Role of color in face recognition

One of the key challenges in face perception lies in determining the contribution of different cues to face identification. In this study, we focus on the role of color cues. Although color appears to be a salient attribute of faces, past research has suggested that it confers little recognition advantage for identifying people. Here we report experimental results suggesting that color cues do play a role in face recognition and their contribution becomes evident when shape cues are degraded. Under such conditions, recognition performance with color images is significantly better than that with grayscale images. Our experimental results also indicate that the contribution of color may lie not so much in providing diagnostic cues to identity as in aiding low-level image-analysis processes such as segmentation.

N1 enhancement in synesthesia during visual and audio-visual perception in semantic cross-modal conflict situations: an ERP study

Synesthesia entails a special kind of sensory perception, where stimulation in one sensory modality leads to an internally generated perceptual experience of another, not stimulated sensory modality. This phenomenon can be viewed as an abnormal multisensory integration process as here the synesthetic percept is aberrantly fused with the stimulated modality. Indeed, recent synesthesia research has focused on multimodal processing even outside of the specific synesthesia-inducing context and has revealed changed multimodal integration, thus suggesting perceptual alterations at a global level. Here, we focused on audio-visual processing in synesthesia using a semantic classification task in combination with visually or auditory-visually presented animated and in animated objects in an audio-visual congruent and incongruent manner. Fourteen subjects with auditory-visual and/or grapheme-color synesthesia and 14 control subjects participated in the experiment. During presentation of the stimuli, event-related potentials were recorded from 32 electrodes. The analysis of reaction times and error rates revealed no group differences with best performance for audio-visually congruent stimulation indicating the well-known multimodal facilitation effect. We found enhanced amplitude of the N1 component over occipital electrode sites for synesthetes compared to controls. The differences occurred irrespective of the experimental condition and therefore suggest a global influence on early sensory processing in synesthetes.

Development of a novel fMRI compatible visual perception prototype battery to test older people with and without dementia

Background: Visuoperceptual deficits in dementia are common and can reduce quality of life. Testing of visuoperceptual function is often confounded by impairments in other cognitive domains and motor dysfunction. We aimed to develop, pilot, and test a novel visuocognitive prototype test battery which addressed these issues, suitable for both clinical and functional imaging use. Methods: We recruited 23 participants (14 with dementia, 6 of whom had extrapyramidal motor features, and 9 age-matched controls). The novel Newcastle visual perception prototype battery (NEVIP-B-Prototype) included angle, color, face, motion and form perception tasks, and an adapted response system. It allows for individualized task difficulties. Participants were tested outside and inside the 3T functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanner. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were analyzed using SPM8. Results: All participants successfully completed the task inside and outside the scanner. Functional magnetic resonance imaging analysis showed activation regions corresponding well to the regional specializations of the visual association cortex. In both groups, there was significant activity in the ventral occipital-temporal region in the face and color tasks, whereas the motion task activated the V5 region. In the control group, the angle task activated the occipitoparietal cortex. Patients and controls showed similar levels of activation, except on the angle task for which occipitoparietal activation was lower in patients than controls. Conclusion: Distinct visuoperceptual functions can be tested in patients with dementia and extrapyramidal motor features when tests use individualized thresholds, adapted tasks, and specialized response systems.

An fMRI-study of locally oriented perception in autism: altered early visual processing of the block design test

Autism has been associated with enhanced local processing on visual tasks. Originally, this was based on findings that individuals with autism exhibited peak performance on the block design test (BDT) from the Wechsler Intelligence Scales. In autism, the neurofunctional correlates of local bias on this test have not yet been established, although there is evidence of alterations in the early visual cortex. Functional MRI was used to analyze hemodynamic responses in the striate and extrastriate visual cortex during BDT performance and a color counting control task in subjects with autism compared to healthy controls. In autism, BDT processing was accompanied by low blood oxygenation level-dependent signal changes in the right ventral quadrant of V2. Findings indicate that, in autism, locally oriented processing of the BDT is associated with altered responses of angle and grating-selective neurons, that contribute to shape representation, figure-ground, and gestalt organization. The findings favor a low-level explanation of BDT performance in autism.

