UV light selectively coinduces supply pathways from primary metabolism and flavonoid secondary product formation in parsley

The UV light-induced synthesis of UV-protective flavonoids diverts substantial amounts of substrates from primary metabolism into secondary product formation and thus causes major perturbations of the cellular homeostasis. Results from this study show that the mRNAs encoding representative enzymes from various supply pathways are coinduced in UV-irradiated parsley cells (Petroselinum crispum) with two mRNAs of flavonoid glycoside biosynthesis, encoding phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase. Strong induction was observed for mRNAs encoding glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (carbohydrate metabolism, providing substrates for the shikimate pathway), 3-deoxyarabinoheptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase (shikimate pathway, yielding phenylalanine), and acyl-CoA oxidase (fatty acid degradation, yielding acetyl-CoA), and moderate induction for an mRNA encoding S-adenosyl-homocysteine hydrolase (activated methyl cycle, yielding S-adenosyl-methionine for B-ring methylation). Ten arbitrarily selected mRNAs representing various unrelated metabolic activities remained unaffected. Comparative analysis of acyl-CoA oxidase and chalcone synthase with respect to mRNA expression modes and gene promoter structure and function revealed close similarities. These results indicate a fine-tuned regulatory network integrating those functionally related pathways of primary and secondary metabolism that are specifically required for protective adaptation to UV irradiation. Although the response of parsley cells to UV light is considerably broader than previously assumed, it contrasts greatly with the extensive metabolic reprogramming observed previously in elicitor-treated or fungus-infected cells.

wrinkled1: A Novel, Low-Seed-Oil Mutant of Arabidopsis with a Deficiency in the Seed-Specific Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism1

During oil deposition in developing seeds of Arabidopsis, photosynthate is imported in the form of carbohydrates into the embryo and converted to triacylglycerols. To identify genes essential for this process and to investigate the molecular basis for the developmental regulation of oil accumulation, mutants producing wrinkled, incompletely filled seeds were isolated. A novel mutant locus, wrinkled1 (wri1), which maps to the bottom of chromosome 3 and causes an 80% reduction in seed oil content, was identified. Wild-type and homozygous wri1 mutant plantlets or mature plants were indistinguishable. However, developing homozygous wri1 seeds were impaired in the incorporation of sucrose and glucose into triacylglycerols, but incorporated pyruvate and acetate at an increased rate. Because the activities of several glycolytic enzymes, in particular hexokinase and pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase, are reduced in developing homozygous wri1 seeds, it is suggested that WRI1 is involved in the developmental regulation of carbohydrate metabolism during seed filling.

Genetic engineering of carbohydrate biosynthetic pathways in transgenic mice demonstrates cell cycle-associated regulation of glycoconjugate production in small intestinal epithelial cells.

Proliferation, migration-associated differentiation, and cell death occur continuously and in a spatially well-organized fashion along the crypt-villus axis of the mouse small intestine, making it an attractive system for studying how these processes are regulated and interrelated. A pathway for producing glycoconjugates was engineered in adult FVB/N transgenic mice by expressing a human alpha 1,3/4-fucosyltransferase (alpha 1,3/4-FT; EC 2.4.1.65) along the length of this crypt-villus axis. The alpha 1,3/4-FT can use lacto-N-tetraose or lacto-neo-N-tetraose core chains to generate Lewis (Le) blood group antigens Le(a) or Le(x), respectively, and H type 1 or H type 2 core chains to produce Leb and Le(y). Single- and multilabel immunohistochemical studies revealed that expression of the alpha 1,3/4-FT results in production of Le(a) and Leb antigens in both undifferentiated proliferated crypt cells and in differentiated postmitotic villus-associated epithelial cells. In contrast, Le(x) antigens were restricted to crypt cells. Villus enterocytes can be induced to reenter the cell cycle by expression of simian virus 40 tumor antigen under the control of a promoter that only functions in differentiated members of this lineage. Bitransgenic animals, generated from a cross of FVB/N alpha 1,3/4-FT with FVB/N simian virus 40 tumor antigen mice, expand the range of Le(x) expression to include villus-associated enterocytes that have reentered the cell cycle. Thus, the fucosylations unveil a proliferation-dependent switch in oligosaccharide production, as defined by a monoclonal antibody specific for the Le(x) epitope. These findings show that genetic engineering of oligosaccharide biosynthetic pathways can be used to define markers for entry into, or progression through, the cell cycle and to identify changes in endogenous carbohydrate metabolism that occur when proliferative status is altered in a manner that is not deleterious to the system under study.

