Measuring in-vehicle child comfort to study barriers to appropriate and correct use of restraints

Traffic crashes are the leading cause of death and injury among children aged between 4-14 years1,2 and premature graduation to adult seat belts2,3 and restraint misuse4 are common and known risk factors. Children are believed to prematurely graduate to adult belts and misuse the seat belt in booster seats if uncomfortable2,5,6. Although research has concentrated on educating parents and designing better restraints to reduce errors in use, comfort of the child in the restraint has not been studied. Currently there is no existing method for studying comfort in children in restraint systems, although self-report survey tools and pressure distribution mapping is commonly used to measure comfort among adult in vehicle seats. This poster presents preliminary results from work aimed at developing an appropriate method to measure comfort of children in vehicle restraint systems. The specific aims are to: 1. Examine the potential of using modified adult self-report/survey and pressure distribution mapping in children 2. Develop a video based, objective measure of comfort in children.

Is comfort important for optimal use of child restraints?

Suboptimal restraint use, particularly the incorrect use of restraints, is a significant and widespread problem among child vehicle occupants, and increases the risk of injury. Previous research has identified comfort as a potential factor influencing suboptimal restraint use. Both the real comfort experienced by the child and the parent’s perception of the child’s comfort are reported to influence the optimal use of restraints. Problems with real comfort may lead the child to misuse the restraint in their attempt to achieve better comfort whilst parent-perceived discomfort has been reported as a driver for premature graduation and inappropriate restraint choice. However, this work has largely been qualitative. There has been no research that objectively studies either the association between real and parental perceived comfort, or any association between comfort and suboptimal restraint use. One barrier to such studies is the absence of validated tools for quantifying real comfort in children. We aimed to develop methods to examine both real and parent-perceived comfort and examine their effects on suboptimal restraint use. We conducted online parent surveys (n=470) to explore what drives parental perceptions of their child’s comfort in restraint systems (study 1) and used data from field observation studies (n=497) to examine parent-perceived comfort and its relationship with observed restraint use (study 2). We developed methods to measure comfort in children in a laboratory setting (n=14) using video analysis to estimate a Discomfort Avoidance Behaviour (DAB) score, pressure mapping and adapted survey tools to differentiate between comfortable and induced discomfort conditions (study 3). Preliminary analysis of our recent online survey of Australian parents (study 1) indicates that 23% of parents report comfort as a consideration when making a decision to change restraints. Logistic regression modelling of data collected during the field observation study (study 2) revealed that parent-perceived discomfort was not significantly associated with premature graduation. Contrary to expectation, children of parents who reported that their child was comfortable were almost twice as likely to have been incorrectly restrained (p<0.01, 95% CI 1.24 - 2.77). In the laboratory study (study 3) we found our adapted survey tools did not provide a reliable measurement of real comfort among children. However our DAB score was able to differentiate between comfortable and induced discomfort conditions and correlated well with pressure mapping. Our results suggest that while some parents report concern about their child’s comfort, parent-reported comfort levels were not associated with restraint choice. If comfort is important for optimal restraint use, it is likely to be the real comfort of the child rather than that reported by the parent. The method we have developed for studying real comfort can be used in naturalistic studies involving child occupants to further understand this relationship. This work will be of interest to vehicle and child restraint manufacturers interested in improving restraint design for young occupants as well as researchers and other stakeholders interested in reducing the incidence of restraint misuse among children.

Segurança rodoviária infantil : conhecimentos e atitudes dos pais na utilização do sistema de retenção no recém-nascido

Enquadramento: A segurança é um direito da criança, que deve ser assegurado pelos pais e sociedade em geral, pois devido à sua vulnerabilidade estão sujeitas a um maior risco de lesões e morte. O transporte seguro de recém-nascidos/crianças em automóveis é uma preocupação, pois os acidentes de viação são a principal causa de mortalidade e morbilidade nesta faixa etária. Nos acidentes rodoviários, o uso correto de um sistema de retenção para crianças (SRC), desde o nascimento, constitui uma forma eficaz de proteção. Objetivos: Caracterizar os conhecimentos e atitudes dos pais no uso do SRC; analisar a influência do processo de aquisição e de informação dos pais sobre o uso do SRC; identificar a relação entre as variáveis sociodemográficas dos pais e o uso de SRC; determinar se os conhecimentos são mediadores das atitudes dos pais na utilização do SRC. Métodos: Estudo quantitativo, transversal, descritivo e correlacional, realizado numa amostra não probabilística, por conveniência de 112 pais de recém-nascidos, mães com média de idade de 30,37 anos (Dp=5,63) e pai 33,91 (Dp=6,09). Para recolha de informação utilizou-se um questionário, construído para o efeito, que os pais preencheram 24-48h após o parto durante os meses de março a maio de um centro hospitalar da região norte de Portugal. Resultados: Maioritariamente tinham como escolaridade o ensino secundário e entre 1 a 4 filhos. O SRC fazia parte do ―enxoval‖ do bebé em 54,5% dos participantes, destes, 72,3% já o tinha experimentado no automóvel e pretendiam usá-lo na alta desde a maternidade 97,3%. Contudo, apurou-se que apenas 47,3% o faria de forma adequada, apesar de 83% referir conhecer a legislação e todos reconhecerem que previne lesões em caso de acidente e 67% admitir ter conhecimentos adequados sobre SRC. Concluiu-se haver relação entre os conhecimentos e a idade e a escolaridade das mães, e pelos resultados obtidos, inferimos que melhores conhecimentos conduzem a melhores atitudes na utilização do SRC. Conclusões: Os resultados indicam que os conhecimentos dos pais sobre o uso adequado de SRC continuam insuficientes. Este facto justifica o investimento no ensino, treino e preparação dos pais para a alta segura desde a maternidade, momento particularmente sensível, e que será determinante nas atitudes de promoção da segurança rodoviária das crianças e adolescentes. Palavras-chave: Segurança; Recém-nascido; Sistema de retenção; Conhecimentos; Atitudes.

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