Testing visual perception in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer disease

OBJECTIVE Visuoperceptual deficits are common in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Alzheimer disease (AD). Testing visuoperception in dementia is complicated by decline in other cognitive domains and extrapyramidal features. To overcome these issues, we developed a computerized test, the Newcastle visuoperception battery (NEVIP), which is independent of motor function and has minimal cognitive load.We aimed to test its utility to identify visuoperceptual deficits in people with dementia. PARTICIPANTS AND MEASUREMENTS We recruited 28 AD and 26 DLB participants with 35 comparison participants of similar age and education. The NEVIP was used to test angle, color, and form discrimination along with motion perception to obtain a composite visuoperception score. RESULTS Those with DLB performed significantly worse than AD participants on the composite visuoperception score (Mann-Whitney U = 142, p = 0.01). Visuoperceptual deficits (defined as 2 SD below the performance of comparisons) were present in 71% of the DLB group and 40% of the AD group. Performance was not significantly correlated with motor impairment, but was significantly related to global cognitive impairment in DLB (rs = -0.689, p <0.001), but not in AD. CONCLUSION Visuoperceptual deficits can be detected in both DLB and AD participants using the NEVIP, with the DLB group performing significantly worse than AD. Visuoperception scores obtained by the NEVIP are independent of participant motor deficits and participants are able to comprehend and perform the tasks.

High-sensitivity rod photoreceptor input to the blue-yellow color opponent pathway in macaque retina.

Small bistratified cells (SBCs) in the primate retina carry a major blue-yellow opponent signal to the brain. We found that SBCs also carry signals from rod photoreceptors, with the same sign as S cone input. SBCs exhibited robust responses under low scotopic conditions. Physiological and anatomical experiments indicated that this rod input arose from the AII amacrine cell-mediated rod pathway. Rod and cone signals were both present in SBCs at mesopic light levels. These findings have three implications. First, more retinal circuits may multiplex rod and cone signals than were previously thought to, efficiently exploiting the limited number of optic nerve fibers. Second, signals from AII amacrine cells may diverge to most or all of the approximately 20 retinal ganglion cell types in the peripheral primate retina. Third, rod input to SBCs may be the substrate for behavioral biases toward perception of blue at mesopic light levels.

Cathodal HD-tDCS on the right V5 improves motion perception in humans

Brain lesions in the visual associative cortex are known to impair visual perception, i.e., the capacity to correctly perceive different aspects of the visual world, such as motion, color, or shapes. Visual perception can be influenced by non-invasive brain stimulation such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). In a recently developed technique called high definition (HD) tDCS, small HD-electrodes are used instead of the sponge electrodes in the conventional approach. This is believed to achieve high focality and precision over the target area. In this paper we tested the effects of cathodal and anodal HD-tDCS over the right V5 on motion and shape perception in a single blind, within-subject, sham controlled, cross-over trial. The purpose of the study was to prove the high focality of the stimulation only over the target area. Twenty one healthy volunteers received 20 min of 2 mA cathodal, anodal and sham stimulation over the right V5 and their performance on a visual test was recorded. The results showed significant improvement in motion perception in the left hemifield after cathodal HD-tDCS, but not in shape perception. Sham and anodal HD-tDCS did not affect performance. The specific effect of influencing performance of visual tasks by modulating the excitability of the neurons in the visual cortex might be explained by the complexity of perceptual information needed for the tasks. This provokes a "noisy" activation state of the encoding neuronal patterns. We speculate that in this case cathodal HD-tDCS may focus the correct perception by decreasing global excitation and thus diminishing the "noise" below threshold.