Effect of a tumour-derived lipid-mobilising factor on glucose and lipid metabolism in vivo

Treatment of ex-breeder male NMRI mice with lipid mobilising factor isolated from the urine of cachectic cancer patients, caused a significant increase in glucose oxidation to CO2, compared with control mice receiving phosphate buffered saline. Glucose utilisation by various tissues was determined by the 2-deoxyglucose tracer technique and shown to be elevated in brain, heart, brown adipose tissue and gastrocnemius muscle. The tissue glucose metabolic rate was increased almost three-fold in brain, accounting for the ability of lipid mobilising factor to decrease blood glucose levels. Lipid mobilising factor also increased overall lipid oxidation, as determined by the production of 14CO2 from [14C carboxy] triolein, being 67% greater than phosphate buffered saline controls over a 24 h period. There was a significant increase in [14C] lipid accumulation in plasma, liver and white and brown adipose tissue after administration of lipid mobilising factor. These results suggest that changes in carbohydrate metabolism and loss of adipose tissue, together with an increased whole body fatty acid oxidation in cachectic cancer patients, may arise from tumour production of lipid mobilising factor. © 2002 Cancer Research UK.

Transcriptome, carbohydrate, and phytohormone analysis of Petunia hybrida reveals a complex disturbance of plant functional integrity under mild chilling stress

Cultivation of chilling-tolerant ornamental crops at lower temperature could reduce the energy demands of heated greenhouses. To provide a better understanding of how sub-optimal temperatures (12 degrees C vs. 16 degrees C) affect growth of the sensitive Petunia hybrida cultivar 'SweetSunshine Williams', the transcriptome, carbohydrate metabolism, and phytohormone homeostasis were monitored in aerial plant parts over 4 weeks by use of a microarray, enzymatic assays and GC-MS/MS. The data revealed three consecutive phases of chilling response. The first days were marked by a strong accumulation of sugars, particularly in source leaves, preferential up-regulation of genes in the same tissue and down-regulation of several genes in the shoot apex, especially those involved in the abiotic stress response. The midterm phase featured a partial normalization of carbohydrate levels and gene expression. After 3 weeks of chilling exposure, a new stabilized balance was established. Reduced hexose levels in the shoot apex, reduced ratios of sugar levels between the apex and source leaves and a higher apical sucrose/hexose ratio, associated with decreased activity and expression of cell wall invertase, indicate that prolonged chilling induced sugar accumulation in source leaves at the expense of reduced sugar transport to and reduced sucrose utilization in the shoot. This was associated with reduced levels of indole-3-acetic acid and abscisic acid in the apex and high numbers of differentially, particularly up-regulated genes, especially in the source leaves, including those regulating histones, ethylene action, transcription factors, and a jasmonate-ZIM-domain protein. Transcripts of one Jumonji C domain containing protein and one expansin accumulated in source leaves throughout the chilling period. The results reveal a dynamic and complex disturbance of plant function in response to mild chilling, opening new perspectives for the comparative analysis of differently tolerant cultivars.

Growth performance and energetic metabolism of pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887), fed diets supplemented with ammonium metavanadate

Vanadium compounds mimic most of the metabolic effects of insulin, suggesting that it might be useful to improve utilization of dietary carbohydrate. This work evaluated the effect of dietary ammonium metavanadate (H(4)NO(3)V) on the growth performance and energy metabolism of pacu, an omnivorous South America characin. Two hundred and eighty-eight fish were distributed into four blocks according to the body weight (21.8 +/- 1.7, 28.5 +/- 2.0, 28.4 +/- 1.9, 35.7 +/- 1.9 g), stocked in 24 plastic tanks and fed twice daily with isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets containing six levels of H(4)NO(3)V (0, 10, 50, 100, 300 and 1000 mg kg(-1)) for 60 days. Increasing levels of dietary ammonium metavanadate did not improve growth (P > 0.05), and the highest level of inclusion (1000 mg kg(-1)) reduced performance (P < 0.05). Blood glucose levels decreased (P < 0.05) in fish fed 300 and 1000 mg kg(-1) H(4)NO(3)V, but no differences were observed in other blood metabolites. A slight increase in muscle lipid content was observed in fish fed a diet containing 300 mg kg(-1) H(4)NO(3)V. Based on the results of this study, there is no benefit in supplementing pacu diets with metavanadate.

