The role of incentives for sustainable implementation of marine protected areas: an example from Tanzania

Although Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are an increasingly popular policy tool for protecting marine stocks and biodiversity, they pose high costs for small-scale fisherfolk in poor countries. With Tanzania’s Mnazi Bay Ruvuma Estuary Marine Park as an example, we develop a spatial economic decision-modelling framework as a lens to examine fishers’ reactions to incentives created by an MPA. We argue that MPAs in poor countries can only contribute to sustainability if management induces changes in incentives to fish through a combination of enforcement (‘sticks’) and livelihood projects (‘carrots’). We emphasise practical implementation issues and implications for fostering marine ecosystem sustainability.

Dietary predictors of serum total carotene in low-income women living in Sao Paulo, south-east Brazil

Objective Dietary intake and nutritional status of antioxidant vitamins have been reported to protect against some cancers The objective of the present study was to assess the correlations between serum levels of carotenoids (including beta-, alpha- and gamma-carotene), lycopene, retinol, alpha- and gamma-tocopherols, and dietary intakes estimated by an FFQ, among low-income women in the Brazilian Investigation into Nutrition and Cervical Cancer Prevention (BRINCA) study. Design Cross-sectional study of data for 918 women aged 21-65 years participating in the BRINCA study in Sao Paulo city. Multiple linear regression models were used with serum nutrient levels as the dependent variable and dietary intake levels as the independent variable, adjusted for confounding factors. Results In energy-adjusted analyses, the intakes of dark green and deep yellow vegetables and fruits (partial R(2) = 4.8%), total fruits and juices (partial R(2) = 1.8%), vegetables and fruits (partial R(2) = 1.8%), carrots (partial R(2) = 1.4%) and citrus fruits and juices only (partial R(2) = 0.8%) were positively correlated only with serum total carotene levels, after adjusting for serum total cholesterol concentration, age, hospital attended, smoking status. BMI and presence of cervical lesions Multiple-adjusted serum levels of carotenoids were positively correlated with intake quartiles of dark green and deep yellow vegetables and fruits and total fruits and juices independent of smoking status. Conclusions The intake of specific fruits and vegetables was an independent predictor of serum total carotene levels in low-income women living in Sao Paulo

‘Inspired and assisted’, or ‘berated and destroyed’? Research leadership, management and performativity in troubled times

Research leadership in Australian universities takes place against a backdrop of policy reforms concerned with measurement and comparison of institutional research performance. In particular, the Excellence in Research in Australian initiative undertaken by the Australian Research Council sets out to evaluate research quality in Australian universities, using a combination of expert review process, and assessment of performance against ‘quality indicators’. Benchmarking exercises of this sort continue to shape institutional policy and practice, with inevitable effects on the ways in which research leadership, mentoring and practice are played out within university faculties and departments. In an exploratory study that interviewed 32 Australian academics in universities in four Australian states, we asked participants, occupying formal or informal research leadership roles, to comment on their perceptions of research leadership as envisioned and enacted in their particular workplaces. We found a pervasive concern amongst participants that coalesced around binaries characterized in metaphoric terms of ‘carrots and whips’. Research leadership was seen by many as managerial in nature, and as such, largely tethered to instrumentalist notions of productivity and performativity, while research cultures were seen as languishing under the demoralizing weight of reward and punishment systems. Here, we consider what is at stake for the future of the academic workforce under such conditions, arguing that new models of visionary research leadership are urgently needed in the ‘troubled times’ of techno-bureaucratic university reforms.

Reductions in entrée energy density increase children's vegetable intake and reduce energy intake

The energy density (ED; kcal/g) of an entrée influences children's energy intake (EI), but the effect of simultaneously changing both ED and portion size of an entrée on preschool children's EI is unknown. In this within-subject crossover study, 3- to 5-year-old children (30 boys, 31 girls) in a daycare facility were served a test lunch once/week for 4 weeks. The amount and type of vegetables and cheeses incorporated into the sauce of a pasta entrée were manipulated to create two versions that varied in ED by 25% (1.6 or 1.2 kcal/g). Across the weeks, each version of the entrée was served to the children in each of two portion sizes (400 or 300 g). Lunch, consumed ad libitum, also included carrots, applesauce, and milk. Decreasing ED of the entrée by 25% significantly (P < 0.0001) reduced children's EI of the entrée by 25% (63.1 8.3 kcal) and EI at lunch by 17% (60.7 8.9 kcal). Increasing the proportion of vegetables in the pasta entrée increased children's vegetable intake at lunch by half of a serving of vegetables (P < 0.01). Decreasing portion size of the entrée by 25% did not significantly affect children's total food intake or EI at lunch. Therefore, reducing the ED of a lunch entrée resulted in a reduction in children's EI from the entrée and from the meal in both portion size conditions. Decreasing ED by incorporating more vegetables into recipes is an effective way of reducing children's EI while increasing their vegetable intake.

