Effect of feeding bioencapsulated Lactobacillus sp. in live Tubifex sp. on the growth performance of gold fish Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758)

An attempt was made to feed bioencapsulate Lactobacillus sp. in live fish food organism Tubifex for use in the culture of gold fish Carassius auratus. The C. auratus fries when fed with bioencapsulated Lactobacillus sp. in Tubifex showed significant improvement in total wet weight gain (p<0.007) and FCR (p<0.01) compared to control. The specific growth rale and mean survival were slightly higher, although insignificantly (p>0.05) in bioencapsulated Tubifex fed group. None of the bacteriological parameters of the fish gut between the experimental and control groups differed significantly (p>0.05). Lactobacillus sp. was recorded at a level of log 5.11/g on the 90th day of experimentation. When the experimental C. auratus fries were infected with Pseudomonas fluorescents, the bioencapsulated Tubifex fed group resisted the infection. The survival was significantly higher (p<0.05) in bioencapsulated Tubifex fed group (44%) than in control (22%). The C. auratus fed with bioencapsulated Tubifex showed less (55%) signs of tail/fin rot. Likewise, a significant improvement in total wet weight gain (p<0.009), FCR (p<0.01) and SGR (p<0.04) of C. auratus brooder fed with bioencapsulated Tubifex was seen compared to control group fed with depurated Tubifex.

粪便收集时间和饲料中肉骨粉含量对异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)消化率的影响(英文)

本研究探讨了通过收集器不同粪便收集时间和饲料中肉骨粉( MBM)含量对异育银鲫干物质、蛋白、能量、磷的表观消化率(ADC)影响。不同梯度(0 ,20 ,40 ,60 ,80 ,100 %)的肉骨粉替代鱼粉(FM)蛋白配制成六种等氮(粗蛋白:410 g/kg)等能(总能:18 kJ/g)的饲料,通过11周的饲养实验,实验开始后2周开始收集粪便,收集时间分别是:排粪后1 min,投喂后4h和16h。结果表明,干物质、蛋白、能量、磷的消化率明显随粪便收集时间增加而升高(p&lt;0 .05) ,但在高肉骨粉替代饲料中

由鲤(Cyprinus carpio)和鲫(Carassius auratus)染色体组叠加构建的两个单性人工多倍体克隆

具有天然雌核发育的多倍体杂种鱼可防止杂种优势的分离并保持其后代的杂种优势。由于假设诱发的多倍体鱼类的生殖模式是天然雌核发育的,我们进行了鲤鲫杂种的多倍体诱发,目的是描述经染色体组叠加由有性鲤鲫二倍体转化为异源三倍体及异源四倍体克隆谱系。鲤鲫杂种产生未减数而具有两亲本染色体组杂种卵子,未减数的雌核可与入卵的雄核融合叠加形成三倍体合子。鲤鲫异源三倍体胚胎发育正常,部分异源三倍体雌性个体可产生未减数的、仍保留母本的三套染色体的成熟卵子。绝大部分鲤鲫异源人工三倍体个体的成熟卵子的雌核不与入卵的雄核融合,具有天然雌

Cytological Mechanism on the Integration of Heterologous Genome or Chromosomes in the Unique Gynogenetic Carassius auratus gibelio

银鲫（ＣａｒａｓｉｕｓａｕｒａｔｕｓｇｉｂｅｌｉｏＢｌｏｃｈ）是行天然雌核发育生殖的两性型三倍体鱼类，与普通两性融合生殖鱼类相比，具有独特的育种优势。八十年代以来，异育银鲫、复合四倍体异育银鲫的发现表明，雌核发育卵子不但具有保持自身全部染色体的能力，还能整合异源精子的部分遗传物质或整个基因组，影响雌核发育后代的性状。因此，搞清楚异源基因组的整合机制对于进一步弄清其发育模式以及诱导复合多倍体银鲫均具有十分重要的作用。两性融合发育鱼类的精子入卵后，精核在促精核活化因子的诱导下，可以逐渐解凝并形成雄性原核；而在