Capacity of fatty acid profiles and substrate utilization patterns to describe differences in soil microbial communities associated with increased salinity or alkalinity at three locations in South Australia

Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles, together with Biolog substrate utilization patterns, were used in conjunction with measurements of other soil chemical and microbiological properties to describe differences in soil microbial communities induced by increased salinity and alkalinity in grass/legume pastures at three sites in SE South Australia. Total ester-linked FAMEs (EL-FAMEs) and phospholipid-linked FAMEs (PL-FAMEs), were also compared for their ability to detect differences between the soil microbial communities. The level of salinity and alkalinity in affected areas of the pastures showed seasonal variation, being greater in summer than in winter. At the time of sampling for the chemical and microbiological measurements (winter) only the affected soil at site 1 was significantly saline. The affected soils at all three sites had lower organic C and total N concentrations than the corresponding non-affected soils. At site 1 microbial biomass, CO 2-C respiration and the rate of cellulose decomposition was also lower in the affected soil compared to the non-affected soil. Biomarker fatty acids present in both the EL- and PL-FAME profiles indicated a lower ratio of fungal to bacterial fatty acids in the saline affected soil at site 1. Analysis of Biolog substrate utilization patterns indicated that the bacterial community in the affected soil at site 1 utilized fewer carbon substrates and had lower functional diversity than the corresponding community in the non-affected soil. In contrast, increased alkalinity, of major importance at sites 2 and 3, had no effect on microbial biomass, the rate of cellulose decomposition or functional diversity but was associated with significant differences in the relative amounts of several fatty acids in the PL-FAME profiles indicative of a shift towards a bacterial dominated community. Despite differences in the number and relative amounts of fatty acids detected, principal component analysis of the EL- and PL-FAME profiles were equally capable of separating the affected and non-affected soils at all three sites. Redundancy analysis of the FAME data showed that organic C, microbial biomass, electrical conductivity and bicarbonate-extractable P were significantly correlated with variation in the EL-FAME profiles, whereas pH, electrical conductivity, NH 4-N, CO 2-C respiration and the microbial quotient were significantly correlated with variation in the PL-FAME profiles. Redundancy analysis of the Biolog data indicated that cation exchange capacity and bicarbonate-extractable K were significantly correlated with the variation in Biolog substrate utilization patterns.

Expression and characterization of digestive enzyme genes from hepatopancreatic transcripts from redclaw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus)

Redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, possess a number of biological and commercial attributes that make them ideal for commercial aquaculture. While some studies have investigated digestive enzyme activity and nutritional requirements of this species, little information exists about the expression of digestive enzyme genes and their role in regulating digestive capacity. The current study therefore sequenced and annotated a RNASeq library constructed from a redclaw hepatopancreas to identify genes involved in digestive enzyme production. We observed that most of the transcripts that were annotated as digestive enzyme genes are associated with carbohydrate metabolism, thus confirming that redclaw have an innate capacity to digest a range of carbohydrate substrates. While endoglucanases were the most abundant group of digestive enzymes found, a number of novel transcripts were also detected. Here, we provide the first report for the presence and expression of endo-b-mannanase in freshwater crayfish. This novel gene showed significant alignment with a GH5 family protein from marine Limnoriids, wood borers that do not possess symbiotic microbes in their gut system. Overall, the data generated here provide an important resource to better understand the suite of digestive enzymes in redclaw that are very useful to fully utilize the species’ digestive capacity and will assist development of specific artificial feeds.

