Shrubland ecosystem genetics and biodiversity : proceedings : Provo, UT, June 13-15, 2000 /

Papers from the 11th Wildland Shrub Symposium, held at the Bringham Young University Conference Center, Provo, Utah, June 13-15, 2000.

Grassland management and conversion into grassland: effects on soil carbon

Grasslands are heavily relied upon for food and forage production. A key component for sustaining production in grassland ecosystems is the maintenance of soil organic matter (SOM), which can be strongly influenced by management. Many management techniques intended to increase forage production may potentially increase SOM, thus sequestering atmospheric carbon (C). Further, conversion from either cultivation or native vegetation into grassland could also sequester atmospheric carbon. We reviewed studies examining the influence of improved grassland management practices and conversion into grasslands on soil C worldwide to assess the potential for C sequestration. Results from 115 studies containing over 300 data points were analyzed. Management improvements included fertilization (39%), improved grazing management (24%), conversion from cultivation (15%) and native vegetation (15%), sowing of legumes (4%) and grasses (2%), earthworm introduction (1%), and irrigation (1%). Soil C content and concentration increased with improved management in 74% of the studies, and mean soil C increased with all types of improvement. Carbon sequestration rates were highest during the first 40 yr after treatments began and tended to be greatest in the top 10 cm of soil. Impacts were greater in woodland and grassland biomes than in forest, desert, rain forest, or shrubland biomes. Conversion from cultivation, the introduction of earthworms, and irrigation resulted in the largest increases. Rates of C sequestration by type of improvement ranged from 0.11 3.04 Mg C.ha(-1) yr(-1), with a mean of 0.54 Mg C.ha(-1).yr(-1) and were highly influenced by biome type and climate. We conclude that grasslands can act as a significant carbon sink with the implementation of improved management.

The birds of the Bush Heritage, Cravens Peak Reserve

Bird communities were studied in two subregional areas of Cravens Peak, the Toko Plains and the Simpson-Strzelecki Dunefields, using the point counts method. A total of 42 2ha 20 minute surveys, 46 five-hundred metre radius area surveys and 170 5km drive through area surveys were conducted and observations made. Bird species were identified, counted and recorded. The data were compared in the two subregions and, as a whole, considering species groups according to land system on which the ecosystem occurs, the specific ecosystem and according to their general feeding habits (insectivore, omnivore, frugivore, granivore, nectarivore and carnivore). Species richness and species relative abundance were compared using Simpson’s Diversity Index and the data revealed that species are distributed largely on the basis of habitat. In general, areas with a greater number of vegetation strata recorded greater species diversity. Overall, the Tall Open Acacia georginae Shrubland on alluvial floodplains has a greater diversity of birds in a 2ha area (0.87, Simpson’s Index of Diversity 1-D) compared to the other survey sites.

Managed livestock grazing is compatible with the maintenance of plant diversity in semidesert grasslands

Even when no baseline data are available, the impacts of 150 years of livestock grazing on natural grasslands can be assessed using a combined approach of grazing manipulation and regional-scale assessment of the flora. Here, we demonstrate the efficacy of this method across 18 sites in the semidesert Mitchell grasslands of northeastern Australia. Fifteen-year-old exclosures (ungrazed and macropod grazed) revealed that the dominant perennial grasses in the genus Astrebla do not respond negatively to grazing disturbance typical of commercial pastoralism. Neutral, positive, intermediate, and negative responses to grazing disturbance were recorded amongst plant species with no single life-form group associated with any response type. Only one exotic species, Cenchrus ciliaris, was recorded at low frequency. The strongest negative response was from a native annual grass, Chionachne hubbardiana, an example of a species that is highly sensitive to grazing disturbance. Herbarium records revealed only scant evidence that species with a negative response to grazing have declined through the period of commercial pastoralism. A regional analysis identified 14 from a total of 433 plant species in the regional flora that may be rare and potentially threatened by grazing disturbance. However, a targeted survey precluded grazing as a cause of decline for seven of these based on low palatability and positive responses to grazing and other disturbance. Our findings suggest that livestock grazing of semidesert grasslands with a short evolutionary history of ungulate grazing has altered plant composition, but has not caused declines in the dominant perennial grasses or in species richness as predicted by the preceding literature. The biggest impact of commercial pastoralism is the spread of woody leguminous trees that can transform grassland to thorny shrubland. The conservation of plant biodiversity is largely compatible with commercial pastoralism provided these woody weeds are controlled, but reserves strategically positioned within water remote areas are necessary to protect grazing-sensitive species. This study demonstrates that a combination of experimental studies and regional surveys can be used to understand anthropogenic impacts on natural ecosystems where reference habitat is not available.

