Variabilidade espacial do pH, Ca, Mg e V% do solo em diferentes formas do relevo sob cultivo de cana-de-açúcar

Em uma paisagem natural, os solos apresentam uma ampla variação dos atributos químicos, tanto vertical como horizontal, resultante da interação dos diversos fatores de formação envolvidos. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido em Guariba-SP, com o objetivo de avaliar a variabilidade espacial do pH, cálcio (Ca), magnésio (Mg) e saturação por bases (V%) em um Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico sob cultivo de cana-de-açúcar, utilizando-se métodos da estatística clássica, análise geoestatística e técnica de interpolação de dados, com a finalidade de observar padrões de ocorrência destes atributos na paisagem. No terço inferior da encosta, após análise detalhada da variação do gradiente do declive, caracterizaram-se dois compartimentos (I e II), sob os quais os solos foram amostrados nos pontos de cruzamento de uma malha, com intervalos regulares de 50m, perfazendo um total de 206 pontos, nas profundidades de 0,0-0,2m e 0,6-0,8m. Os maiores alcances foram observados na profundidade de 0,0-0,2m para todos os atributos estudados, com exceção do cálcio que apresentou comportamento inverso, refletindo os efeitos do maior grau de intemperismo e do manejo na variabilidade natural dos solos. Pequenas variações, nas formas do relevo, condicionam variabilidade diferenciada para os atributos químicos.

Determination of Ca, Mg, and Zn in biodiesel microemulsions by FAAS using discrete nebulization

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

In vivo biological behavior of calcium phosphate cements with different Ca/P ratio

Bioceramics with different Ca/P ratio were prepared from a mechanical mixture of NaPO3, CaCO3, Ca(OH)2 and phosphate buffer solution and implanted in rats subcutaneous tissues. The cements were characterized by Thermo gravimetric analysis (TG-TDA), X-ray diffraction and 31P-NMR. The implant sites were excised after 1, 4 and 16 weeks, fixed, dehydrated, included in paraffin wax for serial cutting and examined under the light transmitted microscope. They were biocompatible and biodegradable when implanted in rat subcutaneous. None of the materials induced ectopic osteogenesis. According to the results, the studied materials seem to be able for manufacturing reabsorbable bone implants.

Relação K:Ca:mg na solução nutritiva para o cultivo de mini tomate em substrato

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Acúmulo de nutrientes e relação Ca:Mg no cultivo da cebola, no submédio São Francisco

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Determinação direta de Ca, Mg, Mn e Zn em amostras de leite de búfala da Ilha de Marajó por espectrometria de absorção atômica com chama (FAAS)

ABSTRACT: This work proposes an analytical procedure for direct determination of calcium, magnesium, manganese and zinc in buffalo milk by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Samples were diluted with a solution containing 10% (v/v) of water-soluble tertiary amines (CFA-C) at pH 8. For comparison, buffalo milk samples were digested with HNO₃ and H₂O₂. According to a paired t-test, the results obtained in the determination of Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn in digested samples and in 10% (v/v) CFA-C medium were in agreement at a 95% confidence level. The developed procedure is simple, rapid, decrease the possibility of contamination and can be applied for the routine determination of Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn in buffalo milk samples without any difficulty caused by matrix constituents, such as fat content, and particle size distribution in the milk emulsion

Relação K:Ca:Mg na solução nutritiva para produção de minitomate cultivado em substrato

The study was conducted to evaluate six K:Ca:Mg ratios for production of two cultivars of mini tomato grown in substrate, in a greenhouse, during two growing seasons. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications and twelve treatments using both cultivars of mini tomato (Sweet Million and Sweet Grape) and six K:Ca:Mg ratios (4:3:1, 6:3:1, 6:4.5:1, 2.7:3:1, 2.7:2:1, 4:2:1) in nutrient solutions. In both experiments, nutrient solutions with the highest concentrations of Mg, (75 mg L-1) and the lowest concentrations of Ca, (150 mg L-1) led to the highest concentrations of those nutrients in plant dry matter. The Sweet Million cultivar had higher yield (1.69 kg plant-1 and 1.52 kg plant-1), number of fruits per plant (227 and 236), and water use efficiency (29.1 kg m-3 and 25.3 kg m-3). However, the Sweet Grape cultivar had fruits of higher mean weight (9.0 g and 8.8 g) and macronutrient content in the leaves. In both crop cycles, the different K:Ca:Mg ratios affected only the macronutrient contents of the mini tomato plants grown in substrate, with no effect on yield and water use efficiency. The first crop cycle showed the highest N, K, Ca and S content.