Fumarate Hydratase and Succinate Dehydrogenase in Neoplasia

Germline mutations in fumarate hydratase (FH) cause hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC). FH is a nuclear encoded enzyme which functions in the Krebs tricarboxylic acid cycle, and homozygous mutation in FH lead to severe developmental defects. Both uterine and cutaneous leiomyomas are components of the HLRCC phenotype. Most of these tumours show loss of the wild-type allele and, also, the mutations reduce FH enzyme activity, which indicate that FH is a tumour suppressor gene. The renal cell cancers associated with HLRCC are of rare papillary type 2 histology. Other genes involved in the Krebs cycle, which are also implicated in neoplasia are 3 of the 4 subunits encoding succinate dehydrogenase (SDH); mutations in SHDB, SDHC, and SDHD predispose to paraganglioma and phaeochromocytoma. Although uterine leiomyomas (or fibroids) are very common, the estimations of affected women ranging from 25% to 77%, not much is known about their genetic background. Cytogenetic studies have revealed that rearrangements involving chromosomes 6, 7, 12 and 14 are most commonly seen in fibroids. Deletions on the long arm of chromosome 7 have been reported to be involved in about 17 to 34 % of leiomyomas and the small commonly deleted region on 7q22 suggests that there might be an underlying tumour suppressor gene in that region. The purpose of this study was to investigate the genetic mechanisms behind the development of tumours associated with HLRCC, both renal cell cancer and uterine fibroids. Firstly, a database search at the Finnish cancer registry was conducted in order to identify new families with early-onset RCC and to test if the family history was compatible with HLRCC. Secondly, sporadic uterine fibroids were tested for deletions on 7q in order to define the minimal deleted 7q-region, followed by mutation analysis of the candidate genes. Thirdly, oligonucleotide chips were utilised to study the global gene expression profiles of uterine fibroids in order to test whether 7q-deletions and FH mutations significantly affected fibroid biology. In the screen for early-onset RCC, 214 families were identified. Subsequently, the pedigrees were constructed and clinical data obtained. One of the index cases (RCC at the age of 28) had a mother who had been diagnosed with a heart tumour, which in further investigation turned out to be a paraganglioma. This lead to an alternative hypothesis that SDH, instead of FH, could be involved. SDHA, SDHB, SDHC and SDHD were sequenced from these individuals; a germline SDHB R27X mutation was detected with loss of the wild-type allele in both tumours. These results suggest that germline mutations in the SDHB gene predispose to early-onset RCC establishing a novel form of hereditary RCC. This has immediate clinical implications in the surveillance of patients suffering from early-onset RCC and phaeochromocytoma/paraganglioma. For the studies on sporadic uterine fibroids, a set of 166 fibroids from 51 individuals were collected. The 7q LOH mapping defined a commonly deleted region of about 3.2 mega bases in 11 of the 166 tumours. The deletion was consistent with previously reported allelotyping studies of leiomyomas and it therefore suggested the presence of a tumour suppressor gene in the deleted region. Furthermore, the high-resolution aCGH-chip analysis refined the deleted region to only 2.79Mb. When combined with previous data, the commonly deleted region was only 2.3Mb. The mutation screening of the known genes within the commonly deleted region did not reveal pathogenic mutations, however. The expression microarray analysis revealed that FH-deficient fibroids, both sporadic and familial, had their distinct gene expression profile as they formed their own group in the unsupervised clustering. On the other hand, the presence or absence of 7q-deletions did not significantly alter the global gene expression pattern of fibroids, suggesting that these two groups do not have different biological backgrounds. Multiple differentially expressed genes were identified between FH wild-type and FH-mutant fibroids, and the most significant increase was seen in the expression of carbohydrate metabolism-related and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) target genes.