Evolution of sexual segregation in mammalian herbivores: kangaroos as marsupial models

Sexual segregation is best known in sexually dimorphic ungulates. Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain the evolution of sexual segregation in ungulates, but all are reducible to the influence of two factors: body size and sex-specific reproductive strategy. Definitive tests of these hypotheses are lacking in ungulates because these factors are confounded, all males being somewhat larger than females. Kangaroos represent a parallel radiation of terrestrial herbivores, but their populations are composed of a spectrum of adult body sizes, ranging from small males the same size as females to large males more than twice the size. We exploited this heteromorphism to assess the independent influences of size and sex in these ungulate analogues. We conducted a preliminary study of western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) in north-western Victoria, Australia. Adult males predominately occupied grassland habitat, whereas females occurred mostly in lakebed, woodland and shrubland. Single-sex groups occurred more often than expected during the non-mating season. The diet of large males had the highest proportion of grass, and females had the least. These initial results indicate that both size and sex influence segregation in this species, confirming the worth of kangaroos as marsupial models for research into the evolution of sexual segregation.

Lightsite Perminant : A Kwongkan Artwork Installation

Lightsite Perminant is an original artwork created by Ian Weir and is intended to provide a model for building bushfire responsive arhcitecture in biodiverse Kwongkan shrubland on the Southcoast of Western Australia.

Possible impacts of the invasive plant Rubus niveus on the native vegetation of the Scalesia Forest in the Galapagos Islands

Originally from Asia, Rubus niveus has become one of the most widespread invasive plant species in the Galapagos Islands. It has invaded open vegetation, shrubland and forest alike. It forms dense thickets up to 4 m high, appearing to displace native vegetation, and threaten the integrity of several native communities. This study used correlation analysis between a R. niveus cover gradient and a number of biotic (vascular plant species richness, cover and vegetation structure) and abiotic (light and soil properties) parameters to help understand possible impacts in one of the last remaining fragments of the Scalesia forest in Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos. Higher cover of R. niveus was associated with significantly lower native species richness and cover, and a different forest structure. Results illustrated that 60% R. niveus cover could be considered a threshold for these impacts. We suggest that a maximum of 40% R. niveus cover could be a suitable management target.

Projected climate change impacts on vegetation distribution over Kashmir Himalayas

Despite high vulnerability, the impact of climate change on Himalayan ecosystem has not been properly investigated, primarily due to the inadequacy of observed data and the complex topography. In this study, we mapped the current vegetation distribution in Kashmir Himalayas from NOAA AVHRR and projected it under A1B SRES, RCP-4.5 and RCP-8.5 climate scenarios using the vegetation dynamics model-IBIS at a spatial resolution of 0.5A degrees. The distribution of vegetation under the changing climate was simulated for the 21st century. Climate change projections from the PRECIS experiment using the HADRM3 model, for the Kashmir region, were validated using the observed climate data from two observatories. Both the observed as well as the projected climate data showed statistically significant trends. IBIS was validated for Kashmir Himalayas by comparing the simulated vegetation distribution with the observed distribution. The baseline simulated scenario of vegetation (1960-1990), showed 87.15 % agreement with the observed vegetation distribution, thereby increasing the credibility of the projected vegetation distribution under the changing climate over the region. According to the model projections, grasslands and tropical deciduous forests in the region would be severely affected while as savannah, shrubland, temperate evergreen broadleaf forest, boreal evergreen forest and mixed forest types would colonize the area currently under the cold desert/rock/ice land cover types. The model predicted that a substantial area of land, presently under the permanent snow and ice cover, would disappear by the end of the century which might severely impact stream flows, agriculture productivity and biodiversity in the region.

Wind-driven desertification: process modeling, remote monitoring, and forecasting

Arid and semiarid landscapes comprise nearly a third of the Earth's total land surface. These areas are coming under increasing land use pressures. Despite their low productivity these lands are not barren. Rather, they consist of fragile ecosystems vulnerable to anthropogenic disturbance.

The purpose of this thesis is threefold: (I) to develop and test a process model of wind-driven desertification, (II) to evaluate next-generation process-relevant remote monitoring strategies for use in arid and semiarid regions, and (III) to identify elements for effective management of the world's drylands.