Wielding the big stick – Lessons for enforcing anti-discrimination law from the Fair Work Ombudsman

Anti-discrimination law is enforced by a person who has experienced discrimination by lodging a complaint at a statutory equal opportunity agency. The agency is responsible for receiving and resolving discrimination complaints and educating the community; it does not play a role in enforcing the law. The agency relies on ‘carrots’ to encourage voluntary compliance, but it does not wield any ‘sticks’. This is not the case in other areas of law, such as industrial relations, where the Fair Work Ombudsman is charged with enforcing the law — including the prohibition of discrimination in the workplace — and possesses the necessary powers to do so. British academics Hepple, Coussey and Choudhury developed an enforcement pyramid for equal opportunity. This article shows that the model used by the Fair Work Ombudsman reflects what Hepple, Coussey and Choudhury propose, while anti-discrimination law enforcement would be represented as a flat, rectangular structure. The article considers the Fair Work Ombudsman’s discrimination enforcement work to date and identifies some lessons that anti-discrimination law enforcement can learn from its experience.

Adaptabilidade e estabilidade fenotípica de genótipos de cenoura

Avaliaram-se a adaptabilidade e a estabilidade fenotípica de dez genótipos de cenoura, nove de polinização aberta [Alvorada (FELTRIN); Tropical (ISLA); Brasília (ISLA); Nova Brasília (ISLA); Carandaí (SVS); Brasília (SVS); Brazlândia (HORTEC); HT-2000 (HORTEC), e Brasília-RL (SAKATA)] e o híbrido AF-845 (SAKATA), em semeaduras, de janeiro e março, em São José do Rio Pardo (SP), janeiro e fevereiro, em Ponta Grossa (PR), e na primeira e última semana de fevereiro, em São Gotardo (MG), e Carandaí (MG), totalizando oito experimentos (SJRP-JAN; SJRP-MAR; PG-JAN; PG-FEV; SG-FEV'; SG-FEV''; C-FEV', e C-FEV''), que foram implementados em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância individual e conjunta, e à análise de adaptabilidade e de estabilidade. Dos oito ambientes testados, apenas C-FEV'', PG-JAN e SG-FEV'' foram considerados favoráveis ao cultivo de cenoura, com destaque para C-FEV''. Entre genótipos, na maioria dos ambientes, 'Brazlândia' se destacou tanto na produtividade total, quanto na produtividade comercial de raízes. Na análise de adaptabilidade, 'Brazlândia' e 'Brasília-RL' indicaram possuir desempenho mais do que proporcional à melhoria promovida pelo ambiente, sendo indicados para semeaduras em ambientes favoráveis. O híbrido AF-845 mostrou ter pequena capacidade em responder às variações ambientais, não sendo indicado para nenhum dos ambientes estudados. Os genótipos de cenoura, em geral, apresentaram estabilidade de comportamento nos ambientes estudados.

Uso de extratos vegetais, manipueira e nematicida no controle do nematoide das galhas em cenoura

Extratos aquosos de várias espécies vegetais têm se mostrado promissores no controle alternativo do nematoide de galhas Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White), um dos agentes mais limitantes para o cultivo da cenoura. O presente estudo avaliou a ação de extratos aquosos provenientes de sete espécies vegetais aplicados aos 40, 50, 60, 70 e 80 dias após a semeadura da cenoura 'Nantes' em solo infestado com o nematoide. Outros três tratamentos foram constituídos de manipueira, água destilada (testemunha), os quais foram aplicados nos mesmos períodos dos extratos, e carbofuran 50G (80kg/ha), aplicado 60 dias após a semeadura uma única vez. As avaliações foram efetuadas aos 90 dias da inoculação, determinando-se a massa fresca da parte aérea e do sistema radicular total, o diâmetro e o comprimento das raízes comerciais e o número de galhas presentes nas raízes principais e secundárias. Plantas tratadas com manipueira, extratos de sementes de Ricinus communis L., sementes de Crotalaria juncea L., folhas + ramos + frutos de R. communis, folhas + ramos + inflorescências de Chenopodium ambrosioides L. e sementes de Azadirachta indica A. Juss. apresentaram maiores índices de peso total (raiz + parte aérea) e peso de parte aérea. O extrato à base de folha + ramos + fruto de R. communis proporcionou maior peso radicular total além de maior diâmetro da raiz principal da cenoura. Maiores pesos da raiz principal foram encontrados em plantas tratadas com manipueira e extrato de semente de R. communis. Com base nos resultados obtidos conclui-se que o extrato de sementes de R. communis e manipueira podem ser promissores no manejo alternativo de M. incognita.

