Place actuelle de la papillotomie chirurgicale transduodénale [Current status of surgical transduodenal papillotomy].

The treatment of biliary lithiasis has changed during the past 20 years. Cholecystectomy remains the gold standard for cholelithiasis, but many options are available for calculi of the common bile duct. Among them are surgical open or laparoscopic choledochotomy, biliary-enteric anastomosis, transduodenal sphincterotomy (TDS), endoscopic sphincterotomy. With the aim to describe the current place of TDS, we reviewed the patients operated on in our department between 1976 and 1992. We found 78 patients with a mean age of 58 years (26-89 years). 34 (43%) of them had acute cholecystitis, with 26 being operated on urgently. 47 (60%) were jaundiced, 15 (19%) had pancreatitis and 12 (15%) had cholangitis before operation. Indications for TDS have been impacted stone or absence of progression of the contrast medium on intraoperative cholangiography in 71 patients (91%). 3 patients died (1 pulmonary embolism, 1 sepsis of pulmonary origin, 1 MOF syndrome complicating preoperative necrotizing pancreatitis). 30 patients (38%) had complications, of which 20 were directly related to TDS. Hemorrhage occurred in 4 cases, and resolved spontaneously without transfusion. Hyperamylasemia occurred in 17 instances, but clinical pancreatitis developed in only 1 case, with complete resolution. 1 duodenal fistula healed after conservative therapy. No death is attributable directly to TDS. Today, the importance of endoscopic sphincterotomy is increasing. This retrospective study shows that TDS, if performed with caution, does not increase the operative risks even in emergent operations. During surgical exploration of the common bile duct, TDS is indicated to remove an impacted stone, or as a bilio-enteric anastomosis if multiple stones are present with a thin common duct.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Spontaneous perforation of gallbladder with intrahepatic biloma formation: sonographic signs and correlation with computed tomography

Spontaneous perforation of gallbladder is a severe and infrequent complication of acute cholecystitis that requires early and accurate diagnosis. Concomitant development of intrahepatic collections is rarely observed in such cases. The present report emphasizes the relevance of imaging studies in this setting, describing the typical sonographic and tomographic findings for the diagnosis of such condition.

Trombose mesentérica como complicação da colecistectomia videolaparoscópica

Intestinal complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy are rare and usually caused by direct injury sustained on trocar insertion. However, intestinal ischaemia has been reported as an unusual complication of the pneumoperitoneum. We describe a 55-years-old patient who underwent an uneventful laparoscopic cholecystectomy after an episode of acute cholecystitis. Initial recovery was complicated by development of increasing abdominal pain which led to open laparotomy on day 2. Gangrene of the distal ileum and right-sided colon was detected and small bowel resection with right colectomy and primary anastomosis was performed. Histological examination of the resected ileum showed features of venous hemorragic infarction and trombosis. In view of the proximity of the operation it is assumed that ileal ischaemia was precipitated by carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum. Some studies have been demonstrated that, within 30 minutes of establishing a pneumoperitoneum at an intraabdominal pressure of 16 mmHg, cardiac output, blood flow in the superior mesenteric artery and portal vein decrease progressively. Carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum may lead to mechanical compression of the splanchnic veins and mesenteric vasoconstriction as a result of carbon dioxide absortion. The distribution of the ischaemic segment of intestine is also unusual as the most precarious blood supply is traditionally at the splenic flexure of the colon. It has been suggested that intermittent decompression of the abdomen reduces the risk of mesenteric ischaemia during penumoperitoneum especially in patients with predisposing clinical features for arteriosclerosis intestinal. In present patient was observed intestinal venous infarction what remains unclear but we think the carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum have been related to it.

Coleperitônio após colecistectomia convencional tratado por via laparoscopica

Videolaparoscopy is the estabilished treatment for chronic or acute cholecystitis, with low complications rates. Among operative complications, biliar peritonitis, biliar fistula and common bile duct injuries despite rare, can be difficult to treat. The autors present the results of videolaparoscopic treatment of choleperitoneum in four patients submitted previously to a conventional cholecystectomy. Among operative complications, biliar peritonites, biliary fistula and common bile duct injuries. No complications related to laparoscopic procedure were observed.

Fístula colecistogástrica

The authors report two cases of cholecistogastric fistula, both in female patients. These patients presented abdominal pain and dispeptic hipostenic syndrome, being diagnosed as calculous cholecistopathy. ln one patient, gastroduodenoscopy showed a fistula orifice in the stomach. ln the other case, the diagnosis was only made during the operation. The surgical procedure was cholecistectomy and gastric suture, with satisfatory postoperative evolution.