In developing the process model of wind-driven desertification in arid and semiarid lands, field, remote sensing, and modeling observations from a degraded Mojave Desert shrubland are used. This model focuses on aeolian removal and transport of dust, sand, and litter as the primary mechanisms of degradation: killing plants by burial and abrasion, interrupting natural processes of nutrient accumulation, and allowing the loss of soil resources by abiotic transport. This model is tested in field sampling experiments at two sites and is extended by Fourier Transform and geostatistical analysis of high-resolution imagery from one site.

Next, the use of hyperspectral remote sensing data is evaluated as a substantive input to dryland remote monitoring strategies. In particular, the efficacy of spectral mixture analysis (SMA) in discriminating vegetation and soil types and detennining vegetation cover is investigated. The results indicate that hyperspectral data may be less useful than often thought in determining vegetation parameters. Its usefulness in determining soil parameters, however, may be leveraged by developing simple multispectral classification tools that can be used to monitor desertification.

Finally, the elements required for effective monitoring and management of arid and semiarid lands are discussed. Several large-scale multi-site field experiments are proposed to clarify the role of wind as a landscape and degradation process in dry lands. The role of remote sensing in monitoring the world's drylands is discussed in terms of optimal remote sensing platform characteristics and surface phenomena which may be monitored in order to identify areas at risk of desertification. A desertification indicator is proposed that unifies consideration of environmental and human variables.

中国簇毛黄耆亚属的分类修订和系统位置初探

摘要 "簇毛黄耆亚属隶属于豆科黄耆属，主要分布在青藏高原和横断山区，大多数种类都是狭域分布的。由于缺乏野外工作，标本不够丰富，模式标本不易收集齐全等原因，相当一部分种类的划分尚不能令人满意，应予以修订。除此之外，这个亚属的范围及其系统位置也存在一定的争议，还有待于深入的研究。本文对我国簇毛黄耆亚属的种类进行了分类修订，通过形态学和分子系统学两方面的研究，重新界定了该亚属的范围，并对其系统位置进行了探讨。 1. 分类修订 通过查阅文献，标本室研究与野外观察相结合，对簇毛黄耆亚属形态性状的变异式进行了分析，特别调查了性状在居群中的变异幅度。发现茎和花的长短以及果实的形态等是可靠的分类性状。另外，茎和小叶的被毛状况，小叶和小苞片的形状以及花的颜色等对于亚属下种类的划分也有重要的意义。 本文将7种植物从簇毛黄耆亚属中分出，9种处理为异名，确认中国簇毛黄耆亚属植物有23种。多尼尔黄耆是中国分布新记录种，亚东黄耆和单花黄耆都是该种的异名。狭叶黄耆、芒齿黄耆和丽江黄耆是弯齿黄耆的异名，这些种类中存在的分类困难得到了澄清。本文给出了每一个种的形态描述和标本信息以及亚属内的分种检索表。 2. 微形态学 观察了簇毛黄耆亚属植物花柱的发育过程，发现通常使用的术语“柱头具毛”没有准确地描述其中一部分簇毛黄耆的特征。这些植物的毛只是长在花柱的顶端，柱头是光滑无毛的。除毛被直立且向上指外，其它与花粉刷（pollen brush）相关的特征，在这些植物中也出现。所以，这些簇毛黄耆的花柱及其毛被也应该叫做花粉刷。在山羊豆族中，花粉刷正是区分鱼鳔槐亚族的关键特征。因此，这一构造支持将一部分簇毛黄耆从黄耆属（黄耆亚族）中分出，作为一个属放入鱼鳔槐亚族当中。 3. 叶表皮研究 在光学显微镜下观察了代表簇毛黄耆亚属4个组的11种植物的叶表皮。发现所观察种类都具有两种气孔类型，以无规则型为主，放射状细胞型数量很少。 表皮细胞根据细胞轮廊和垂周壁的情况，可以分为三种类型：一是表皮细胞不规则形，垂周壁波状纹或深波状纹，代表为扁荚组植物;二是表皮细胞为多边形，狭长形为主，垂周壁平直，略有浅波状纹，袋果组植物属于这种类型;三是表皮细胞为多边形，垂周壁平直，属于这种类型的有膨果组和背扁组植物。表皮细胞形状对于亚属范围的确定以及亚属下组的划分有一定的意义。 4. 分子系统学 测定了簇毛黄耆亚属植物的ITS序列，并从Genbank中下载了48个种的ITS序列，包括了黄耆属及其临近12个属的代表。以锦鸡儿属（Caragana）为外类群，进行简约性分析，构建簇毛黄耆亚属与其临近类群的系统发育树状图。结果显示，扁荚组与亚属其余类群在系统树上处于不同的分支，亲缘关系较远，表明包括扁荚组的簇毛黄耆亚属不是一个单系类群;膨果组，背扁组和袋果组的代表作为一个单系类群能得到ITS序列的支持，但它们与鱼鳔槐亚族关系更近。这种分支方式能够得到形态证据的支持，说明一部分簇毛黄耆的确与鱼鳔槐亚族有更近的关系，这些种类的分类位置值得重新考虑。"

