Arthropod and filarioid parasites associated with wild rodents in the northeast marshes of Buenos Aires, Argentina

During 1995, 16 species of arthropods and 2 species of filarioids, totaling 1 287 specimens were collected from 64 wild rodents captured in the Hudson Natural Reserve, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Infestation parameters and indexes were analyzed. Host specific richness was S = 6, diversity H = 1.48, and relative density RDI = 40%. High values of parasite species richness and diversity were found on Oligoryzomys delticola (S = 9; H = 1.40), Oxymycterus rufus (S = 9; H = 1.37), and Oligoryzomys flavescens (S = 9; H = 1.28), followed by Scapteromys aquaticus (S = 6; H = 0.17), and Akodon azarae (S = 4; H = 1.20). Deltamys kempi was infested only by Androlaelaps rotundus. O. delticola and O. flavescens showed the highest similarity index (O = 74.19%), followed by O. flavescens with S. aquaticus, as a result of historical processes and shared microhabitats. Considering arthropods-filarioids associations, significant affinity was observed in Litomosoides bonaerensis with Hoplopleura travassosi, Laelaps paulistanensis, and Gigantolaelaps wolffsohni.

Seasonal pattern of abundance of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Buenos Aires city, Argentina

In Buenos Aires, the most crowded city of Argentina, there is a potential risk of dengue virus transmission by the mosquito Aedes aegypti during late summer. The temporal patterns of oviposition activity and abundance of breeding sites of this vector were studied in two cemeteries of the city. Between September 1998 and August 1999, we examined 142 ovitraps weekly and a total of 18,010 water-filled containers. Both study areas showed remarkable differences in the percentages of positive ovitraps (19% vs 8%) and breeding sites (18% vs 1%), but similar temporal abundance patterns. The percentage of breeding sites was higher in summer and autumn than in spring and winter, and the percentage of positive ovitraps was higher in summer than in the other three seasons. Immatures were recorded from the first week of October to the second week of July, and oviposition activity from the third week of October until the end of April. In both cemeteries and with both methodologies the highest infestation levels were registered in March (ovitraps: 41.8% and 20.6%, breeding sites: 39.2% and 3.4%). These highest abundances took place after several months with mean temperatures above 20ºC and accumulated rainfalls above 150 mm. A sharp decline in oviposition activity was observed when monthly mean temperature decreased to 16.5ºC, and no eggs were found below 14.8ºC. Seasonal fluctuation of Ae. aegypti abundances in mid-latitudes like Buenos Aires would allow reduction of the egg mosquito population through the elimination of containers during the coldest months, which are free of adults.

Winter survival of immature instars of Mansonia indubitans Dyar & Shannon and Mansonia titillans Walker (Diptera: Culicidae), in Buenos Aires, Argentina

We conducted a whole year research on the ecology of Mansonia indubitans and Ma. titillans in Macáes Pond, Costanera Sur Reserve, Buenos Aires, Argentina. The usage of different floating plants by immature instars and their overwintering was analized. The percentage of usage of the available floating macrophytes (Pistia, Limnobium, and Salvinia) by the larvae and pupae was studied. Also, we defined positivity (P+) as the percentage of plants with immature instars for each plant genus on a monthly basis. Ma. immature instars were captured throughout the year and Pistia was the resource most commonly exploited by the mosquitoes. The percentage of fourth-instar larvae and pupae on Pistia roots with respect to total immature instars captured was assessed on a monthly and seasonal basis. The proportion of fourth-instar larvae and pupae from both species of Mansonia on water lettuce roots, showed significant differences between months and seasons. Our results suggest that the populations of Ma. indubitans and Ma. titillans in Macáes Pond, survive during winter mainly as fourth-instar larvae.

Tire-breeding mosquitoes of public health importance along an urbanisation gradient in Buenos Aires, Argentina

Used vehicle tires are a source of mosquito vectors and a means of their introduction and expansion. With the aim of assessing the effects of urbanisation on the main mosquito vectors in temperate Argentina, the infestation levels of Aedes aegypti (L.) and Culex pipiens L. were studied in used tires from highly urbanised cities to low-urbanised small towns in Buenos Aires. Immatures of both species accounted for 96% of the 9,722 individuals collected; the total individuals collected represented seven species. The percentage of water-filled tires containing mosquitoes [container index (CI)] was 33% and the percentage of infested sites [site index (SI)] was 65.2%. These indexes decreased significantly from low to high urbanisation levels for both mosquito species. The relative abundance (RA) of Ae. aegypti immatures was slightly higher toward large cities, but showed no difference for Cx. pipiens. The CI of shaded tires was significantly higher than the CI of exposed tires for both mosquito species. There was no difference in RA values between shaded and sunlit tires. The CI and the SI were highest during the summer across the urbanisation levels, except for Cx. pipiens, which continued to increase during the autumn in small towns. Results related to urbanisation gradient, sunlit exposure and seasonality are discussed.

Empresas, instituciones y red social: la Compañía Hispanoamericana de Electricidad (CHADE) entre Barcelona y Buenos Aires

En este trabajo se presenta la vinculación entre la Casa de América de Barcelona y la Compañía Hispanoamericana de Electricidad (CHADE) en Buenos Aires a través del estudio de tres momentos: primero, la fundación de la asociación y la presencia de Francisco Cambó en el Centro Jurídico Iberoamericano; segundo, la fundación de la CHADE para salvar los capitales alemanes del pago de reparaciones económicas a los Aliados por su participación en la Primera Guerra Mundial; y tercero, la conversión de la asociación americanista barcelonesa en Instituto de Economía Americana (IDEA)-Casa de América para reforzar su naturaleza internacional en consonancia con la Sociedad de Naciones, así como el declive de la asociación por la interrupción de remesas de capital del Cono Sur que llegaban a Barcelona en forma de subsidios para la asociación americanista.

