Exploring metrics to express energy expenditure of physical activity in youth

Background Several approaches have been used to express energy expenditure in youth, but no consensus exists as to which best normalizes data for the wide range of ages and body sizes across a range of physical activities. This study examined several common metrics for expressing energy expenditure to determine whether one metric can be used for all healthy children. Such a metric could improve our ability to further advance the Compendium of Physical Activities for Youth. Methods A secondary analysis of oxygen uptake (VO2) data obtained from five sites was completed, that included 947 children ages 5 to 18 years, who engaged in 14 different activities. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was computed based on Schofield Equations [Hum Nutr Clin Nut. 39(Suppl 1), 1985]. Absolute oxygen uptake (ml.min-1), oxygen uptake per kilogram body mass (VO2 in ml.kg-1.min-1), net oxygen uptake (VO2 – resting metabolic rate), allometric scaled oxygen uptake (VO2 in ml.kg-0.75.min-1) and YOUTH-MET (VO2.[resting VO2] -1) were calculated. These metrics were regressed with age, sex, height, and body mass. Results Net and allometric-scaled VO2, and YOUTH-MET were least associated with age, sex and physical characteristics. For moderate-to-vigorous intensity activities, allometric scaling was least related to age and sex. For sedentary and low-intensity activities, YOUTH-MET was least related to age and sex. Conclusions No energy expenditure metric completely eliminated the influence of age, physical characteristics, and sex. The Adult MET consistently overestimated EE. YOUTH-MET was better for expressing energy expenditure for sedentary and light activities, whereas allometric scaling was better for moderate and vigorous intensity activities. From a practical perspective, The YOUTH-MET may be the more feasible metric for improving of the Compendium of Physical Activities for Youth.

The great February 1986 flood [abstract]

EXTRACT (SEE PDF FOR FULL ABSTRACT): There were many similarities between the February 1986 storm and that of December 1964 and also December 1955. The 1964 storm hit hardest a little further north and the North Coast took the brunt of that storm. December 1955 also produced higher north coastal area runoff. December 1955 produced greater peaks in the central part of the state than the 1964 flood and is perhaps more comparable south of the Lake Tahoe-American River area. But the real surprise this time was the volume. Four reservoirs, Folsom, Black Butte, Pardee, and Comanche, were filled completely and became surcharged (storing more water than the designed capacity). The 10 day total rainfall amounted to half the normal annual totals at many precipitation stations. The February 1986 flood is a vivid reminder of the extremes of California climate and the value of the extensive system of flood control works in the state. Before the storm, especially in January, there was much concern about the dryness of the water year. Then with the deluge, California's flood control systems were tested. By and large the system worked preventing untold damage and misery for most dwellers in the flat lands.

Mutations in NGLY1 cause an inherited disorder of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation pathway.

PURPOSE: The endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation pathway is responsible for the translocation of misfolded proteins across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane into the cytosol for subsequent degradation by the proteasome. To define the phenotype associated with a novel inherited disorder of cytosolic endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation pathway dysfunction, we studied a series of eight patients with deficiency of N-glycanase 1. METHODS: Whole-genome, whole-exome, or standard Sanger sequencing techniques were employed. Retrospective chart reviews were performed in order to obtain clinical data. RESULTS: All patients had global developmental delay, a movement disorder, and hypotonia. Other common findings included hypolacrima or alacrima (7/8), elevated liver transaminases (6/7), microcephaly (6/8), diminished reflexes (6/8), hepatocyte cytoplasmic storage material or vacuolization (5/6), and seizures (4/8). The nonsense mutation c.1201A>T (p.R401X) was the most common deleterious allele. CONCLUSION: NGLY1 deficiency is a novel autosomal recessive disorder of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation pathway associated with neurological dysfunction, abnormal tear production, and liver disease. The majority of patients detected to date carry a specific nonsense mutation that appears to be associated with severe disease. The phenotypic spectrum is likely to enlarge as cases with a broader range of mutations are detected.