睡莲科的花的生物学和生殖形态学研究

最近的一系列分子系统发育分析一致认定睡莲目为3 个最早的被子植物谱系（ 即包括Amborellaceae 、睡莲目和一个由八角目、Trimeniaceae 、 Austrobaileyaceae 组成的分支在内的ANITA）之一，这些研究结果和新近发现的早白垩世时期的睡莲类植物花化石的记录，支持过去长期认为睡莲目代表原始类群的观点。作为睡莲目组成之一的睡莲科，虽然在被子植物分类系统中一直处于关键的核心的系统发育位置，但对于这个科的生殖生物学和生殖形态学的研究还没有得到足够的重视。本文对睡莲科的王莲属、萍蓬草属和睡莲属的花的生物学、 Nuphar microphylla 的胚胎学、睡莲科的花粉形态学、睡莲科的胚珠和种子的发育形态学、以及睡莲科的柱头的形态解剖学开展了深入细致的研究工作。 本文所研究的睡莲科植物的花都具有开花生物钟的特性，在开花时期花器官的开放和闭合呈现有规律的运动。睡莲科的有些种植物（如睡莲属的一些种）的花是白天开放晚上闭合，而另外一些种（如王莲属）的花却是晚上开放白天闭合。睡莲科的不同物种的花的开花天数不同，一般是2 到数天。花大多是雌性先熟的，通常从开花的第二天开始释放花粉。睡莲科的不同属植物在开花时间，花的气味，花的颜色，各种花器官的形状和功能，以及传粉者方面存在很大差异。克鲁兹王莲的花具有大型的，单生的，多数花器官，花器官呈现有规律的开放和闭合运动，雌性先熟，能散发强烈气味，能够改变颜色，温度发生变化等特征。作者认为这些特征是高度特化的，它们适应于昆虫传粉。对Nuphar microphylla 的花的生物学研究支持Lippok 等人的观点：在任何居群，蝇、蜜蜂和甲虫对传粉贡献的相对大小更多地取决于这些昆虫的相对丰富度和可替换食物的多少，而不是取决于旧世界与新世界的萍蓬草属植物之间的雄蕊长度的差异。 本研究首次在Nuphar microphylla 中发现了一种新的4 细胞5 核雌配子体（具有1 个卵细胞，2 个助细胞和1 个具有2 个单倍体核的中央细胞）类型，这种雌配子体通过受精作用将产生三倍体的胚乳。作者认为这种雌配子体可能是最小的性功能单位，代表着被子植物的祖征。 睡莲科是一个具有多形态花粉的科，花粉沟有远极单槽和环槽两种类型。当前研究建议萍蓬草属的远极单槽花粉在睡莲科中是最原始类型。花粉形态学研究支持睡莲科是一个原始类群的观点。在所观察的睡莲科植物中，内珠被都作为一圈圆形的突起被产生，而外珠被是半圆形的，稍后形成兜状，在珠柄的凹面侧没有外珠被。在印度红睡莲、埃及白睡莲、墨西哥黄睡莲、芡实、以及克鲁兹王莲的胚珠的发育后期，珠柄的凹面侧产生不同长度的外珠被，所以它们成熟胚珠的外珠被为杯状。作者认为睡莲科的兜状的外珠被是原始的，杯状的外珠被是进化的。睡莲科的柱头形态高度多样化。睡莲属的柱头表面分布有许多拥挤的多细胞的乳头，萍蓬草属和芡实属的柱头是分泌性的，柱头表面具有单细胞乳突。王莲属柱头表面形成许多不规则的隆起。柱头形态学研究支持睡莲属和Ondinea 具有密切的亲缘关系的观点。

