienced that reconciles with seal self-incrimination is the accusatory model. The inquisitorial model is based on the construction of a truth and obtaining the confession at any cost, and is therefore incompatible with the right in study. The consecration of the right arises with the importance that fundamental rights have come to occupy in the Democratic Constitutional States. In the Brazilian experience before 1988 was only possible to recognize that self-incrimination represented a procedural burden for accused persons. Despite thorough debate in the Constituent Assembly, the right remains consecrated in a textual formula that´s closer to the implementation made by the Supreme Court of the United States, known as "Miranda warnings", than the text of the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution that established originally the right against self-incrimination with a constitutional status. However, the imprecise text does not prevent the consecration of the principle as a fundamental right in Brazilian law. The right against self-incrimination is a right that should be observed in the Criminal Procedure and relates to several of his canons, such as the the presumption of not guilty, the accusatory model, the distribution of the burden of proof, and especially the right of defense. Because it a fundamental right, the prohibition of self-incrimination deserves a proper study to her constitutional nature. For the definition of protected persons is important to build a material concept of accused, which is different of the formal concept over who is denounced on the prosecution. In the objective area of protection, there are two objects of protection of the norm: the instinct of self-preservation of the subject and the ability to self-determination. Configuring essentially a evidence rule in criminal procedure, the analysis of the case should be based on standards set previously to indicate respect for the right. These standard include the right to information of the accused, the right to counsel and respect the voluntary participation. The study of violations cases, concentrated on the element of voluntariness, starting from the definition of what is or is not a coercion violative of self-determination. The right faces new challenges that deserve attention, especially the fight against terrorism and organized crime that force the development of tools, resources and technologies about proves, methods increasingly invasive and hidden, and allow the use of information not only for criminal prosecution, but also for the establishment of an intelligence strategy in the development of national and public security

O Evangelho segundo a Pastoral da Criança :por uma pedagogia da sobrevivência

This work aims to analyze social and educational actions at Pastoral da Criança, using education as a survival tool. This was done at Parque dos Coqueiros, a neighborhood in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte. The methodology for data collection was composed of comprehensive interview (Jean Kaufmann), participant observation (Robert Bogdan) and documental analysis (Le Goff); all os which bring reflections related to concepts such as strategies, tatics and know how (Michel de Certeau), configuration (Nobert Elias), and control technology (Michel de Foucault), care ethics (Leonardo Boff) and etno-theories (Natália Ramos). Pastoral da Criança is a social action organism that belongs to the National Conference of Bishops of Brazil, originated at Florestópolis, Londrina (Paraná), in the year of 1983. These actions have been an expression of a new logic of actions of the Catholic Church. It values the participation of laymen in the activities of the Pastoral. Thus, the parish is seen as a nucleus that irradiates the Church s Social Doctrine. At Rio Grande do Norte this institution has guided poverty stricken families on issues related to children s health as well as working with laymen for volunteer work. This is considered devotion, that is firmed by an individual and group mystique. The social and educational actions are done in three axes: 1) Monthly home visits, where there is mother-child support; 2) Life Celebration Day, where they weigh children and promote nutritional surveillance; 3) Meeting for Evaluation and Reflection, that aims to articulate community leaders to think about problems attached to the social actions they realize. This action tripod , as it is called by the Pastoral Agents are the types of actions that fundament survival education for poor children ranging from 0 to 6 years old. The families learn to deal with prevention, the essential, the alternative and probabilities of survival tactics due to exclusion matters or even social extermination. The Pastoral da Criança aims to recover childhood emotions in poverty stricken areas. It also has influence in the diminishing of malnutrition and mother and child mortality. This education for survival is the base on the art of teaching and learning of poverty stricken children. It is a social educational action, non assistencialist, but considered a shy action in order to promote mobilization of the communities that are accompanied for the emancipation and change of social conditions

Comunicação dos enfermeiros com usuários do gênero masculino: um estudo representacional

Communication is seen as vital function. Through it, individuals and organizations relate to each other, the environment and the shares of their own group, influencing each other to turn facts into information. The user of the male part of a group of patients whose health policy is still in development. This fact can create insecurity in the nurse to establish a process that promotes disease prevention, promotion and / or recovery of health for that user. Aiming to elucidate this, the present study aimed to: apprehend the social representations of nurses communication with the users were male, looking for disease prevention, promotion and recovery of his health; identify the factors that influenced, positively or negatively on the effectiveness of nurses communication with the users were male and investigate the strategies used by nurses to clarify communication with the users were male. In order to achieve the goal raised, this study was a descriptive, exploratory and qualitative approach. Was based on theoretical and methodological framework social representations of Denise Jodelet and Serge Moscovici. The project has, through no Parecer nº 649/10, approval of the Ethics and Research HULW. During data collection, we used a semi-structured script and a diary interviews with 24 nurses in basic health units of district-Mangabeira Health District III, the city of João Pessoa (PB). The results were analyzed using the technique of content analysis according to Bardin (2007). Classifying the research subjects and identified three categories and five nuclei of the central ideas. The categories identified: the grasp of the RS communication of nurses with male users, identifying factors that influence the effectiveness of nurses' communication with users and male research on the strategies used by nurses to the elucidation of the communication with male users. The nuclei of the central ideas found: social representations of nurses' communication with the users of the male is externalized as difficult, different, difficult, not technical (knowledge) specific, with a dubious sense in relation to its therapeutic action, the factors examined as positive in this communication were based on the connection between professional and user look in detail and not mechanistic, in preventive actions, the dynamics of care, accessibility, participatory care, humanization, and qualification service. Whereas served as negative factors for the communication, signed on the behavioral differences of men, the feminization of nurses, lack of training for professionals in relation to the subject, prescriptive conduct and prejudice (concerns) sociocultural. Another related consolidated core strategies employed for the occurrence of such communication. Given these results, it was realized the importance of social representations for the consecration of a single language, the common understanding of reality on the nurse's communication with the user in male and determination of changes in the behavior of nurses and the user to the establishment of more effective strategies for obtaining a therapeutic communication between them