Volvo da vesícula biliar

A case of torsion of the gallbladder is presented. This is a rare condition that occurs when it is associated with anatomical variants related to abnormal fixation of the gallbladder to the liver bed. The blood irrigation is insufficient and the gallbladder develops necrosis. The abnormal implantation occurs in 4% of the population. If the gallbladder losses its fixations to the inferior margin of the liver with the presence of a 1011.g mesocyst a torsion can occur when this gallbladder twists axially with subsequent occlusion of the blood flow. The signs and symptoms are similar to those of severe acute cholecystitis: abrupt onset of the pain and large palpable mass below the right costal margin. The ultrasound can show a very large and anteriorly floating gallbladder: In this case, the ultrasound did not show any abnormal signs, so it is usually diagnosed at laparotomy and the treatement consists of cholecystectomy. This condition should be suspected in acute abdominal pain of unknown origin.

Descoberta simultânea de carcinomatose disseminada e carcinoma de cólon, após colecistectomia laparoscópica

A particularly rapid and fatal outcome has been noted in cases of malignant soft-tissue metastases occurring after cancer surgery. Abdominal wall metastases occurring in scars after laparotomy for cancer resection show a similar poor outcome. On the other hand, neoplasm seeding at trocar sites after laparoscopy has been reported with an increasing frequency. A case is presented of a 68-years-old woman with metastatic seeding of non-diagnosed colon cancer at the umbilical trocar site used for a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The gallbladder was extracted through the umbilical incision. Pathological examination confirmed chronic cholecystitis. Eight months latter, the patient was seen with a tender umbilical mass protruded through a 4,5 cm the umbilical incision site. Biopsies of this tissue were taken and histopathological examination showed metastatic adenocarcinoma, probably of a gastrointestinal origin. A colonoscopy performed at the same time revealed a 2-cm lesion at the hepatic flexur which was shown to be a differentiated adenocarcinoma. An 8.0 x 6.0 x 6.0-cm pelvic mass without signs of liver metastases was identified by computerised tomography. Diagnostic laparoscopy showed a diffuse peritoneal carcinomatosis. The pelvis could not be approached, except for simple biopsy, and no surgical procedure was performed. It is presumed that the primary colon cancer existed prior to cholecystectomy. Laparoscopy is the procedure of choice to perform cholecystectomy and fundoplication. It has also been increasingly used to diagnose, resect and perform the staging of malignant tumours. As in any relatively new technique, questions arising about its safety and risk of complications must be extensively studied. Many questions about the specific features of laparoscopy promoting cancer growth remain unanswered.

Colecistectomia videolaparoscópica em paciente submetido a transplante cardíaco

Cardiac transplant has been performed with an increased frequency as the treatment for end-stage cardiac disease. Although cholelithiasis is more frequent in both pretransplant and posttransplant patients, no standard management approach exists. Pretransplant patients are well recognized for cardiac events, and posttransplant immunossupressed patients are at a considerable risk for septic complications. Because the first presentation of gallstones in this population is often acute cholecystitis, asymptomatic calculi cannot be considered benign and it seems reasonable to recommend pretransplant screening and posttransplant surveillance for gallstones. Prophylatic laparoscopic cholecistectomy should be undertaken in the stable patient to avoid the substantial mortality associated with postoperative acute cholecystitis and urgent cholecystectomy. In this case report we present a 44 year-old male with acute cholecystitis after cardiac transplantation who was submitted to a safe laparoscopic cholecystectomy one year and seven months later.

Colecistite aguda por ascaris lumbricoides

Biliary’s ascariasis is the most often ectopic site of this helminthiasis, but invasion of the worms into the gallbladder is quite rare. The autors report a case of a patient with clinical symptoms, compatible with cholecystitis induced by the worm, as shown by ultrasonography. Treatament was cholecystectomy and antihelmintic drug therapy with a good outcome.

Colecistite aguda decorrente de hemorragia intraluminar da vesícula biliar após trauma abdominal fechado

Isolated gallbladder injury following abdominal blunt trauma is rare and early diagnosis is difficult to make, particularly when no other organ is injured. However, ultrasonography is valuable for investigating gallbladder injuries. We report a case of isolated gallbladder blunt trauma presented as acute cholecystitis with hemobilia. In isolated blunt traumatic injury to the gallbladder, treatment options vary depending on the specific injury. The characteristics of blunt trauma injuries to the gallbladder and their appropriate management are discussed.

