The Political and Social Dynamics of Poverty, Poor Relief and Health Care in Early-Modern Portugal

By the end of the fifteenth century most European countries had witnessed a profound reformation of their poor relief and health care policies. As this book demonstrates, Portugal was among them and actively participated in such reforms. Providing the first English language monograph on this topic, Laurinda Abreu examines the Portuguese experience and places it within the broader European context. She shows that, in line with much that was happening throughout the rest of Europe, Portugal had not only set up a systematic reform of the hospitals but had also developed new formal arrangements for charitable and welfare provision that responded to the changing socioeconomic framework, the nature of poverty and the concerns of political powers. The defining element of the Portuguese experience was the dominant role played by a new lay confraternity, the confraternity of the Misericórdia, created under the auspices of King D. Manuel I in 1498. By the time of the king's death in 1521 there were more than 70 Misericórdias in Portugal and its empire, and by 1640, more than 300. All of them were run according to a unified set of rules and principles with identical social objectives. Based upon a wealth of primary source documentation, this book reveals how the sixteenth-century Portuguese crown succeeded in implementing a national poor relief and health care structure, with the support of the Papacy and local elites, and funded principally through pious donations. This process strengthened the authority of the royal government at a time which coincided with the emergence of the early modern state. In so doing, the book establishes poor relief and public health alongside military, diplomatic and administrative authorities, as the pillars of centralisation of royal power.

The political reason of Edmund Burke.

Includes bibliography.

Selections from the speeches and writings of Edmund Burke.

Mode of access: Internet.

The works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke : with a portrait, and life of the author.

Mode of access: Internet.

The works of the Right Hon. Edmund Burke, with a biographical and critical introduction,

Mode of access: Internet.

The public and domestic life of the Right Hon. Edmund Burke /

Mode of access: Internet.

The epistolary correspondence of the Right Hon. Edmund Burke and Dr. French Laurence.

Mode of access: Internet.

English party leaders and English parties. From Walpole to Peel. Including a review of the political history of the last one hundered and fifty years.

v. 1. Sir Robert Walpole. William Pitt, earl of Chatham. Edmund Burke. Charles James Fox. William Pitt, pt.I.- v. 2. William Pitt, pt. II. George Canning. Sir Robert Peel.

The works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke.

Mode of access: Internet.

The works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke.

Mode of access: Internet.

The works of the right honourable Edmund Burke.

Mode of access: Internet.

The works of Edmund Burke.

Vol. 9 contains "An account of the European settlements in America" published anonymously by Burke in 1761.

The works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke.

Imprint varies. Vols. 5-6: New-York : Eastburn, Kirk and Co. ; Boston : West and Richardson, and Oliver C. Greenleaf, 1813 (New-York : C.S. Van Winkle)

The works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke.

Mode of access: Internet.

Memoir of the life and character of the Right Hon. Edmund Burke; with specimens of his poetry and letters, and an estimate of his genius and talents, compared with those of his great contemporaries.

"List of the chief writings of the Right Hon. Edmund Burke": p. xvii-xx.