Flight metabolic rate in the Glanville fritillary butterfly

Dispersal is a highly important life history trait. In fragmented landscapes the long-term persistence of populations depends on dispersal. Evolution of dispersal is affected by costs and benefits and these may differ between different landscapes. This results in differences in the strength and direction of natural selection on dispersal in fragmented landscapes. Dispersal has been shown to be a nonrandom process that is associated with traits such as flight ability in insects. This thesis examines genetic and physiological traits affecting dispersal in the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia). Flight metabolic rate is a repeatable trait representing flight ability. Unlike in many vertebrates, resting metabolic rate cannot be used as a surrogate of maximum metabolic rate as no strong correlation between the two was found in the Glanville fritillary. Resting and flight metabolic rate are affected by environmental variables, most notably temperature. However, only flight metabolic rate has a strong genetic component. Molecular variation in the much-studied candidate locus phosphoglucose isomerase (Pgi), which encodes the glycolytic enzyme PGI, has an effect on carbohydrate metabolism in flight. This effect is temperature dependent: in low to moderate temperatures individuals with the heterozygous genotype at the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) AA111 have higher flight metabolic rate than the common homozygous genotype. At high temperatures the situation is reversed. This finding suggests that variation in enzyme properties is indeed translated to organismal performance. High-resolution data on individual female Glanville fritillaries moving freely in the field were recorded using harmonic radar. There was a strong positive correlation between flight metabolic rate and dispersal rate. Flight metabolic rate explained one third of the observed variation in the one-hour movement distance. A fine-scaled analysis of mobility showed that mobility peaked at intermediate ambient temperatures but the two common Pgi genotypes differed in their reaction norms to temperature. As with flight metabolic rate, heterozygotes at SNP AA111 were the most active genotype in low to moderate temperatures. The results show that molecular variation is associated with variation in dispersal rate through the link of flight physiology under the influence of environmental conditions. The evolutionary pressures for dispersal differ between males and females. The effect of flight metabolic rate on dispersal was examined in both sexes in field and laboratory conditions. The relationship between flight metabolic rate and dispersal rate in the field and flight duration in the laboratory were found to differ between the two sexes. In females the relationship was positive, but in males the longest distances and flight durations were recorded for individuals with low flight metabolic rate. These findings may reflect male investment in mate locating. Instead of dispersing, males with high flight metabolic rate may establish territories and follow a perching strategy when locating females and hence move less on the landscape level. Males with low metabolic rate may be forced to disperse due to low competitive success or may show adaptations to an alternative strategy: patrolling. In the light of life history trade-offs and the rate of living theory having high metabolic rate may carry a cost in the form of shortened lifespan. Experiments relating flight metabolic rate to longevity showed a clear correlation in the opposite direction: high flight metabolic rate was associated with long lifespan. This suggests that individuals with high metabolic rate do not pay an extra physiological cost for their high flight capacity, rather there are positive correlations between different measures of fitness. These results highlight the importance of condition.

Antithyroid drugs and their analogues: synthesis, structure, and mechanism of action

Thyroid hormones are essential for the development and differentiation of all cells of the human body. They regulate protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism. In this Account, we discuss the synthesis, structure, and mechanism of action of thyroid hormones and their analogues. The prohormone thyroxine (14) is synthesized on thyroglobulin by thyroid peroxidase (TPO), a heme enzyme that uses iodide and hydrogen peroxide to perform iodination and phenolic coupling reactions. The monodeiodination of T4 to 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (13) by selenium-containing deiodinases (ID-1, ID-2) is a key step in the activation of thyroid hormones. The type 3 deiodinase (ID-3) catalyzes the deactivation of thyroid hormone in a process that removes iodine selectively from the tyrosyl ring of T4 to produce 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3). Several physiological and pathological stimuli influence thyroid hormone synthesis. The overproduction of thyroid hormones leads to hyperthyroidism, which is treated by antithyroid drugs that either inhibit the thyroid hormone biosynthesis and/or decrease the conversion of T4 to T3. Antithyroid drugs are thiourea-based compounds, which indude propylthiouracil (PTU), methimazole (MM I), and carbimazole (CBZ). The thyroid gland actively concentrates these heterocyclic compounds against a concentration gradient Recently, the selenium analogues of PTU, MMI, and CBZ attracted significant attention because the selenium moiety in these compounds has a higher nucleophilicity than that of the sulfur moiety. Researchers have developed new methods for the synthesis of the selenium compounds. Several experimental and theoretical investigations revealed that the selone (C=Se) in the selenium analogues is more polarized than the thione (C=S) in the sulfur compounds, and the selones exist predominantly in their zwitterionic forms. Although the thionamide-based antithyroid drugs have been used for almost 70 years, the mechanism of their action is not completely understood. Most investigations have revealed that MMI and PTU irreversibly inhibit TPO. PTU, MTU, and their selenium analogues also inhibit ID-1, most likely by reacting with the selenenyl iodide intermediate. The good ID-1 inhibitory activity of Pill and its analogues can be ascribed to the presence of the -N(H)-C(=O)- functionality that can form hydrogen bonds with nearby amino add residues in the selenenyl sulfide state. In addition to the TPO and ID-1 inhibition, the selenium analogues are very good antioxidants. In the presence of cellular reducing agents such as GSH, these compounds catalytically reduce hydrogen peroxide. They can also efficiently scavenge peroxynitrite, a potent biological oxidant and nitrating agent.

Structure Elucidation and Characterization of Different Thyroxine Polymorphs

Thyroid hormones regulate almost every process in the body, including body temperature, growth, and heart rate. They influence carbohydrate metabolism, protein synthesis and breakdown, and cardiovascular, renal, and brain function. Two new polymorphs of synthetic L-thyroxine (T4) are reported and the effect of polymorphism on the solubility of this important hormone is shown. Conformational changes were also discovered to have a remarkable effect on the strength of halogen bonding and the reactivity of the CI bonds, which could have a significant effect on the hormone activity.

