Phase transitions of frozen camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia (HBK) McVaugh) pulp: Effect of cryostabilizer addition

Camu-camu is a tropical fruit with very high vitamin C content and commercialized as frozen pulp. Enthalpies of freezing, temperatures of the onset of ice melting, and glass transition temperatures of the maximally freeze-concentrated phase (T`(g)) of camu-camu pulp and of samples containing maltodextrin (DE20) and sucrose were measured by differential scanning calorimetry. Maltodextrin exhibited the largest freeze stabilization potential, increasing T`(g) from -58.2 degrees C (natural pulp) to -39.6 degrees C when 30% (w/w) maltodextrin DE 20 was added. Sucrose showed negligible effect on T`(g) but enhanced considerably the freezing point depression and less amount of ice was formed.

Avaliação da toxicidade de florações naturais e de cultura de cianobactérias: efeitos sobre Ceriodaphnia silvestri (Crustacea, Cladocera)

The incidence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms is one of the important consequences of eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems. It is a very common phenomenon in reservoirs and shrimp ponds in the State of Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brazil. Cyanobacterias produce toxins which can affect aquatic organisms and men trough the food chain. Aiming to contribute to the studies of cyanobacterias in RN, we propose: a) to evaluate the toxicity of isolated cyanobacterias in important fresh-water environments; and b) to verify the effects of both natural and cultured blooms occurred in reservoirs for human supply and in the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. This study was carried out using samples of natural blooms occurred between March and October of 2004 in Gargalheiras Dam (08º L e 39º W), in July of 2004 in Armando Ribeiro Gonçalves Dam (06o S e 37o W) and in commercial shrimp ponds (Litopenaeus vannamei) located in fresh-water environments. The samples were collected with plankton net (20µm.) for identification, isolation and obtaining of phytoplanktonic biomass for liophilization and later toxicity bioassays. The toxicity of cultured samples and natural blooms was investigated through bioassays in Swiss mice. Quantification of cyanobacteria in samples was conducted following the Ütermol method, with 300mL samples fixed with lugol. The toxicity test with Ceriodaphnia silvestrii followed ABNT, 2001 recommendations, and were accomplished with natural hepatotoxic bloom s samples and cultured samples of both non-toxic and neurotoxic C. raciborskii. In this test, five newborns, aged between 6 and 24 hours, were exposed to different concentrations (0 a 800 mg.L-1) of crude cyanobacterial extracts during 24 and 48 hours. Three replicates were used per treatment. The pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen at the beginning and after 24 and 48hours from the test were measured. We estimated the CL50 through the Trimmed Spearman-Karber method. The blooms were constituted by Microcystis panniformis, M. aeruginosa, Anabaena circinalis, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Planktothrix agardhii, producers of mycrocistin-LR confirmed with HPLC analysis. Samples of hepatotoxic blooms registered toxinogenic potential for C. silvestrii, with CL50-24h value of 47.48 mg.L-1 and CL5048h of 38.15 mg.L-1 for GARG samples in march/2005; CL50-24h of 113,13 mg.L-1 and CL5048h of 88,24 mg.L-1 for ARG July/2004; CL50-24h of 300.39 mg.L-1 and CL50-48h of 149.89 mg.L-1 for GARG October/2005. For cultured samples, values of CL50-24h and CL50-48h for C. raciborskii toxic strains were 228.05 and 120.28 mg.L-1, respectively. There was no mortality of C. silvestrii during the tests with non-toxic C. raciborskii strain. The toxicity test with C. silvestrii presented good sensitivity degree to cyanotoxins. The toxicity of natural hepatotoxic blooms samples (microcystins) and cultured neurotoxic saxitoxins producer samples analyzed in this study give us strong indications of that toxin s influence on the zooplanktonic community structure in tropical aquatic environments. Eleven cyanobacteria strains were isolated, representing 6 species: Anabaenopsis sp., Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Chroococcus sp., Microcystis panniformis, Geitlerinema unigranulatum e Planktothrix agardhii. None presented toxicity in Swiss mice. The strains were catalogued and deposited in the Laboratório de Ecologia e Toxicologia de Organismos Aquáticos (LETMA), in UFRN, and will be utilized in ecotoxicológical and ecophysiological studies, aiming to clarify the causes and control of cyanobacterial blooms in aquatic environments in RN. This state s reservoirs must receive broader attention from the authorities, considering the constant blooms occurring in waters used for human consumption