Livre des Morts de Nésyménou. Egyptien 123

Fragment 3 :Col. 1 + vignette (très fragmentaires) : ?Col. 2 + vignette : chapitre 86 (formule pour prendre l'aspect d'une hirondelle). La vignette contient une hirondelle sur une butte.Col. 3 + vignette : chapitre 87 (formule pour prendre l'aspect d'un serpent-sata). La vignette montre un serpent à tête humaine. Col. 4 + vignette : chapitre 88 (formule pour faire une transformation en crocodile Sobek). La vignette montre une crocodile momiforme.Col. 5 + vignette : chapitre 89 (formule pour permettre que la ba atteigne son cadavre dans la nécropole). La vignette montre l'oiseau-ba volant au-dessus du cadavre allongé sur le lit funéraire.Col. 6 + vignette (fragmentaires) : chapitre 90 (?). La vignette montre le défunt debout les bras en avant.Fragment 2 :Col. 1 + vignette (fragmentaires) : ? Seul un morceau de la vignette est conservé où l'on voit une divinité debout.Col. 2 + vignette : chapitre 91 (formule pour ne pas retenir le ba du défunt dans la nécropole). La vignette montre le défunt debout devant son oiseau-ba.Col. 3 + vignette : chapitre 92 (formule pour ouvrir la tombe pour le ba et pour l'ombre du défunt pour sa sortie pendant le jour). La vignette représente le défunt devant une chapelle où l'on voit l'oiseau-ba.Col. 4 + vignette : chapitre 93 (formule pour ne pas permettre que le défunt ne traverse vers l'Orient dans la nécropole). La vignette représente une divinité assise sur une barque avec le signe de l'Orient.Col. 5 + vignette (voir cadre suivant) : début du chapitre 98 (formule pour aller chercher le bac dans le ciel). La vignette montre la proue de la barque.Fragment 1 (prend place au sein des fragments du cadre suivant Egyptien 122) :Col. 1 + vignette : chapitre 102 (formule pour descendre dans la barque). La vignette représente Rê assis sur sa barque.Col. 2 + vignette (fragmentaires) : ? La vignette laisse deviner une barque.

Livre des Morts de Djéhoutyirydès. Egyptien 133

Colonne 1 : trois vignettes sur trois registres. Sur la vignette supérieure, on voit le défunt en adoration devant Khépri, forme du dieu solaire, qui se trouve sur la barque solaire. La vignette du milieu montre le défunt en adoration devant Osiris assis sur son trône et assisté de Isis. La dernière vignette montre le défunt en adoration devant deux divinités assises, qui symbolisent l'Ennéade.Col. 2, x+1-11 et vignette : chapitre 111 (=108) avec titre en lacune ("Formule pour connaître les âmes de l'Occident"). La vignette montre le défunt en adoration devant deux divinité à tête de faucon.Col. 2, x+12-20 : chapitre 114 avec titre rubrique : "Formule pour connaître les âmes d'Hermopolis". La vignette montre le défunt devant Thot et une table d'offrandes.Col. 3, 1-10 et vignette : chapitre 117 avec titre rubriqué : "Formule (pour s'engager dans les chemins de Rosetchaou)". La vignette montre le défunt s'inclinant, le dos tourné vers une butte. Col. 3, 11-19 et vignette : chapitre 118 avec titre rubriqué : "Formule pour atteindre Rosetchaou". La vignette montre le défunt s'inclinant.Col. 4, 1-12 et vignette : chapitre 119 avec titre rubriqué : "Formule pour sortir de (Rosetchaou)". La vignette montre le défunt debout tourné vers la droite.Col. 4, 13-21 et vignette : chapitre 120 (=12) avec titre rubriqué : "Formule pour entrer et sortir de Rosetchaou". La vignette montre le défunt face à lui-même.Col. 5, 1-30 : début du chapitre 125, déclaration d'innocence.

Niveles de actividad física, condición física y tiempo en pantallas en escolares de Bogotá, Colombia: Estudio FUPRECOL

Examina la relación entre los niveles de actividad física (AF) de forma objetiva, la condición física (CF) y el tiempo de exposición a pantallas en niños y adolescentes de Bogotá, Colombia.

