Development, capabilities and technology : an evaluative framework

In this paper we present a framework to be used for evaluation of Information and Communication Technology for Development (ICT4D) projects. The framework is based on Sen´s notion of development as freedom where human capabilities and functionings are seen as key aspects to development. Sen´s capability approach presents an alternative way of seeing and evaluating development (alternative to more traditional ways of measuring development). The approach is based on expanding freedoms, or eliminating unfreedoms, for people so that they can live a life that they have reason to value. Even though Sen is referenced a lot in ICT4D literature the analysis rarely goes further then stating that Sen presents an alternative to traditional ways of development. Reasons can be that the capability approach does not specifically mention technology, in addition to the lack of guidelines presented by Sen on how to use the framework. The aim of this paper is to operationalize the evaluation process and to include a clear role for technology in Sen´s capability framework. The framework is validated with a case on distance education from Bangladesh. 

Design management methodology to strengthen firm and industry competitiveness in the construction design services export sector

The aim of this research was to investigate strategies deployed by successful construction design-related firms towards achieving high levels of firm competitiveness in international markets. A reflexive capability model, developed through a critical analysis of related internationalisation literature, is composed of three key areas; internationalisation process, market knowledge and design management. Firm reflexive capability is explored through the management of social, cultural and intellectual capital. The concept of reflexivity is borrowed from sociology. Reflexivity is reinterpreted as the ‘firm’s’ ability to be aware, responsive and adaptable to self, market and project needs assessment. A cross case analysis explored the barriers and success factors through three constructs; internationalisation process, design management and market knowledge of three firms. This paper demonstrates that international firm competitiveness is dependent upon the strategic inter-relational management of social, cultural and intellectual capital for maximum advantage of the utilisation and leverage of one form of capital to gain another. This leads to the development of increasing reflexive capability to support internationalisation. An outcome of this research is the identification of the central relation between a level of reflexive capability within the firm and the firm’s level of success in international markets. This research is part of an ongoing program of research on international collaborative practice. A Reflexive Capability Matrix was developed from the findings of one research project and then validated through a second research project (only the capability matrix is presented in this paper though). The reflexive capability approach is appropriate to all firms but what is speculated upon is that the reflexive capability is particularly intrinsic to small to medium sized construction design firms who work globally. A reflexive capability is a characteristic of successful and innovative firms internationalising and working within global models of practice.

The development of a theoretical model for firm design management to support internationalisation processes

The aim of this research was to investigate strategies deployed by successful construction design related firms towards achieving high levels of firm competitiveness in international markets. A reflexive capability model, developed through a critical analysis of related internationalisation literature, is composed of three key areas; internationalisation process, market knowledge and design management. Firm reflexive capability is explored through the management of social, cultural and intellectual capital. The concept of reflexivity is borrowed from sociology the philosophers, Bourdieu and Giddens. Reflexivity is reinterpreted as the ‘firm’s’ ability to be aware, responsive and adaptable to self, market and project needs assessment. This research is part of an ongoing program of research on international collaborative practice. A Reflexive Capability Matrix is proposed. The reflexive capability approach is appropriate to all firms but what is speculated upon is that the reflexive capability is particularly applicable to small to medium sized construction design firms who work globally. A reflexive capability is a characteristic of successful and innovative firms internationalising and working within global models of practice. This paper is the theoretical development to support the paper in this congress “Design Management Methodology to Strengthen Firm and Industry Competitiveness in the Construction Design Services Export sector” where the methodology and results of a cross case analysis of three construction design firms are presented.

A abordagem da capacitação como um modelo alternativo à nova administração pública para as ações estatais : um estudo de caso das políticas públicas dos municípios de Tupandi, Torres e Porto Alegre