Neuropeptide und die Regulation des Kohlenhydratstoffwechsels im Fettkörper der Argentinischen Schabe (Blaptica dubia)

Trehalose ist der Hauptblutzucker in der Hämolymphe der meisten Insekten. Trehalose wird im Fettkörper synthetisiert, dem wichtigsten Organ des Intermediärstoffwechsels bei Insekten. Wie die Homöostase des Blutzuckers reguliert wird, ist nicht vollständig geklärt. Die Produktion von Trehalose erfordert eine grundlegende Umschaltung im Stoffwechsel des Fettkörpers, die mehrere wichtige Stoffwechselwege betrifft, so dass die Fettkörperzellen (Trophocyten) von der Speicherung und Katabolisierung von Zucker zur Mobilisierung von Reservestoffen (Glykogen, Fett, Protein) und Trehalosesynthese umschalten. Am Fettkörper und isolierten Trophocyten der Argentinischen Schabe (Blaptica dubia) wurden Stoffwechseleffekte und Elemente der Signalkette des hypertrehalosämischen Hormons Bld HrTH untersucht. Inkubation isolierter Fettkörperloben mit Bld HrTH verringerte innerhalb von 60 min den Glykogengehalt (um 13,4 %) und steigerte die Konzentration der Hexosephosphate Glucose-6-phosphat und Fructose-6-phosphat, die Substrat sowohl für die Trehalosesynthese als auch für die Glykolyse sind. Pyruvat, Glycerin-3-phosphat, Citrat und insbesondere Fructose-1,6-bisphosphat (+750 %) waren ebenfalls erhöht. Der Glykolyseaktivator/Gluconeogeneseinhibitor Fructose-2,6-bisphosphat wird durch Bld HrTH vermindert. Da Trehalosesynthese und Glykolyse um dieselben Substrate (Glucosephosphate) konkurrieren, fördert der hormoninduzierte Abfall des Glykolyseaktivators Fructose-2,6-bisphosphat die Trehalogenese.Es ist gelungen, Trophocyten zu isolieren und die Signaltransduktion von Bld HrTH an einheitlichen Zellen und auch an Einzelzellen zu studieren. Hauptziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Funktion von Ca2+ im Signalweg des Bld HrTH genauer zu untersuchen. Die isolierten Zellen reagierten auf das Neuropeptid mit einer deutlichen Steigerung der Trehalosesynthese (+133,7 %) und einer Senkung des Fructose-2,6-bisphosphat-Gehaltes (-30,2 %). Sie bieten somit ein geeignetes System zur Untersuchung der Wirkungsmechanismen von Bld HrTH auf zellulärem Niveau. Ca2+ aus dem Extrazellulärraum und aus intrazellulären Speichern spielen bei der Signaltransduktion eine Rolle. Während extrazelluläres Ca2+ insbesondere für die Senkung des Fructose-2,6-bisphosphat-Gehaltes wichtig war, wurde Ca2+ aus zellulären Speichern insbesondere für die Trehalosesynthese benötigt, wobei sich jedoch beide Wege wechselseitig beeinflussen. Erstmals konnten an isolierten Trophocyten Änderungen von Ca2+ mikrofluorometrisch an Einzelzellen studiert werden. Das hypertrehalosämische Hormon ruft einen schnellen und starken Anstieg der intrazellulären Ca2+-Konzentration ([Ca2+]i) hervor. Die Untersuchungen deuten auf einen Signalweg über IP3 und Diacylglycerin hin, entsprechend der Phosphoinositidkaskade. Eine Beteiligung des biogenen Amins Octopamin, von cAMP oder von Stickstoffmonoxid (NO) an der Signaltransduktion scheint hingegen unwahrscheinlich. Der Zuckergehalt im Medium scheint ebenfalls auf die Trehalogenese zu wirken. Bei hohen Konzentrationen von Glucose oder Trehalose wurde eine Hemmung der Trehalosesynthese beobachtet, die als Rückkopplungshemmung gedeutet werden kann. Bei Hunger wird das im Fettkörper gespeicherte Glykogen stark reduziert. Außerdem scheint die Zahl der symbiontischen Mikroorganismen in den Mycetocyten verringert.