丁香属（Syringa L.）的分类学修订

丁香属隶属于木犀科，分布于东南欧和东亚至喜马拉雅地区，我国是丁香属的现代分布中心。《中国植物志》（61卷，1992）记录了我国野生丁香种类16种;《Flora of China》（15卷，1996）记录了中国原产丁香种类16种，并认为全世界大约有20种。丁香属属下分类等级划分分歧较大，很多种的划分也存在争议。花叶丁香、四川丁香等种类是根据栽培植物描述的，没有指定模式标本，给分类处理带来了一定困难。另外，丁香属很多分类群的性状变异非常复杂，仅根据有限的标本很难做出合理的分类处理。本研究通过广泛查阅文献和标本，同时进行野外居群取样和性状观察，对各类群的性状在居群内和居群间的变异进行统计学分析，判断其分类价值，并运用多变量分析的方法，为各类群的合理划分提供依据。结合性状分析和地理分布等证据，做出分类处理。 作者查阅了国内外16个标本馆的近2000份标本，其中模式标本约70份。对我国12个省市的40余个居群进行了取样和观察，采集标本500余份，涉及了《中国植物志》61卷收录的除了藏南丁香以外的所有类群。通过对9个复合体的40余个性状在居群内和居群间的变异进行统计分析，发现叶片类型、叶柄长度、花序着生类型、花冠大小、花丝长度、花药颜色在不同类群间差异明显，可以用作划分种的依据;叶片形状、叶片毛被、花序轴毛被、花冠管形状等性状在有些复合体内的居群间呈现连续的变异，只能用作种下等级（亚种）的划分;叶片大小、花序轴形状、花药着生在花冠的位置、蒴果是否被皮孔等性状在不同复合体的居群间呈现间断或连续的变异，视不同情况可以用作种间或种下等级的划分依据，或作种内变异处理;而叶脉、花色、花萼齿裂、花冠裂片形状等性状在居群间差异不大，不适合用作分类依据。 在性状分析和多变量分析的基础上，本文将丁香属划分为2组2系12种13亚种，其中短花冠管组有1种3亚种;长花冠管组的顶生花序系有5种5亚种，侧生花序系有6种5亚种，并指定了各组和系的模式种;编制了属下各组、系、种和亚种划分的检索表，对12种13亚种进行了形态描述、标本引证，给出了地理分布图和生境，并提出了分类处理依据。文中对巧玲花、皱叶丁香、红丁香和云南丁香等复合体内的一些分类群进行了归并，做出4个新组合：S. pubescens ‘Meyer’、S. villosa subsp. wolfii、S. yunnanensis subsp. sweginzowii和S. yunnanensis subsp. tomentella，处理了11个新异名（S. fauriei H. Lév.、S. julianae C. K. Schneid.、S. meyeri var. spontanea M. C. Chang、S. pinetorum W. W. Sm.、S. wardii W. W. Sm.、S. oblata var. donaldii R. B. Clark et J. L. Fiala、S. afghanica C. K. Schneid.、S. protolaciniata P. S. Green et M. C. Chang、S. tibetica P. Y. Bai、S. reflexa C. K. Schneid. 、S. wilsonii C. K. Schneid.）。作者指定了3种4亚种(S. reticulata subsp. reticulata、 S. reticulata subsp. amurensis、S. pubescens subsp. microphylla、S. oblata subsp. dilatata的后选模式，并对其它10个名称指定了后选模式。文中还提出了分类处理原则，对我国丁 香属的分布及各地方植物志的记载进行了评述，并对丁香属的分布格局提出了作者的看法。 作者还对13个分类群的16号材料进行了染色体观察，发现除了毛丁香有染色体2n=48外，其它均为2n=46，其中朝阳丁香的染色体数目为首次报道。对小叶巧玲花不同异名（包括小叶蓝丁香、小叶巧玲花与小叶蓝丁香的杂交种）的材料进行染色体观察时，发现它们之间差异很小，进一步佐证了作者将其合并的合理性。另外野生的花叶丁香（华丁香）与栽培的花叶丁香在染色体数目上也无差异，支持了作者认为二者为同物异名的观点。