Esta tese tem o objetivo de evidenciar a troca de prioridades na formulação de políticas públicas imposta pelas novas pressões e desafios sofridos pelo Estado, bem como pelas demandas e expectativas por parte da sociedade civil concernentes a uma agenda política voltada para questões de justiça, eqüidade e gastos públicos voltados para as necessidades dos cidadãos. Essa investigação fundamenta-se na limitação da abordagem que está na base do processo de reforma seguido pelo Estado a partir da década de oitenta. Conforme o paradigma subjacente (Nova Administração Pública), no processo de reforma, as ações governamentais e, portanto, a definição de políticas públicas, se reduzem a fins utilitários, focados na renda e na obtenção da maximização de resultados quantitativos. No entanto, o novo cenário exige uma ampla demanda por respostas estatais, cujas ações, através das políticas públicas, não podem ser voltadas apenas para a eficiência, mas, também para a eqüidade governamental. Dessa forma, toma-se necessário avançar em direção a um modelo que fundamente as ações estatais - elaboração e implementação de políticas públicas - que considere outras dimensões relevantes além da dimensão econômica. Para tanto, apresenta-se a Abordagem da Capacitação como um modelo alternativo para as ações governamentais mais recentes, preocupadas com a eficiência e a eqüidade. Assim, empregando o estudo de casos múltiplos e a técnica qualitativa de análise descritiva-interpretativa, foi verificado se as políticas públicas dos municípios estão incorporando questões mais relacionadas com a Abordagem da Capacitação, em comparação com aspectos mais instrumentais, como sugere o modelo da Nova Administração Pública. Como resultado, foi constatado que, de modo geral, todos os municípios pesquisados estão incluindo outros aspectos além da eficiência na elaboração de suas políticas públicas e, portanto, estão incorporando questões mais relacionadas com a Abordagem da Capacitação, em comparação com aspectos mais instrumentais, como sugere o modelo da Nova Administração Pública. Diante dessa constatação e dadas as limitações referentes ao modelo da Nova Administração Pública observadas nos casos de Tupandi e de Porto Alegre com respeito ao modelo de gestão implícito e da insuficiência do foco em questões administrativas e gerenciais no desenvolvimento das políticas para tratar problemas atuais verificada em todos os casos, conclui-se que as políticas públicas dos três municípios analisados estão seguindo uma intuição da Abordagem da Capacitação e, dessa forma, esse paradigma proposto representa melhor as ações governamentais mais recentes, preocupadas com a eficiência e a eqüidade, servindo, assim, como um modelo alternativo à Nova Administração Pública para as ações estatais.

Pobreza multidimensional na região nordeste: uma aplicação da Teoria dos Conjuntos Fuzzy (em 2010)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Capabilities and gender: a sum or system of inequalities? The case of Chile

Includes bibliography

Deprivation viewed from a multidimensional perspective: The case of Brazil

Includes bibliography.

Um indicador comparativo de pobreza multidimensional a partir dos objetivos do desenvolvimento do milênio

A partir do aporte teórico da Abordagem das Capacitações e tendo como referência metodológica a técnica dos Conjuntos Fuzzy, este artigo apresenta um indicador-síntese de pobreza multidimensional para os estados brasileiros. Todavia, diferentemente de outros estudos, a contribuição deste artigo é diminuir o grau de arbitrariedade na escolha das dimensões da pobreza, considerando o cumprimento das metas dos Objetivos do Desenvolvimento do Milênio (PNUD, 2003). Os resultados apontam uma delimitação espacial bem definida no país, com os estados das Norte e Nordeste situando-se entre os dez de maiores índices, com exceção do estado do Rio Grande do Sul.

Capitals and capabilities: linking structure and agency to reduce health inequalities

While empirical evidence continues to show that low socio-economic position is associated with less likely chances of being in good health, our understanding of why this is so remains less than clear. In this paper we examine the theoretical foundations for a structure-agency approach to the reduction of social inequalities in health. We use Max Weber's work on lifestyles to provide the explanation for the dualism between life chances (structure) and choice-based life conduct (agency). For explaining how the unequal distribution of material and non-material resources leads to the reproduction of unequal life chances and limitations of choice in contemporary societies, we apply Pierre Bourdieu's theory on capital interaction and habitus. We find, however, that Bourdieu's habitus concept is insufficient with regard to the role of agency for structural change and therefore does not readily provide for a theoretically supported move from sociological explanation to public health action. We therefore suggest Amartya Sen's capability approach as a useful link between capital interaction theory and action to reduce social inequalities in health. This link allows for the consideration of structural conditions as well as an active role for individuals as agents in reducing these inequalities. We suggest that people's capabilities to be active for their health be considered as a key concept in public health practice to reduce health inequalities. Examples provided from an ongoing health promotion project in Germany link our theoretical perspective to a practical experience.

Capabilities and Education

This paper provides an outline about the basic ideas of the capability approach. It will be argued that the capability approach is able to provide an appropriate approach in order to evaluate educational and social human services. As an egalitarian approach to social justice, the capability approach has particular strengths when issues concerning the actual life-conduct of tangible human beings come to the fore. In particular educational aspects of welfare and well-being might thus be well grounded on the Aristotelian reasoning of the capability approach. The paper focuses on the potentially fruitful relations of the capability approach and the philosophy and practice of ‘just’ education referring to the idea of the autonomy of life-practice.