Discovery of a male-biased mutant family and identification of a male-specific SCAR marker in gynogenetic gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio

Gibel carp ( Carassius auratus gibelio) is a uniquely gynogenetic species with a minor ratio of males in natural habitats, but its male origin and sex determination mechanisms have been unknown. In this study, a male-biased mutant family was discovered from the gynogenetic gibel carp, and a male-specific SCAR marker was identified from the mutant family. Normal spermatogenesis was observed in the male testes by immuno. fluorescence histochemistry. Nearly identical AFLP profiles were observed between males and females, but a male-specific 86 bp AFLP fragment was screened by sex-pool bulked segregant analysis and individual screening. Based on the male-specific AFLP fragment, a total of 579 bp sequences were cloned by genome walking. Subsequently, a male-specific SCAR marker was designed, and the male-specific DNA fragment was confirmed to be steadily transmitted to the next generation and consistently detected only in males. (C) 2009 National Natural Science Foundation of China and Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier Limited and Science in China Press. All rights reserved.

Effect of high dietary starch levels on the growth performance, blood chemistry and body composition of gibel carp (Carassius auratus var. gibelio)

An 8-week growth trial was carried out in a semi-recirculation system to investigate the effect of high dietary starch levels on the growth performance, blood chemistry, starch utilization and body composition of gibel carp (Carassius auratus var. gibelio). Five isonitrogenous and isocarloric experimental diets were formulated to contain different starch levels (24%, 28%, 32%, 36% and 40% respectively). Triplicate groups of fish (24 fish per tank with an average body weight, of 8.5 g) were assigned to each diet. The results showed that dietary carbohydrate levels significantly affected the growth performance, hepatopancreatic lipid content, pyruvate kinase (PK) activity and whole-body lipid content. Growth performance, body crude lipid and plasma glucose concentrations showed a decreasing trend with an increase in dietary starch from 24% to 40%. Pyruvate kinase activities and hepatopancreatic lipid content showed an increasing trend with the dietary starch increasing from 24% to 32%, and then a decreasing trend with the dietary starch increasing from 32% to 40%. No significant difference in the hepatopancreatic hexokinase (HK) activity, plasma triglyceride contents, body crude protein, ash and calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) contents was observed between different treatments. In conclusion, higher dietary starch levels (32-40%) significantly (P &lt; 0.05) decreased the growth of gibel carp in the present study.

Intraperitoneal injection of extracted microcystins results in hypovolemia and hypotension in crucian carp (Carassius auratus)

Circulatory responses of crucian carp injected intraperitoneally with extracted micro-cystins (MCs) were studied at sublethal and lethal doses (150 and 600 mu g MC kg(-1) body mass, respectively). Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate, hematocrit (Hct), red blood cell (RBC) counts, and circulating blood volume (BV) were assayed at 0, 1, 3, 12, 24, and 48 h post-toxin administration. MAP decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner over time. Within the 48-h test period, the lethal dose as well as the sublethal dose resulted in a steady decline of MAP without recovery. Heart rate significantly increased within 24 h post-injection as blood pressure significantly dropped, then showed a terminal decline to the control level. The dose-dependent decreases in BV and Hct were directly related to the drop in MAP. Intraperitoneal injection of a lethal dose of MCs led to hepatic and gill hemorrhage. Consequently, crucian carp given MCs suffered from hypovolemic hypotensive shock. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Time-Dependent Oxidative Stress Responses of Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus) to Intraperitoneal Injection of Extracted Microcystins

This study was conducted to investigate time-dependent changes in oxidative enzymes in liver of crucian carp after intraperitoneally injection with extracted microcystins 600 and 150 mu g kg(-1) body weight. The results showed that activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase generally exhibited a rapid increase in early phase (1-3 h post injection), but gradually decreased afterwards (12-48 h) compared with the control, with an evident time-dependent effect. These zigzag changes over time contributed a better understanding on oxidative stress caused by microcystins in fish.