Estudo da desidratação osmótica da cenoura (Daucus carota) em fatias

In the area of food dehydration, drying of vegetables has a very representative position, it has the objective to preserve the surplus of crops and began with sun drying. Among the vegetable is the carrot, which had its origin in Southeast Asia and in Brazil is a vegetable cultivated enough. The principal objective of this works is to find alternative ways for the conservation of carrot slices by osmotic dehydration with additional drying in heart. Were initially defined the best conditions of pre-osmotic dehydration (temperature, immersion time, type of osmotic solution) based on the results of humidity loss, solid gain, weight reduction and efficiency ratio of predehydrated carrots slices. The osmotic solutions used were composed by NaCl (10%) and sucrose (50 ° Brix) named DO1 and sucrose (50 ° Brix) called DO2. Was made experiment of pre-osmotic dehydration of carrot slices in two temperature levels, with complementary drying in heart with air circulation at 70 º C. Sensory analysis was performed and the study of slices dehydration osmotically and the slices without osmotic treatment. The best results were obtained with the solution DO1 60°C with immersion time of 60 min. The drying of carrot slices presented period of constant rate and decreasing rate. The osmotic pre-treatment reduced the initial humidity of carrot slices, reducing the time to the product to reach the same humidity content. Fick's model, considering the shrinkage, and the Page s model, adapt satisfactorily to experimental datas, allowing the determination of effective diffusion coefficients, consistent with the references. The results of sensory analysis of dry product, showed greater acceptance of sliced carrots with osmotic treatment

Detection of carbamate pesticides in vegetable samples using cholinesterase-based biosensors

Biosensors for determination of carbamates in vegetables based on five different cholinesterases as biorecognition elements and a screen-printed electrode system as an amperometric transducer were developed. Measurements were simply performed by dropping solutions (either sample or substrate) directly on the biosensor. The response of biosensors to selected carbamates (aldicarb, carbaryl, carbofuran, methomyl and propoxur) was characterized. The performance was evaluated on extracts of potatoes and carrots, the results from the AChE biosensor and a standard HPLC procedure were compared. Finally, the biosensor was used for the direct analysis of vegetable juices without any pretreatment steps. In this case, 10 mu g/L levels of added carbofuran and propoxur were reliably identified. The whole procedure takes less than 20 min including 10 min incubation with samples. The concentrations of carbamates determined with biosensor agreed well for carbofuran. Lower response was observed for propoxur.

Acúmulo e exportação de nutrientes em cenoura 'Forto'

In order to quantify the growth, accumulation and exportation of macronutrients by carrot 'Forto', and obtain equations that best represent them, it was conducted an experiment in the São Gotardo (MG), from May to September 2004. Samples were taken at 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110 and 120 days after sowing (DAS) to determine dry matter and accumulation of macronutrients in leaves and roots. At 40 DAS, five days after thinning, the plants had 0.18 g and 0.04 g in dry leaves (LDM) and of roots (RDM), respectively. From then, until 88 DAS, the partitioning of photoassimilates and accumulation of matter in the shoots were more pronounced. The RDM was low until 80 DAS, which corresponded to two thirds of the crop cycle, from when the amount of material allocated in this part of the plant had strong growth, surpassing, at 88 DAS, the amount of LDM. The nutrient accumulation was small in the first 60 DAS, coinciding with the period of lower dry matter accumulation. The order of decreasing macronutrient accumulation by the crop were: K > N > Ca > P > S > Mg, in the amounts of 906.7, 438, 155.46, 87.4, 58 and 37.63 mg plant-1, respectively. The root participated with 60.5% of the accumulation of N, 86.1% of P, 58% of K, 25.5% of Ca, 55.6% of Mg and 65.5% of S. Considering a population of 590,000 plants per hectare, the total quantity of nutrients by the crop of carrots was 258.3, 51.6, 534.8, 91.7, 22.2 and 34.2 kg N ha-1, P, K, Ca, Mg and S, respectively.

Rendimento, qualidade e conservação pós-colheita de cenoura (Daucus carota L.), sob cultivo biodinâmico, em função dos ritmos lunares

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Horticultura) - FCA

Variabilidade para florescimento prematuro em cenoura ‘brasília’ no cultivo de outono-inverno

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Efeito de diferentes períodos de convivência com as plantas daninhas sobre a produtividade da cultura da cenoura (Daucus carota L.)

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Produção Vegetal) - FCAV

Ocorrência de viroses em mandioquinha-salsa (Arracacia xanthorrhiza brancroft) nas principais regiões produtoras do Brasil

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Proteção de Plantas) - FCA

Testes para a seleção de populações de cenoura visando ao vigor e à longevidade das sementes

Populations of carrot seeds with superior physiological quality and storage potential are of interest to seed companies and growers. Thus, we verified the efficiency of some tests for the selection of carrot populations with greater vigor and longevity of seeds. Seeds of 50 carrots progenies of different half-brothers from Brasilia cultivar were evaluated for the mass of one hundred seeds, the first count, germination, dormancy, accelerated aging with water and saturated NaCl solution. The seeds were stored at moisture contents of 6.1±0.3% in hermetic packaging at temperatures of 15 and 25°C for 12 months and germination was evaluated quarterly. The experimental data were evaluated for variance and phenotypic, genotypic and environmental heritability, coefficient of variation and genetic gain from selection. Selection based on the mass should not be used because it would increase the occurrence of dormancy in seeds of the next generation. The test of the first count, germination and accelerated aging in water or saline solution saturated may be used to select populations of carrot seeds of higher vigor and longevity. The estimated gain genetic selection for germination after 12 months storage at 25°C was 14%.