Análisis de la calidad en la atención del paciente de cirugía general de urgencia

Objetivo: proponer un instrumento para el seguimiento de la calidad de la atención de pacientes con patologías quirúrgicas abdominales urgentes. Métodos: se revisaron restropectivamente historias clínicas de pacientes quienes requirieron cirugía general de urgencia (CGU) en agosto de 2013. Se analizaron variables demográficas, factores de riesgo, severidad y desenlace hasta el día 30 postoperatorio. Se incluyeron los indicadores de calidad del National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) y el National Trauma Data Bank, y se adicionaron otros. Resultados: Se intervinieron 231 pacientes de 261 procedimientos de CGU. La edad promedio fue 49 años. Los procedimientos más comunes fueron la colecistectomía laparoscópica (37.2%), la apendicectomía (35.6%), la laparotomía exploratoria (12.6%), el drenaje de colección abdominal (9.1%) y la liberación de adherencias (6.9%). La mortalidad fue de 3.46% (n=8), la morbilidad severa fue de 8.04%. La duración de la hospitalización fue de 6.54 días +/- 5.180 y la de hospitalización en Unidad de Cuidado Intensivo fue de 5.7 días +/- 4.42. La oportunidad de salas de cirugía para la apendicetomía fue de 5 horas para las apendicitis con peritonitis generalizada, y de 8 horas para las apendicitis localizadas, 37 horas para colecistitis, 7.48 horas para colangitis y 2.42 horas para diverticulitis. Conclusiones: Crear de un instrumento para la medición de la calidad de la atención de los pacientes en CGU, es necesario para la autoevaluación institucional y para definir planes de mejoramiento y distribución de los recursos.

Curva de aprendizaje para ventana ecográfica de la vena cava inferior, en residentes de medicina de emergencias

INTRODUCCIÓN. El ultrasonido es fundamental en la medicina de emergencias, no se conoce cual debería ser la curva de aprendizaje para obtener las competencias técnicas y operativas; ACEP recomienda por cada ventana ecográfica realizar 25 repeticiones. No existe una curva de aprendizaje para ventana de VCI en la población de residentes colombianos. OBJETIVO: Determinar la curva de aprendizaje necesaria para obtener una proporción mayor al 80% de éxitos en la toma de la ventana ecográfica de la VCI, usando la escala de calificación para el aseguramiento de la calidad sugerida por ACEP, en residentes de I a III año de medicina de emergencias. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio experimental no comparativo, que evaluó la proporción de éxito en función del las tomas repetidas de la VCI por ultrasonido, mediciones que se tomaron luego de participar en una capacitación teórica y demostrativa de la técnica propuesta; se calificaron los videos según la escala publicada por ACEP. El análisis estadístico se realizó con un modelo logístico multinivel para la proporción del éxito, agrupado por repetición y agrupado por sujeto. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvo información de 8 residentes, cada uno realizo 25 repeticiones a 3 modelos sanos con asignación aleatoria. Se realizó la curva de aprendizaje obteniendo en 11 repeticiones una proporción de 0.80 (rango 0.54 a 0.92) y en 21 repeticiones una proporción de 0.9 (rango 0.75 a 0.96), datos ajustados por numero de repetición y residente. CONCLUSIÓN: La curva de aprendizaje para la ventana ecográfica de la VCI es de 11 y 21 repeticiones para obtener el 80% y 90% de éxito en residentes de medicina de emergencias de I a III año de la universidad del rosario.

Agonists of protease-activated receptors 1 and 2 stimulate electrolyte secretion from mouse gallbladder