Ms. lat. oct. 75 - Dubia contra quatuor partes logicae

Vorbesitzer: Philipp Konrad Loskandt

The Global Plankton Database: an inventory and data from the Former Soviet Union expeditions

At present time, there is a lack of knowledge on the interannual climate-related variability of zooplankton communities of the tropical Atlantic, central Mediterranean Sea, Caspian Sea, and Aral Sea, due to the absence of appropriate databases. In the mid latitudes, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is the dominant mode of atmospheric fluctuations over eastern North America, the northern Atlantic Ocean and Europe. Therefore, one of the issues that need to be addressed through data synthesis is the evaluation of interannual patterns in species abundance and species diversity over these regions in regard to the NAO. The database has been used to investigate the ecological role of the NAO in interannual variations of mesozooplankton abundance and biomass along the zonal array of the NAO influence. Basic approach to the proposed research involved: (1) development of co-operation between experts and data holders in Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, UK, and USA to rescue and compile the oceanographic data sets and release them on CD-ROM, (2) organization and compilation of a database based on FSU cruises to the above regions, (3) analysis of the basin-scale interannual variability of the zooplankton species abundance, biomass, and species diversity.

Chrisostomi Iauelli Canapicii, ordinis Praedica. in omnibus Metaphysicae libris Qu[a]esita textualia, metaphysicali modo determinata : In quibus clari[ss]imè resoluuntur dubia Aristotelis [et] Commentatoris : Eaque vt plurimum decisa habentur iuxta Thomis

Imp. tomado del colofón

C. Vetti Aquilini Iuvenci... Historiae evangelicae libri IV [Texto impreso] ; eiusdem Carmina dubia aut suppositicia...

Indice a 3 col

Dubia quae praecipue disceptari solent in sacra theologia scholastica, iuxta communiorem thomistarum doctrinam : pars haec ordine secunda, editione prima continens dubia praecipua de voluntate dei ... /

Pie de imp. tomado de colofón.

Dubia quae praecipue disceptari solent in sacra theologia scholastica, iuxta communiorem thomistarum doctrinam : pars haec ordine prima, editione secunda continens praecipua dubia de prooemialibus theologiae, de visione Dei, de scientia Dei ... /

Mode of access: Internet.

Dubia quae praecipue disceptari solent in sacra theologia scholastica, iuxta communiorem thomistarum doctrinam : tertia pars continens praecipua dubia de iustitia Dei ... /

Mode of access: Internet.

Chrisostomi Iauelli Canapicii, ordinis Praedica. in omnibus Metaphysicae libris qu[a]esita textualia, metaphysicali modo determinata : in quibus clarissime resoluuntur dubia Aristotelis [et] commentaroris ...

CCBE s. XVI

Dubia quae praecipue disceptari solent in sacra theologia scholastica iuxta communiorem thomistarum doctrinam : quarta pars continens praecipua dubia de fine ... /

Mode of access: Internet.

V.C. Andreae Alciati Mediolanensis ... Emblemata, cum facili & compendiosa explicatione, qua obscura illustrantur, dubia que omnia solvuntur /

Mode of access: Internet.

R. P. Francisci Bardi ... Disceptationes morales de conscientia in communi, recta, erronea, probabili, dubia et scrupulosa : opus omnibus non modo confessariis, poenitentibus, verumentiam utriusque iurisconsultis per utile.

Mode of access: Internet.