Efecto del tiempo de maceración sobre el color, la composición tánica y la astringencia de vinos Cabernet Sauvignon y Malbec

El objetivo del trabajo fue estudiar el efecto del tiempo de maceración sobre la composición tánica, el color y la astringencia de vinos Cabernet Sauvignon y Malbec, provenientes de la Zona Alta del Río Mendoza y saber qué tiempo de maceración permite una mayor expresión del color y del cuerpo del vino. A partir de dos vinificaciones industriales, se realizaron muestreos para determinar las curvas de extracción de los componentes fenólicos y del color. Además, se llevaron a cabo dos experimentos probando un tiempo de maceración corto, de 5 días, uno “clásico" en la región, de 10 días, y uno largo, de 20 días. En los vinos resultantes se determinó el perfil fenólico, discriminando los componentes tánicos y del color, durante el primer año de conservación en vasijas de vidrio. Se utilizaron técnicas de espectrometría VIS y UV y los vinos fueron evaluados por un panel de expertos degustadores. La variedad Cabernet S. siguió un patrón de extracción de antocianos y taninos durante la maceración acorde con lo que indica la bibliografía. La magnitud del color rojo alcanzó un máximo cerca del 10º día y luego sufrió una caída que, en la maceración de 20 días, significó una pérdida de alrededor de un 10%. Los taninos aumentaron rápidamente hasta el 10º día y luego continuaron creciendo muy lentamente. Los vinos Cabernet S. obtenidos con maceración de 10 días y de 20 días resultaron muy superiores en cuanto a los contenidos de antocianos, color polimérico y taninos. También provocaron sensaciones de concentración y untuosidad mayores. Además resultaron más ásperos, astringentes y secantes que los de 5 días, pero estas sensaciones fueron moderadas. Los vinos de 20 días fueron similares a los de 10 días salvo en que alcanzaron un contenido mayor de polifenoles totales y de taninos no astringentes. La variedad Malbec siguió un patrón de extracción de antocianos y taninos similar al Cabernet S. hasta el 10º día, pero luego ambos mostraron una caída pronunciada, como consecuencia de un deterioro oxidativo. La maceración de 10 días resultó óptima y los vinos se destacaron por su mayor contenido en polifenoles totales, antocianos, color polimérico y taninos. Estos atributos provocaron sensaciones de concentración y untuosidad destacadas y similares a las de los Cabernet S. de 10 y 20 días. Las sensaciones de secante, áspero y astringente fueron menores que en los Cabernet. Los Malbec de 5 días resultaron muy pobres en atributos y los de 20 días con característics intermedias entre los de 5 y los de 10 días. En ambas variedades la pérdida en los contenidos de antocianos copigmentados se acompañó de un aumento proporcional en los contenidos de antocianos polimerizados. Durante el estacionamiento todos los vinos Cabernet S. y Malbec sufrieron una degradación de polifenoles totales, antocianos y taninos. El ritmo de degradación de cada compuesto fue similar para los distintos vinos, sin importar las concentraciones iniciales del compuesto. En ambas variedades los polifenoles totales y los taninos se correlacionaron positivamente con la aspereza, la astringencia, lo secante, la untuosidad y la concentración. Lo secante se asoció negativamente con la proporción de taninos no precipitables con gelatina. La espectrometría VIS y UV, como método instrumental de análisis, resultó suficientemente potente como para permitir una la apreciación del perfil fenólico y diferenciar los vinos Cabernet S. de los Malbec, independientemente del tiempo de maceración con que fueron elaborados.