Extraktion und nanoanalytische Charakterisierung refraktärer Nanometallpartikel frühester solarer Materie und Synthese metallischer Nanopartikel aus dotierten Ca-Mg-Al-Si-Schmelzen

Primitive kohlige Chondrite sind Meteorite, die seit ihrer Entstehung im frühen Sonnensystem kaum verändert wurden und dadurch einen Einblick in Prozesse geben, die zur Bildung und Veränderung der ersten festen Materie führten. Solche Prozesse können anhand von Bruchstücken dieser Meteorite detailliert im Labor studiert werden, sodass Rückschlüsse auf die Entwicklung unseres Sonnensystems im frühen Stadium getroffen werden können. Ca-, Al-reiche Einschlüsse (CAIs) aus chondritischen Meteoriten sind die ersten Festkörper des Sonnensystems und enthalten viele refraktäre Metallnuggets (RMNs), welche hauptsächlich aus den Elementen Os, Ir, Ru, Mo und Pt bestehen. Nach weit verbreiteter Ansicht sind diese Nuggets wahrscheinlich im Gleichgewicht mit dem solaren Nebel kondensiert, bereits früher oder gleichzeitig mit Oxiden und Silikaten. Die exakten Mechanismen, die zu ihren heute beobachteten Eigenschaften führten, sind allerdings unklar. Um frühere Arbeiten fortzuführen, wurde eine hohe Anzahl RMNs in vier unterschiedlichen Typen von Meteoriten detailliert studiert, darunter solche aus dem nahezu unveränderten Acfer 094, Allende (CV3ox), Leoville (CV3red) und Murchison (CM2). Die RMNs wurden in-situ, assoziiert mit ihren Wirtsmineralen und auch in Säurerückständen gefunden, deren Präparationsprozedur in dieser Arbeit speziell für RMNs durch eine zusätzliche Dichtetrennung verbessert wurde.rnDie Ergebnisse decken eine Reihe von Ungereimtheiten zwischen den beobachteten RMN-Eigenschaften und einer Kondensationsherkunft auf, sowohl für Kondensation in solarer Umgebung, als auch für Kondensation aus Material von Supernovae oder roten Riesen, für die die Kondensationssequenzen refraktärer Metalle speziell für diesen Vergleich berechnet wurden. Stattdessen wurden in dieser Arbeit neue Einblicke in die RMN-Entstehung und die Entwicklung der ersten Festkörper (CAIs) durch eine Kombination aus experimentellen, isotopischen, strukturellen und petrologischen Studien an RMNs gewonnen. Viele der beobachteten Eigenschaften sind mit Ausfällung der RMN aus einer CAI-Schmelze vereinbar. Ein solches Szenario wird durch entsprechende Untersuchungen an synthetisch hergestellten, mit refraktären Metallen im Gleichgewicht stehenden CAI-Schmelzen bestätigt. Es folgt aus den Ergebnissen, dass die Mehrzahl der RMNs isotopisch solar ist und alle untersuchten RMNs innerhalb von CAIs bei rascher Abkühlung (um bis zu 1000 °C/40 sek.) einer CAI-Schmelze gebildet wurden. rn

The relationship between CA/C ratio and individual differences in dynamic accommodative responses while viewing stereoscopic images

The oculomotor synergy as expressed by the CA/C and AC/A ratios was investigated to examine its influence on our previous observation that whereas convergence responses to stereoscopic images are generally stable, some individuals exhibit significant accommodative overshoot. Using a modified video refraction unit while viewing a stereoscopic LCD, accommodative and convergence responses to balanced and unbalanced vergence and focal stimuli (BVFS and UBVFS) were measured. Accommodative overshoot of at least 0.3 D was found in 3 out of 8 subjects for UBVFS. The accommodative response differential (RD) was taken to be the difference between the initial response and the subsequent mean static steady-state response. Without overshoot, RD was quantified by finding the initial response component. A mean RD of 0.11 +/- 0.27 D was found for the 1.0 D step UBVFS condition. The mean RD for the BVFS was 0.00 +/- 0.17 D. There was a significant positive correlation between CA/C ratio and RD (r = +0.75, n = 8, p <0.05) for only UBVFS. We propose that inter-subject variation in RD is influenced by the CA/C ratio as follows: an initial convergence response, induced by disparity of the image, generates convergence-driven accommodation commensurate with the CA/C ratio; the associated transient defocus subsequently decays to a balanced position between defocus-induced and convergence-induced accommodations.

Avaliação dos teores de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S em plantas de gravioleira cultivadas em solução nutritiva com omissão de macronutrientes.

Com o objetivo de avaliar os teores de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S nas folhas, caule e raízes de plantar de gravioleira, conduziu-se experimento em casa de vegetação, utilizando a técnica do elemento faltante. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições e os tratamentos foram: completo, omissão de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S. Os resultados analíticos evidenciaram que a omissão individual de macronutrientes promoveu alterações nas concentrações de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S nas plantar de gravioleira. Foram verificados efeitos de varias interações entre os nutrientes. Com base nos teores em g kg-1 dos macronutrientes nas folhas, infere-se, em uma primeira aproximação, dos valores adequados (completo) e do deficiente (omissão), sendo: N =14,70 e 8,82; P = 0,92 e 0,47; K = 12,35 e 2,62; Ca = 14,11 e 3,44; Mg = 3,59 e 1,09; S = 5,32 e 2,30.