Cholecystitis is one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases. Inflammation induces the activation of proteases that can signal to cells by cleaving protease-activated receptors (PARs) to induce hemostasis, inflammation, pain, and repair. However, the distribution of PARs in the gallbladder is unknown, and their effects on gallbladder function have not been fully investigated. We localized immunoreactive PAR(1) and PAR(2) to the epithelium, muscle, and serosa of mouse gallbladder. mRNA transcripts corresponding to PAR(1) and PAR(2), but not PAR(4), were detected by RT-PCR and sequencing. Addition of thrombin and a PAR(1)-selective activating peptide (TFLLRN-NH(2)) to the serosal surface of mouse gallbladder mounted in an Ussing chamber stimulated an increase in short-circuit current in wild-type but not PAR(1) knockout mice. Similarly, serosally applied trypsin and PAR(2) activating peptide (SLIGRL-NH(2)) increased short-circuit current in wild-type but not PAR(2) knockout mice. Proteases and activating peptides strongly inhibited electrogenic responses to subsequent stimulation with the same agonist, indicating homologous desensitization. Removal of HCO(3)(-) ions from the serosal buffer reduced responses to thrombin and trypsin by >80%. Agonists of PAR(1) and PAR(2) increase intracellular Ca(2+) concentration in isolated and cultured gallbladder epithelial cells. The COX-2 inhibitor meloxicam and an inhibitor of CFTR prevented the stimulatory effect of PAR(1) but not PAR(2). Thus PAR(1) and PAR(2) are expressed in the epithelium of the mouse gallbladder, and serosally applied proteases cause a HCO(3)(-) secretion. The effects of PAR(1) but not PAR(2) depend on generation of prostaglandins and activation of CFTR. These mechanisms may markedly influence fluid and electrolyte secretion of the inflamed gallbladder when multiple proteases are generated.

Biliary diseases in heart transplanted patients: a comparison between cyclosporine A versus tacrolimus-based immunosuppression

A cyclosporine (CsA)-based immunosuppression is associated with an increased incidence of cholelithiasis after heart transplantation. It is not known if tacrolimus (Tac) has comparable biliary side effects in humans. We evaluated the incidence of gallbladder sludge and cholelithiasis under Tac-based immunosuppression by ultrasound examinations in 31 cardiac transplants (25 male, 6 female, mean age: 59 ' 11 years). Data were compared to 57 patients (47 male, 10 female, mean age: 58 ' 11 years) who received CsA-based immunosuppression. 6 patients receiving Tac and 6 patients receiving CsA had already gallstones prior to transplantation so that finally 25 patients of the Tac group and 51 patients of the CsA group could be evaluated. In the Tac group the incidence of biliary sludge was 4% (1 of 25), of gallstones 28% (7 of 25). In comparison, patients receiving CsA developed biliary sludge in also 4% (2 of 51) and gallstones in 25% (13 of 51). Nine of 42 males in the CsA group (21%) and eight of 20 males in the Tac group (40%) developed either gallstones or sludge (n.s). Six of nine females in the CsA group (67%), but none of five females in the Tac group (0%) developed either gallstones or sludge (p = 0.01). In summary, the incidence of biliary disease in patients with Tac is comparable with CsA-based immunosuppression. We recommend regular sonographical examinations to detect biliary diseases as early as possible. In cases of clinically, laboratory and sonographical signs of cholecystitis cholecystectomy is indicated. It seems that towards lithogenicity female patients benefit more from a Tac-based treatment because the occurrence of gallstones is rare.

The metabolomic window into hepatobiliary disease

The emergent discipline of metabolomics has attracted considerable research effort in hepatology. Here we review the metabolomic data for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), alcoholic liver disease (ALD), hepatitis B and C, cholecystitis, cholestasis, liver transplantation, and acute hepatotoxicity in animal models. A metabolomic window has permitted a view into the changing biochemistry occurring in the transitional phases between a healthy liver and hepatocellular carcinoma or cholangiocarcinoma. Whether provoked by obesity and diabetes, alcohol use or oncogenic viruses, the liver develops a core metabolomic phenotype (CMP) that involves dysregulation of bile acid and phospholipid homeostasis. The CMP commences at the transition between the healthy liver (Phase 0) and NAFLD/NASH, ALD or viral hepatitis (Phase 1). This CMP is maintained in the presence or absence of cirrhosis (Phase 2) and whether or not either HCC or CCA (Phase 3) develops. Inflammatory signalling in the liver triggers the appearance of the CMP. Many other metabolomic markers distinguish between Phases 0, 1, 2 and 3. A metabolic remodelling in HCC has been described but metabolomic data from all four Phases demonstrate that the Warburg shift from mitochondrial respiration to cytosolic glycolysis foreshadows HCC and may occur as early as Phase 1. The metabolic remodelling also involves an upregulation of fatty acid β-oxidation, also beginning in Phase 1. The storage of triglycerides in fatty liver provides high energy-yielding substrates for Phases 2 and 3 of liver pathology. The metabolomic window into hepatobiliary disease sheds new light on the systems pathology of the liver.