Landscapes of Education and the New Role of Social Work International Models of How to Combine Formal, Non-formal and Informal Education

Landscapes of education are a new topic within the debate about adequate and just education and human development for everybody. In particular, children and youths from social classes affected by poverty, a lack of prospects or minimal schooling are a focal group that should be offered new approaches and opportunities of cognitive and social development by way of these landscapes of education. It has become apparent that the traditional school alone does not suffice to meet this need. There is no doubt that competency-based orientation and employability are core areas with the help of which the generation now growing up will manage the start of its professional career. In addition and by no means less important, the development involves individual, social, cultural and societal perspectives that can be combined under the term of human development. In this context, the Capability Approach elaborated by Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum has developed a more extensive concept of human development and related it to empirical instruments. Using the analytic concept of individual capabilities and societal opportunities they shaped a socio-political formula that should be adapted in particular to modern social work. Moreover, the Capability Approach offers a critical foil with regard to further development and revision of institutionalised approaches in education and human development.

Environmental justice and health practices: understanding how health inequities arise at the local level

While empirical evidence continues to show that people living in low socio-economic status neighbourhoods are less likely to engage in health-enhancing behaviour, our understanding of why this is so remains less than clear. We suggest that two changes could take place to move from description to understanding in this field; (i) a move away from the established concept of individual health behaviour to a contextualised understanding of health practices; and (ii) a switch from focusing on health inequalities in outcomes to health inequities in conditions. We apply Pierre Bourdieu's theory on capital interaction but find it insufficient with regard to the role of agency for structural change. We therefore introduce Amartya Sen's capability approach as a useful link between capital interaction theory and action to reduce social inequities in health-related practices. Sen's capability theory also elucidates the importance of discussing unequal chances in terms of inequity, rather than inequality, in order to underscore the moral nature of inequalities. We draw on the discussion in social geography on environmental injustice, which also underscores the moral nature of the spatial distribution of opportunities. The article ends by applying this approach to the 'Interdisciplinary study of inequalities in smoking' framework.

Self-Reported Capabilities Among Young Male Adults in Switzerland: Translation and Psychometric Evaluation of a German, French and Italian Version of a Closed Survey Instrument

There is a shortage of empirical applications of the capability approach that employ closed survey instruments to assess self-reported capabilities. However, for those few instruments that have been designed and administered through surveys until now, no psychometric properties (reliability, validity, and factor structure) were reported. The purpose of this study is the assessment of the psychometric properties of three new language versions (German, French, and Italian) of an established (English) set of eight self-reported capability items. The set of items is taken from a previously published British study by Anand and van Hees (J Soc Econ 35(2):268–284, 2006). Our sample consists of 17,152 young male adults aged 18–25 years from the three major language regions in Switzerland. The results indicate good reliability of the three language versions. The results from the exploratory factor analyses suggest a one-dimensional factor structure for seven domain specific items. Furthermore, the results from multiple regression analyses suggest that a global summary item on overall capabilities represents a measurement alternative to the set of seven domain specific capability items. Finally, the results confirm the applicability of the closed capability instrument in a large scale survey questionnaire and represent the first attempt to measure self-reported capabilities in Switzerland.

Desacuerdo moral y estabilidad en la teoría de Martha Nussbaum

Los últimos textos de Martha Nussbaum representan un esfuerzo por presentar una versión del enfoque de las capacidades que se enmarque dentro del liberalismo político rawlsiano. El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar que esta vinculación es defectuosa porque, en primer lugar, los desacuerdos morales profundos entre los ciudadanos son disueltos por medio de una petición de principio y porque, en segundo término, la estabilidad política no se halla suficientemente garantizada.

Desacuerdo moral y estabilidad en la teoría de Martha Nussbaum

Los últimos textos de Martha Nussbaum representan un esfuerzo por presentar una versión del enfoque de las capacidades que se enmarque dentro del liberalismo político rawlsiano. El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar que esta vinculación es defectuosa porque, en primer lugar, los desacuerdos morales profundos entre los ciudadanos son disueltos por medio de una petición de principio y porque, en segundo término, la estabilidad política no se halla suficientemente garantizada.