Merit function for the evaluation of color uniformity in the far field of LED spot lights

The scope of the present paper is the derivation of a merit function which predicts the visual perception of LED spot lights. The color uniformity level Usl is described by a linear regression function of the spatial color distribution in the far field. Hereby, the function is derived from four basic functions. They describe the color uniformity of spot lights through different features. The result is a reliable prediction for the perceived color uniformity in spot lights. A human factor experiment was performed to evaluate the visual preferences for colors and patterns. A perceived rank order was derived from the subjects’ answers and compared with the four basic functions. The correlation between the perceived rank order and the basic functions was calculated resulting in the definition of the merit function Usl. The application of this function is shown by a comparison of visual evaluations and measurements of LED retrofit spot lamps. The results enable a prediction of color uniformity levels of simulations and measurements concerning the visual perception. The function provides a possibility to evaluate the far field of spot lights without individual subjective judgment. © (2014) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Optimization of optical systems for LED spot lights concerning the color uniformity

Spotlighting is one illumination field where the application of light emitting diodes (LED) creates many advantages. Commonly, the system for spot lights consists of a LED light engine and collimating secondary optics. Through angular or spatial separated emitted light from the source and imaging optical elements, a non uniform far field appears with colored rings, dots or patterns. Many feasible combinations result in very different spatial color distributions. Several combinations of three multi-chip light sources and secondary optical elements like reflectors and TIR lenses with additional facets or scattering elements were analyzed mainly regarding the color uniformity. They are assessed by the merit function Usl which was derived from human factor experiments and describes the color uniformity based on the visual perception of humans. Furthermore, the optical systems are compared concerning efficiency, peak candela and aspect ratio. Both types of optics differ in the relation between the color uniformity level and other properties. A plain reflector with a slightly color mixing light source performs adequate. The results for the TIR lenses indicate that they need additional elements for good color mixing or blended light source. The most convenient system depends on the requirements of the application.

El color en la transfiguración del espacio: un estudio empírico de los dispositivos de transformación y configuración

La presente investigación analiza la capacidad del color de cualificar los espacios y propone una clasificación que ordene los diferentes dispositivos que actúan en este proceso. El objetivo de esta tesis es describir estos dispositivos estableciéndolos como parte inequívoca de cualquier proceso desencadenado por la presencia del binomio luz y color. El color ha sido objeto de estudio y experimentación a lo largo de la historia, en todas las artes y las distintas disciplinas relacionadas con la física, la percepción y la interacción. De este modo se realiza una aproximación teórica e histórica al color desde puntos de vista interdisciplinares, para llegar a comprender el modo en el que el color se acaba separando de la forma para pasar a formar parte de la configuración del espacio. Con el propósito de alcanzar este objetivo, se ha realizado un recorrido a través de diferentes teorías y manifestaciones artísticas realizadas en torno al color a lo largo de la Historia, para encontrar las claves de la relación del color con el espacio. Tomando de base este primer acercamiento al tema, se realiza un estudio empírico exhaustivo con modelos físicos con el fin de aislar los dispositivos que intervienen el este proceso en el que el color se pone en relación con el espacio; se analiza su variación a medida que fluctúan las características de los elementos que desencadenan los dispositivos. El objetivo es descubrir un orden, una taxonomía, que permita interpretar cualquier transformación producida por el color en el espacio. Posteriormente, se verifica la validez de esta clasificación estudiando siete espacios modelo en los que el color transfigura el espacio mediante la activación conjunta de varios de los dispositivos analizados. Se ha elegido este grupo de siete espacios debido a que, al tomarlos como suma, sus interiores engloban todos los fenómenos encontrados en el análisis previo. El conjunto de los dispositivos que actúan en cada espacio forma un sistema único e irrepetible que tiene que ver con su transfiguración espacial mediante la luz y el color. Estos sistemas constituyen parte de la génesis propia de cada espacio a través de una secuencia de dispositivos de transformación y configuración espacial que lo hace singular. Los dispositivos clasificados en esta investigación se encuentran en cualquier espacio en el que intervengan la luz y el color, agrupándose secuencialmente en sistemas determinados que cualifican el espacio arquitectónico. ABSTRACT This research analyzes the ability of the colour to qualify the spaces and proposes a classification to arrange the different devices that act in this process. The aim of this thesis is to describe these devices, unequivocally established as part of any process triggered by the presence of light and color pairing. Colour has been the subject of study and experimentation throughout history, in all the arts and disciplines related to physics, perception and interaction. Thus a theoretical and historical approach to the colour is developed from interdisciplinary points of view, in order to understand the way that colour separates from the form and is part of the space configuration. With the purpose of reaching this target, there has been a journey through the artistic movements and theories on colour throughout history, seeking for the key points of its relation with the space. Based on these first intuitions as a starting point, an exhaustive empirical study is made with physical models with the purpose of isolating the devices that participate in this process where colour is related with the space as well as analyzing their variation to the extent that the characteristics of the elements which cause them fluctuate. The objective is to discover an order, a taxonomy that allows to performing any transformation produced by the colour in the space. Afterwards, the validity of this classification is verified by studying seven model spaces in which the colour transfigures the space by the combined activation of several analyzed devices. These seven spaces were chosen due to all the phenomenon set in the previous analysis are included in their interior space. The group of devices that act on each space creates an unrepeatable and unique system that has to do with its spatial transfiguration by means of light and colour. These systems form part of the origin itself of each space through a sequence of devices of spatial transformation and configuration that make this space unique. The devices sorted in this research transform and configure any space in which light and colour participate, sequentially grouping together in determined systems that qualify the architectonic space.