The Extras Regina, 2008

Project includes: a large scale live performance and resulting performance video, at Curtain Razors, Regina Queen’s Square, Regina, 2008 Live Performance, 45 mins, incl. 1 actor, 23 extras, 2 live cameras, live video and sound mixing, stage set, video projection. Video 45 mins Video Trailer 7 mins The Extras is a video performance referencing the form of a large live film shoot. The Extras contextualises contemporary Westerns genres within an experimental live tableau. The live performance and resulting 45 mins video make reference 19th century Western Author German Karl May, the tradition of Eastern European Western, (Red Western), Uranium exploitation and entrepreneurial cultures in the Canadian Prairies. Funded by the Canada Council for the Arts, Saskatchewan Arts Board and Curtain Razors, the Extras Regina was staged and performed at Central Plaza in Regina, with a crew of 23 extras, 2 live cameras, live video and sound mixing ad video projection. It involved research in Saskatchewan film and photographic archives. The performance was edited live and mixed with video material which was shot on location, with a further group of extras at historical historical ‘Western’ locations, including Fort Qu' Appelle, 
Castle Butte and Big Muddy. It also involved a collaboration with a local theatre production company, which enacted a dramatised historical incident.

Estimating the changes in energy flux that characterize the rise in obesity prevalence

Background: The daily energy imbalance gap associated with the current population weight gain in the obesity epidemic is relatively small. However, the substantially higher body weights of populations that have accumulated over several years are associated with a substantially higher total energy expenditure (TEE) and total energy intake (TEI), or energy flux (EnFlux = TEE = TEI).
Objective: The objective was to develop an equation relating EnFlux to body weight in adults for estimating the rise in EnFlux associated with the obesity epidemic.
Design: Multicenter, cross-sectional data for TEE from doubly labeled water studies in 1399 adults aged 5.9 ± 18.8 y (mean ± SD) were analyzed in linear regression models with natural log (ln) weight as the dependent variable and ln EnFlux as the independent variable, adjusted for height, age, and sex. These equations were compared with those for children and applied to population trends in weight gain.
Results: ln EnFlux was positively related to ln weight (β = 0.71; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.76; R2 = 0.52), adjusted for height, age, and sex. This slope was significantly steeper than that previously described for children (β = 0.45; 95% CI: 0.38, 0.51).
Conclusions: This relation suggests that substantial increases in TEI have driven the increases in body weight over the past 3 decades. Adults have a higher proportional weight gain than children for the same proportional increase in energy intake, mostly because of a higher fat content of the weight being gained. The obesity epidemic will not be reversed without large reductions in energy intake, increases in physical activity, or both.

Feasibility study to objectively assess activity and location of Hispanic preschoolers: a short communication

Abstract. Both physical and social environmental factors influence young children’s physical activity, yet little is known about where Hispanic children are more likely to be active. We assessed the feasibility of simultaneously measuring, then processing objective measures of location and physical activity among Hispanic preschool children. Preschool-aged Hispanic children (n = 15) simultaneously wore QStarz BT100X global positioning system (GPS) data loggers and Actigraph GT3X accelerometers for a 24- to 36-hour period, during which time their parents completed a location and travel diary. Data were aggregated to the minute and processed using the personal activity location measurement system (PALMS). Children successfully wore the GPS data loggers and accelerometers simultaneously, 12 of which yielded data that met quality standards. The average percent correspondence between GPS- and diary-based estimates of types of location was high and Kappa statistics were moderate to excellent, ranging from 0.49-0.99. The between method (GPS monitor, parent-reported diary) correlations of estimated participant-aggregated minutes spent on vehicle-based trips were strong. The simultaneous use of GPS and accelerometers to assess Hispanic preschool children’s location and physical activity is feasible. This methodology has the potential to provide more precise findings to inform environmental interventions and policy changes to promote physical activity among Hispanic preschool children.

Dynamics of childhood growth and obesity: development and validation of a quantitative mathematical model

Background
Clinicians and policy makers need the ability to predict quantitatively how childhood bodyweight will respond to obesity interventions.

Methods
We developed and validated a mathematical model of childhood energy balance that accounts for healthy growth and development of obesity, and that makes quantitative predictions about weight-management interventions. The model was calibrated to reference body composition data in healthy children and validated by comparing model predictions with data other than those used to build the model.