Changes in plasma thyroid hormones and cortisol levels in crucian carp (Carassius auratus) exposed to the extracted microcystins

The endocrine response of crucian carp injected intraperitoneally with extracted microcystins (MC) was investigated in this study. Fish were injected intraperitoneally either with 0.75% NaCl (control) and Microcystis extract corresponding to 150 and 600 mu g microcystins per kg body weight. The plasma levels of triiodothyronine (T-3), thyroxine (T-4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), and cortisol were determined at 0, 1, 3, 12, 24. and 48 h post-administration of MC-containing extract. Treated fish displayed abnormal behaviors, Such as a startle response and disoriented swimming, as well as changes in ventilation rates. Plasma cortisol concentrations of fish in both dose groups significantly increased after administration of extracted MC and remained high throughout the experiment, which suggested that MC elicited a stress response in treated fish. The profiles of cortisol changes in treated fish appeared to be dose dependent, indicating that fish in the high dose group experienced greater MC-incluced disturbance. Mortality occurred after 12 h in the high dose group. Plasma levels of T-4, T-3, FT4, and FT3 did not vary significantly between the control fish. In contrast to this, fish exposed to MC-containing extract showed significant declines in T-3, FT4, and FT3 levels in a dose-depenclent manner throughout the experiment. Plasma T4 levels, however, did not vary significantly in the low dose group, whereas they decreased significantly it 48 h post injection in the high dose group. This study demonstrates that administration of microcystins-containing extract causes a stress response and reduces the plasma levels of thyroid hormones in crucian carp. These results illustrate that microcystins exerted potent effects on the endocrine system of crucian carp, through activating their hypothalamus-pituitary- interrenal axis and disturbing thyroid function. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Plasma biochemical responses of the omnivorous crucian carp (Carassius auratus) to crude cyanobacterial extracts

Healthy crucian carp (Carassius auratus) were treated by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of crude cyanobacterial extracts at two doses, 50 and 200 mu g MC-LR equiv kg(-1) BW. High mortality (100%) was observed within 60 h post injection in the high-dose group. In the treated fish, activities of four plasma enzymes, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), all showed substantial increases, with both dose and time-dependent effects. These increases of enzyme activity indicate severe impairment occurred in the liver of crucian carp over time. Plasma concentrations of energy-related biomolecules including glucose (GLU), cholesterol (CHO), triglyceride (TG), and total protein (TP) showed marked changes in the high-dose group, possibly a nutritional imbalance correlated with the liver injury caused by intraperitoneal exposure to crude cyanobacterial extracts.

Molecular characterization and expression pattern of fetuin-B in gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)

Fetuin-B has recently been cloned and identified from rats, mice, and humans; their expression patterns, however, have not been elucidated yet. In this study, Cagfetuin-B has been cloned in gibel carp. RT-PCR and Western blot detection revealed that Cagfetuin-B is first transcribed from the blastula stage and at a relatively stable level afterward during embryogenesis and the larval stage. Cagfetuin-B transcripts are predominantly distributed over the yolk syncytial layer in the early embryos and later restricted to the cells of liver and brain in newly hatched larvae. Moreover, a dynamic distribution of Cagfetuin-B protein was observed in brain, kidney, liver, and skin during morphogenesis. In adult fish, Cagfetuin-B transcripts are restricted in liver and ovary. Our work, for the first time, revealed the extra-hepatic transcription and a dynamic distribution of fetuin-B during embryogenesis and in adults, which indicates the potential roles of fetuin-B in fish organogenesis.