Visual perception for the 3D recognition of geometric pieces in robotic manipulation

During grasping and intelligent robotic manipulation tasks, the camera position relative to the scene changes dramatically because the robot is moving to adapt its path and correctly grasp objects. This is because the camera is mounted at the robot effector. For this reason, in this type of environment, a visual recognition system must be implemented to recognize and “automatically and autonomously” obtain the positions of objects in the scene. Furthermore, in industrial environments, all objects that are manipulated by robots are made of the same material and cannot be differentiated by features such as texture or color. In this work, first, a study and analysis of 3D recognition descriptors has been completed for application in these environments. Second, a visual recognition system designed from specific distributed client-server architecture has been proposed to be applied in the recognition process of industrial objects without these appearance features. Our system has been implemented to overcome problems of recognition when the objects can only be recognized by geometric shape and the simplicity of shapes could create ambiguity. Finally, some real tests are performed and illustrated to verify the satisfactory performance of the proposed system.

Driver perception of just-noticeable differences of automotive signal lamp intensities. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Color categories: confirmation of the relativity hypothesis

The question of whether language affects our categorization of perceptual continua is of particular interest for the domain of color where constraints on categorization have been proposed both within the visual system and in the visual environment. Recent research (Roberson, Davies, & Davidoff, 2000; Roberson et al., in press) found substantial evidence of cognitive color differences between different language communities, but concerns remained as to how representative might be a tiny, extremely remote community. The present study replicates and extends previous findings using additional paradigms among a larger community in a different visual environment. Adult semi-nomadic tribesmen in Southern Africa carried out similarity judgments, short-term memory and long-term learning tasks. They showed different cognitive organization of color to both English and another language with the five color terms. Moreover, Categorical Perception effects were found to differ even between languages with broadly similar color categories. The results provide further evidence of the tight relationship between language and cognition.

A corpus of 714 full-color images of depth-rotated objects

A set of full-color images of objects is described for use in experiments investigating the effects of in-depth rotation on the identification of three-dimensional objects. The corpus contains up to 11 perspective views of 70 nameable objects. We also provide ratings of the "goodness" of each view, based on Thurstonian scaling of subjects' preferences in a paired-comparison experiment. An exploratory cluster analysis on the scaling solutions indicates that the amount of information available in a given view generally is the major determinant of the goodness of the view. For instance, objects with an elongated front-back axis tend to cluster together, and the front and back views of these objects, which do not reveal the object's major surfaces and features, are evaluated as the worst views.