Findings
The model accurately simulated the changes in body composition and energy expenditure reported in reference data during healthy growth, and predicted increases in energy intake from ages 5—18 years of roughly 1200 kcal per day in boys and 900 kcal per day in girls. Development of childhood obesity necessitated a substantially greater excess energy intake than for development of adult obesity. Furthermore, excess energy intake in overweight and obese children calculated by the model greatly exceeded the typical energy balance calculated on the basis of growth charts. At the population level, the excess weight of US children in 2003—06 was associated with a mean increase in energy intake of roughly 200 kcal per day per child compared with similar children in 1971—74. The model also suggests that therapeutic windows when children can outgrow obesity without losing weight might exist, especially during periods of high growth potential in boys who are not severely obese.

Interpretation
This model quantifies the energy excess underlying obesity and calculates the necessary intervention magnitude to achieve bodyweight change in children. Policy makers and clinicians now have a quantitative technique for understanding the childhood obesity epidemic and planning interventions to control it.

Funding
Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.

Mapeamento de magnetização aparente usando regularização entrópica

Apresentamos um novo método de mapeamento de magnetização aparente no plano horizontal que combina a minimização da entropia de primeira ordem com a maximização da entropia de ordem zero dos contrastes de magnetização estimados. O modelo interpretativo é uma malha de prismas verticais justapostos ao longo de ambas as direções horizontais. Presumimos que o topo e a base das fontes magnéticas são planos e horizontais e estimamos os contrastes de magnetização dos prismas. A minimização da entropia de primeira ordem favorece soluções de bordas abruptas e a maximização da entropia de ordem zero evita a tendência de a fonte estimada ser um único prisma. Desta forma, uma combinação judiciosa de ambos os vínculos pode levar a soluções caracterizadas por regiões de contraste de magnetização virtualmente constantes separadas por descontinuidades abruptas. Aplicamos este método a dados sintéticos produzidos por intrusões simuladas em sedimentos e que apresentam topo e base planos e horizontais. Comparando nossos resultados com aqueles obtidos pelo vínculo da suavidade, mostramos que ambos os métodos produzem uma boa e equivalente localização do centro das fontes. Todavia, a regularização entrópica delineia as bordas do corpo com maior detalhe. Ambos os vínculos (suavidade e regularização entrópica) foram aplicados a uma anomalia real sobre um escarnito magnético em Butte Valley, Nevada, Estados Unidos. A regularização entrópica produziu uma estimativa da distribuição de magnetização com bordas mais abruptas, menor volume e maiores valores de magnetização aparente comparados àqueles produzidos pelo vinculo da suavidade.

Forty-eighth Annual Report of the Agricultural Experiment Station of Nebraska, February 1, 1935

This report differs from previous reports in two respects: it covers experimental work up to January 1, 1935, and it includes brief abstracts of publications since the last report. Previously most of the report dealt with work done before the end of the fiscal year; that is, work done between June 30 and January 1 was not reported until over a year later, for the most part. The present report corrects that defect, and in addition the abstracts of publications will make the report useful as a reference guide to published matter. The projects are discussed under subject headings and in addition to the abstracts, brief reports of progress in projects under way are included. Complete data for these projects are not included; rather an attempt has been made to show how far the work has gone and to indicate some of the directions or trends of the work. The drouth of the past summer reduced yields severely. As a result the collection of significant data on yields was almost impossible. A few of the Experiment Station workers have ben loaned to federal projects. Despite these handicaps many projects have been advanced and many have been completed.

Forty-Fifth Annual Report of the Agricultural Experiment Station of Nebraska, February 1, 1932

This report covers the investigations, expenditures, and publications of the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station for the fiscal year June 30, 1931. During the year 68 projects have been under investigation at the main station. These have covered a wide range of subjects. At the various substations the work is planned to meet the needs of the different regions. The funds for carrying on the work of the stations are derived from federal and state sources. The work is carried on in definite projects according to the supporting fund. Satisfactory progress was made on the research program. During the year eight projects were completed and seven new ones added. The selection of new projects is on the basis of most urgent need, together with the ability of the Experiment Station to carry the project. The financial depression in which agriculture still finds itself has increased rather than decreased the demand upon the Experiment Station and the College for new and definite information. This demand has been taken care of insofar as possible. During the year covered by this report eleven bulletins, nine research bulletins, and one circular have been published by the Experiment Station. In addition 22 technical papers have been prepared by members of the staff and printed in various technical and professional journals.