Alteração do tecido adiposo e fígado em modelo experimental de síndrome metabólica: ação de agonista PPAR-gama e bloqueador de receptor AT1 da angiotensina 2

Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar os efeitos da telmisartana (agonista PPAR-gama parcial), losartana (puro bloqueador do receptor AT1 da angiotensina II) e rosiglitazona (agonista PPAR-gama) em modelo experimental de síndrome metabólica. Os alvos do estudo foram a pressão arterial, metabolismo de carboidratos, resistência insulínica, inflamação, tecido adiposo e fígado. Camundongos C57BL/6 (a partir de 3 meses de idade) foram alimentados com dieta padrão (SC, n = 10) ou dieta hiperlipídica rica em sal (HFHS, n = 40) por 12 semanas. Após esse tempo, os animais do grupo HFHS foram subdivididos em 4 grupos (n = 10): HFHS (sem tratamento), ROSI (HFHS tratado com rosiglitazona), TELM (HFHS tratado com telmisartana) e LOS (HFHS tratado com losartana) por 5 semanas. O grupo HFHS apresentou um significante ganho de peso e aumento da pressão arterial sistólica, hiperinsulinemia com resistência insulínica, hiperleptinemia, hipertrofia de adipócitos bem como um quadro de esteatose hepática e níveis aumentados da citocina inflamatória interleucina-6 (IL-6). Os animais tratados com telmisartana chegou ao final do experimento com massa corporal similar ao grupo SC, com reversão do quadro de resistência insulínica, com pressão arterial normal, adipócitos de tamanho normal e sem apresentar esteatose hepática. Além disso, o tratamento com telmisartana aumentou a expressão de PPARγ e adiponectina no tecido adiposo epididimal. A expressão da proteína desacopladora-1 (UCP-1) no tecido adiposo branco (TAB) também foi aumentada. O tratamento com losartana diminuiu a pressão arterial para valores normais, porém com menores efeitos nos parâmetros metabólicos dos animais. O presente modelo experimental de ganho de peso e hipertensão induzidos por dieta mimetiza a síndrome metabólica humana. Neste modelo, a telmisartana aumentou a expressão de UCP-1 no TAB, preveniu o ganho de peso e melhorou a sensibilidade à insulina e a esteatose hepática dos camundongos C57BL/6, provavelmente devido à ativação PPAR-gama.

Ciclagem da massa corporal em camundongos

A obesidade está associada com a inflamação crônica atribuída à liberação de citocinas e adipocinas, à homeostase desregulda da glicemia e à dislipidemia. Intervenções nutricionais são frequentemente acompanhadas por episódios repetidos de perda e recuperação do peso, fenômeno conhecido como efeito sanfona ou ciclagem da massa corporal. Foram avaliados os efeitos da ciclagem da massa corporal sobre os parâmetros: eficiência alimentar, massa corporal (MC), perfil lipídico, metabolismo de carboidratos, indíce de adiposidade corporal, marcadores inflamatórios, esteatose hepática e triglicerídeo (TG) hepático em camundongos C57BL/6 machos que ciclaram a massa corporal duas ou três vezes consecutivas pela alternância de dieta hiperlipídica (high-fat, HF) e dieta padrão (standard-chow,SC). Após cada ciclo de dieta HF, os animais ficavam cada vez mais pesados e, após cada ciclo de dieta SC, os animais perdiam cada vez menos peso. A ciclagem da massa corporal provocou flutuação nas reservas de gordura e nos lipídeos sanguíneos. O colesterol total dos animais, após mudança da dieta HF para dieta SC, apresentou redução dos seus valores, assim como os TG plasmáticos. No teste oral de tolerância à glicose, após o perído de ingestão da dieta HF, os animais apresentaram intolerância à glicose e, após a troca para dieta SC, os animais continuaram com intolerância à glicose. Em relação as adipocinas e citocinas, a leptina, resistina e o fator de necrose tumoral (TNF) alfa séricos aumentaram após o ciclo da dieta HF e diminuíram após a troca por dieta SC. Ao contrário, a adiponectina sérica diminuiu após dieta HF e aumentou após troca por dieta SC. A IL-6 aumentou após ingestão da dieta HF, porém após a troca para dieta SC, a IL-6 permaneceu elevada. Enquanto o MCP-1 não variou durante as trocas de dietas. A expressão da adiponectina no tecido adiposo diminuiu após a dieta HF e os valores permaneceram reduzidos mesmo após a troca para dieta SC. As expressões da leptina e IL-6 no tecido adiposo aumentaram após dieta HF e continuaram aumentados mesmo após a troca para dieta SC. Da mesma forma, a esteatose hepática e os TG hepáticos não reduziram após a mudança da dieta HF para dieta SC. Tanto a dieta HF, como a ciclagem da massa corporal são relevantes para o remodelamento do tecido adiposo e provoca repercussões nos lipídios séricos, na homeostase da glicose, na secreção de adipocinas e provoca acúmulo de gordura no fígado. A troca para dieta SC e redução da MC não são capazes de normalizar a secreção de adipocinas no tecido adiposo e nem das citocinas pró-inflamatórias que permaneceram aumentadas. A esteatose hepática e os TG hepáticos também não são recuperados com a troca para dieta SC e redução da massa corporal. Estes resultados indicam que a ciclagem da MC cria um ambiente inflamatório, que é agraado com adipocinas alteradas, intolerância à glicose e acúmulo de gordura no fígado