柠条种子蛋白，同工酶遗传分析与群体遗传结构

本文研究了毛乌素沙地6个不同生态环境的柠条群体和1个锡盟草原站的小叶锦鸡儿群体的同工酶和种子蛋白的遗传变异。利用Brown等(/975)同工酶遗传分析方法对同工酶和种子蛋白的多态性进行了遗传分析。运用Shannon信息指数和Nei指数分析测定了锦鸡儿群体的遗传结构。结果表明： (l) Brown同工酶遗传分析的方法适合于柠条同工酶的遗传分析。 （2用LAP酶对柠条群体进行了精细的遗传结构研究。结果表明毛乌素沙地柠条群体的异交性。GST=D．134，即大部分的变异存在于群体内部，小部分的变异存在于群体之间。柠条群体的繁育系统与水分胁迫有关。随着生境变旱，繁育系统有向近交变化的趋势。 (3) Brown同工酶遗传分析方法也可以运用于种子蛋白遗传分析，柠条种子蛋白各亚基的遗传是孟德尔方式。 (4)由种子蛋白变异所统计测定的柠条群体的遗传分化系数GST=0.l81(Nei指数)或0.179(Shannon指数，Kongkiatngam改进)。群体变异水平按表型多样性依次为人工毛条群体>锡盟群体>滩地群体>硬梁群体>软梁群体>丘下群体>丘上群体。按遗传多样性依次为人工毛条群体>软梁群体>锡盟群体>滩地群体和硬梁群体>丘上群体>丘下群体。群体间基因流水平Nm>/，遗传距离D<0．1。 还试验对玉兰、合欢、紫藤、绿豆几种植物种子蛋白变异的遗传分析。最后对同工酶，种子蛋白遗传分析和群体遗传结构进行了讨论并提出今后工作的一些建议。

两类豆科植物：锦鸡儿和野大豆的分子生态学研究

野大豆和锦鸡儿，同属豆科植物。前者是一年生自交植物，后者是多年生异交植物;一个是大豆的种质资源，另一个是固沙植物;一个具有耐盐适应，另一个能够抗旱。本文首先结合同工酶分析结果，通过随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD]标记研究了锦鸡儿和野大豆群体的分子生态学特征。然后用限制性内切酶消化了单态的野大豆群体扩增产物以提高RAPD标记检测野大豆DNA多态性的能力。并且根据锦鸡儿群体的RAPD谱估算了每位点上的等位基因频率，分别用Shannon信息指数和Nei指数估测了各群体的遗传变异。最后，在以上研究的基础上结合我们实验室有关锦鸡儿和野大豆的形态，种子蛋白或同工酶方面的分析得到以下结论： 1]在本文的实验条件下，RAPD标记的重复性很好，使有关锦鸡儿和野大豆群体分子生态学的研究结果有了可靠的基础。 2]RAPD标记的显性特征使实验中确定显、隐性等位基因频率困难较大。用估测的显、隐性等位基因频率通过Shannon信息指数估算群体遗传多样性可能更适合于异交植物。 3）用限制性内切酶消化随机扩增产物后，能够提高RAPD标记检测野大豆群体DNA多态性的能力。4]按RAPD多态位点比率排列毛乌素沙地锦鸡儿各群体为：硬粱群体<沙丘群体<硬粱覆沙群体<毛条群体<滩地覆沙群体<软梁覆沙群体。按遗传多样性排列各群体为：硬粱群体<硬梁覆沙群体<沙丘群体<软梁覆沙群体<毛条群体<滩地覆沙群体。反映了RAPD多态位点比率与遗传多样性在检测群体DNA多态性能力上的异同。 5]毛乌素沙地锦鸡儿群体间 存在着强大的基因流，其高度异交性与生态过渡带可能是一致的。 6]根据同工酶、种子蛋白的分析结果，硬粱覆沙群体的基因多样性在毛鸟素沙地锦鸡儿各群体中是最高的。然而，根据DNA多态性的研究结果，硬粱覆沙群体的基因多样性在各个群体中仅大于硬梁群体。反映了锦鸡尔表型分化与基因型分化的差异。7]就本文的研究结果来看，野大豆群体以其高水平的遗传多样性和发育变通性适应着多变的盐环境。8]无论从DNA多态位点比率还是群体的基因多样性来看，异交植物锦鸡儿群体都具有比自交植物野大豆群体较高的水平。除了盐适应的野大豆群体外，一般来讲，锦鸡儿群体间的基因流要明显地大干野大豆的群体间的基因流。