Uma escola para homem rural: a cultura popular, os camponeses e o movimento de educação de base (1960-1964)

Nos idos dos anos 1960, a intervenção sobre a cultura popular tornou-se um suposto da ação política de agentes modernizadores da sociedade brasileira. Por meio da Conferência Nacional dos Bispos do Brasil (CNBB), a Igreja Católica elaborou um projeto educacional de dimensão nacional, articulando suas emissoras de rádio no território brasileiro aos centros de educação radiofônica rural e criando, em 1961, o Movimento de Educação de Base (MEB). Os pressupostos teóricos e filosóficos do Movimento transcendiam as questões do aprendizado formal e pautavam-se por estratégias de ação da Igreja sobre os problemas de crescimento econômico e desenvolvimento social das regiões pobres brasileiras. O artigo em questãoversa sobre o camponês que participou do MEB e suas experiências escolares, avaliando os preceitos de educação rural, educação cívica e alfabetização de adultos propostos na ação dos agentes e das instituições modernizadoras do campo brasileiro. Analisamos os processos de assimilação e resistência do camponês aos princípios e projetos modernizantes externos à sua cultura. Novos ritmos de tempo, novas representações e novos significados foram introduzidos pela escola sobre práticas culturais seculares do campesinato brasileiro. No MEB, tal fenômeno resultou tanto na assimilação dos novos estímulos trazidos pela escola, quanto na insurreição de costumes e hábitos interligados às funções ritualísticas e costumeiras do indivíduo e/ou da comunidade rural.

A idéia de império e a fundação da monarquia constitucional no Brasil (Portugal-Brasil, 1772-1824)

Cet article met les conceptions et projets politiques ayant trait au processus conduisant à la constituion impériale brésilienne de 1824 dans un contexte historique dont le pont de départ est la notion d'empire civil, telle qu'elle se développa lors de la réorganisation politico-administrative du royaume et de l'empire du Portugal au XVIIIe siècle. Le texte montre qu'avec le couronnement de Pierre I on fit un usage moderne d'une institution ancienne, le sacre royal, ce qui servit à étayer une sujection politique fondée sur la raison universelle humaine. Cette étude permet de comprendre pourquoi le Brésil indépendant fut pour commencer un empire, pas un royaume, ainsi que le sens profond du pouvoir modérateur attribué à l'empereur par la constitution de 1824.

Por uma história do desenvolvimento

This paper proposes a discussion on the need to prepare a history of development through effective approaches and methods of its own history. The objective is to show how, until now, historians have not produced a history of development in light of the discussions and disputes related to the structuring of history as a field of knowledge. To this end, it was demonstrated how history can help to identify the borders of history that allowed the consecration of a limited development model and tied only to criteria of economic performance.

Memória emblemática: o que os tradicionais nos contam sobre seu passado?

Este trabalho discute a influência exercida pelo passado familiar na construção de representações sociais que são incorporadas a um sistema de classificação em uso num dado contexto. Para isso analisa a memória de dois grupos familiares considerados tradicionais na cidade de Belém do Pará, em virtude de uma trajetória histórica excepcional que é tornada pública. O fio condutor dessa discussão é, portanto, a memória social, com atenção especial à forma como ela é tratada nos estudos teóricos de Maurice Halbwachs. Utilizando depoimentos orais e a versão escrita da memória familiar, essa dissertação faz um percurso onde tradição, família e história são temas incorporados a uma análise descritiva que desenvolve dois aspectos: 1) Como o adjetivo tradicional foi forjado e associado a certas famílias? Utiliza-se para tanto o conceito de “tradição inventada”, e relaciona-se a construção mnemônica desses grupos familiares a processos de consagração de nomes de famílias e à legitimação de status 2) Como tem sido viabilizada a aceitação dessa imagem pela sociedade envolvente? Ressalta-se aí os aspectos ideológicos que recobrem a questão, com destaque para a ideologia do parentesco e para a ideologia histórica.

A prisão provisória em face da morosidade judicial e da razoável duração do processo

Este estudo trata da realidade da prisão provisória dentro do contexto processual brasileiro e da consagração do direito fundamental à razoável duração do processo. A morosidade judicial faz parte do cotidiano de quem lida com o poder judiciário no Brasil. Uma questão, porém, sobressai-se no momento atual: o que fazer com os milhares de presos que dependem de uma resposta jurisdicional, os chamados presos provisórios “permanentes”? E o que fazer quando as prisões provisórias estão sendo aplicadas de uma forma completamente arbitrária, sem respeitar nenhum critério a não ser o de um termo vago e impreciso denominado “ordem pública”? Processos arrastam-se por anos, às vezes décadas, enquanto isso sujeitos ficam esquecidos dentro de estabelecimentos prisionais, tendo violados direitos constitucionais como a presunção de inocência, o devido processo legal, a razoável duração do processo e a liberdade de ir e vir. Foi feita uma análise do estigma que esses presos carregam, mais especificamente as presas, bem como dos prejuízos que advêm desse tipo de prisão. Atualmente, condena-se, antes mesmo de julgar, segregando de todas as formas essas mulheres do convívio familiar e social.