Efeitos metabólicos e testicular da administração em longo prazo de diferentes dietas hiperlipídicas em ratos adultos

A obesidade e suas complicações metabólicas afetam o sistema endócrino e vários órgãos, tais como os testículos. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da ingestão de diferentes dietas hiperlipídicas (rica em ácidos graxos saturados e/ou poliinsaturados) na massa corporal, no metabolismo de carboidratos e na morfologia testicular em ratos aos sete meses de idade. 39 ratos machos Wistar (três meses de idade) foram divididos em 4 grupos: SC (standard chow; n = 9), HF-S (dieta hiperlipídica rica em ácidos graxos saturados; n = 10), HF-P (dieta hiperlipídica rica em ácidos graxos poliinsaturados; n = 10), HF-SP (dieta hiperlipídica rica em ácidos graxos saturados e poliinsaturados; n = 10). A massa corporal foi monitorada semanalmente, até o final do experimento. Ao sacrifício (sete meses de idade), amostras de sangue foram coletadas e os testículos foram dissecados, pesados e processados para análises histomorfométrica, imunohistoquímica e bioquímica. Os depósitos de gordura genital foram dissecados e pesados. Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA e pós-teste de Bonferroni, considerando p < 0,05. As dietas hiperlipídicas promoveram aumento na massa corporal dos animais quando comparado ao grupo SC (p < 0,0001). Corroborando com esse resultado, os depósitos de gordura genital dos grupos hiperlipídicos (HF-S, HF-P e HF-SP) apresentaram aumento de 67%, 91% e 90% (p = 0,0004) em relação ao grupo SC, respectivamente. Quanto aos parâmetros séricos, os animais dos grupos HF-S e HF-SP apresentaram hiperglicemia (p = 0,0060), hiperinsulinemia (p = 0,0030), hipercolesterolemia (p = 0,0021). Todos os grupos hiperlipídicos apresentaram hiperleptinemia (p = 0,0019). Os níveis de triglicerídeos e testosterona não diferiram entre os grupos. Em relação ao testículo, os grupos SC, HF-P e HF-SP apresentaram maior altura do epitélio seminífero quando comparado ao grupo HF-S (p = 0,0003). No que diz respeito ao diâmetro dos túbulos seminíferos, verificou-se uma diminuição no grupo HF-SP, em comparação ao grupo SC (p = 0,0010). A proliferação celular foi reduzida no grupo HF-S comparado ao grupo SC (p = 0,0450). Não foram observadas diferenças na massa testicular e na concentração de colágeno. Diante do exposto, a administração de dieta HF, independentemente da qualidade do lipídio, promoveu o sobrepeso em ratos adultos. No entanto, a dieta rica em ácidos graxos saturados (banha de porco) promoveu alterações no metabolismo dos carboidratos e na morfologia testicular, com redução no diâmetro dos túbulos seminíferos, na altura do epitélio seminífero e na proliferação das células da linhagem espermatogênica. Estas alterações estão possivelmente relacionadas à distúrbios na espermatogênese.