Identification of a C1q family member associated with cortical granules and follicular cell apoptosis in Carassius auratus gibelio

C1q family proteins with C1q domain have been reported in vertebrates, but their biological roles are currently unknown. In this study, a C1q-like factor, designated Carassius auratus gibelio ovary-specific C1q-like factor (CagOC1q-like), was identified as a cortical granules component. Immunofluorescence localization revealed that the C1q family member was specifically expressed in follicular epithelial cells, and associated with cortical granules in fully grown oocytes. Moreover, it was discharged to the perivitelline space and egg envelope upon fertilization. As it is the first identified C1q family member that is expressed in follicular cells that surround oocyte, CagOC1q-like was applied to detection of follicular cell apoptosis and deletion. The entire cytological process of follicular cell apoptosis and deletion was clearly seen from double visualizations of follicular cells with CagOC1q-like immunofluorescence and apoptotic follicular cells labeled by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) during oocyte maturation and ovulation. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Acute effects of microcystins on the transcription of antioxidant enzyme genes in crucian carp Carassius auratus

Recent evidences suggested that oxidative stress may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of MCs toxicity. In the present study, the acute effects of microcystins on the transcription of antioxidant enzyme genes were investigated in liver of crucian carp i.p.-injected with 50 mu g MC-LReq per kg body weight (BW). We reported the cDNA sequences for four kinds of antioxidant enzyme (GSH-PX, CAT, Cu/Zn SOD, and GR) genes, and evaluated the oxidant stress induced by MCs through analyzing the transcription abundance of antioxidant enzyme genes using real-time PCR method. The time-dependent change of relative transcription abundance and expression of the antioxiclant enzyme genes were determined at 1, 3, 12, 24, and 48 h. The transcription abundance varied among antioxiclant enzymes, with GSH-PX and GR down-regulation, and CAT and SOD significantly upregulation. Based on these data, we tentatively concluded that the oxidant stress was induced by MCs, and caused the different response of the antioxiclant enzyme genes. (c) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Molecular characterization and subcellular localization of Carassius auratus interferon regulatory factor-1

Interferon (IFN)-regulatory transcription factor-1 (IRF-1) has been studied in mammals and fish but little is known about the relationship between its gene structure and nuclear 'ion of IRF-1 protein. In this study, a cDNA encoding Carassius auratus IRF-1 (CaIRF-1) was isolated from an interferon-producing cell line, C. ouratus blastulae embryonic (CAB) cells, exposed to UV-inactivated grass carp hemorrhagic virus (GCHV). The CaIRF-1 genomic locus exhibits exon-intron arrangements similar to those of other vertebrate IRF-1 loci, with nine exons and eight introns, although together with pufferfish IRF-1, CaIRF-1 distinguishes itself from other vertebrate IRF-1 genes by a relatively compact genomic size. Similar to the known IRF-1 genes, CaIRF-1 is ubiquitously expressed, and is upregulated in vitro and in vivo in response to virus, Poty I:C, or CAB INF-containing supernatant (ICS). Subcellular localization analysis confirms the nuclear distribution of CaIRF-1 protein, and reveals two nuclear localization signals (NILS), any one of which is sufficient for nuclear translocation of CaIRF-1. One NLS Locates to amino acids 117-146, and appears to be the structural and functional equivalent of the NLS in mammalian IRF-1. The second NLS (amino acids 73-115) is found within the DNA-binding domain (DBD) of CaIRF-1, and contains two regions rich in basic amino acids (''(KDKSINK101)-K-95" and ''(75)KTWKANFR(82)"). In comparison with mammalian IRF-1, in which the corresponding amino acid stretch does not seem to drive nuclear translocation, five conserved basic amino acids (K-75, K-78, R-82, K-95, and K-101) and one non-conserved basic amino acid (K-97) are present in this NLS from CaIRF-1. This observation suggests that K97 Of CaIRF-1 might be essential for the function of its second NLS, wherein the six basic aminoacids might cooperate to drive CaIRF-1 to the nucleus. Therefore, the current study has revealed a new nuclear localization motif in the DBD of a vertebrate IRF-1. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.