Los límites de la obligatoriedad escolar en Buenos Aires, 1884-1915

En este artículo pretendemos enriquecer el marco explicativo que inquiere en las razones del hiato entre el trazado ideal y la constitución efectiva del sistema público de instrucción en Argentina en el periodo que va desde la sanción de la Ley 1.420 hasta la entrada en la década de 1910. Nos interesará dejar asentado que tal distancia no dependió únicamente de las limitaciones materiales con las que se enfrentaron las autoridades escolares, o de las decisiones de los padres con respecto de la asistencia de sus hijos a la escuela, sino que la misma estuvo enraizada en un elemento más profundo, del orden de las representaciones, que desde muy temprano funcionó como un impedimento para la realización de la vocación educativa pretendidamente ecuménica de las élites argentinas. De hecho, las posturas educativas universalistas convivieron con ostras que rechazaban la posibilidad e incluso la conveniencia de que todos los niños se educaran en escuelas comunes, aparente contradicción que atravesó los discursos y las prácticas de casi todos los miembros de las élites, incluyendo los de los adalides de la "educación popular". A través del análisis y de la puesta en relación de la ley de Educación común (Ley n.1.420/1884) y la Ley de Reglamentación del Trabajo de Mujeres y Niños (Ley n.5.291/1907), exploraremos cómo se fueran estableciendo los criterios que desde temprano determinaron que "niños" podrían convertirse en alumnos, y cuáles no.

Yellow and purple nutsedges survey in the southeastern Buenos Aires Province, Argentina

A survey of 79 fields was conducted between December 1993 and January 1994, to determine the distribution and relative importance of species of the genus Cyperus, to justify developing management strategies in the southeastern of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Yellow and purple nutsedge were found in 43% and 9% respectively of the surveyed fields. Thirty eight per cent of the surveyed area showed a heavy infestation of yellow nutsedge, and in 90% of cases yellow nutsedge was invading fields cultivated with summer crops and associated with one or more of other seven perennial weeds, mainly bermudagrass.

Pollution trends using bark of morus alba in the cities of buenos aires and mendoza (Argentina)

A comparative study of elements deposited on tree bark was carried out for urban and periurban areas of two of the most important cities in Argentina. The content of Fe, Mg, Al, Mn, Zn, Pb, Ba, Cr, Hg, Cu, Ni, Cd and Sb was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) in Morus alba tree bark collected in the cities of Buenos Aires and Mendoza. The main air pollutants detected in the Buenos Aires urban area were Ba, Cr, Cu and Ni and indicate significative difference from the Mendoza urban and periurban areas. Significantly, higher concentrations of Zn, Ba, Cr and Cu were recorded in the periurban area of the city of Buenos Aires than in Mendoza. Bark samples were strongly influenced by dust and show Al, Fe, Mg and other element accumulations that indicate that soil particles were carried out by wind. Elements like Ba and Zn, commonly linked to traffic emissions, showed the highest concentrations in the Buenos Aires metropolitan area, possibly due to more intensive vehicular traffic. Our results indicated that intensity of vehicular traffic and not city structure is responsible for air pollution.

Distribución espacial de la rugosidad en parcelas agrícolas en Provincia de Buenos Aires - Argentina

O uso de imagens SAR para estimar e monitorar a umidade superficial do solo requer que se considere outros fatores que influenciam na retrodifusão do sinal-radar, entre os quais a rugosidade da cobertura da superfície à escala de centímetro é muito importante. Há diversos métodos para determinar a rugosidade, mas muitos são caros ou de operação de campo complexa. Neste trabalho, é apresentado um método versátil e econômico que usa máquina fotográfica e tela quadrada. Cada fotografia é processada numericamente obtendo a altura RMS, como parâmetro da rugosidade da cobertura. Por meio de técnicas geoestatísticas de krigagem é estimada a distribuição espacial da rugosidade. São mostradas experiências em áreas com cobertura de trigo, localizadas na área agrícola serrana da Província o Buenos Aires, Argentina. Os valores de RMS encontrados (29 mm < RMS < 48 mm) foram analisados com quatro critérios de rugosidade. É expressa sua utilidade para estimar o estado hídrico superficial de solos em áreas agrícolas mediante sua aplicação como entrada (input) nos modelos de retrodispersão de imagens SAR.

Molecular detection of Neorickettsia risticii in Brazilian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) from Buenos Aires , Argentina

Neorickettsia risticii is the causative agent of Potomac Horse Fever, a severe febrile disease affecting horses, transmitted by trematodes species with a complex life cycle. A total of 30 insectivorous bats (Brazilian free-tailed bat Tadarida brasiliensis) were analyzed by PCR for presence of genus Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Neorickettsia and Rickettsia. Three samples showed positive reactions for genus Anaplasma, Ehrlichia and Neorickettsia, and the sequences were 99.67% identical to Neorickettsia risticii. The role of bats in the life cycle of N. risticii has yet to be elucidated; however bats may be reservoirs for this bacterium. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence of N. risticii in Argentina.

Estudios sobre lecheron en la zona centro de la provincia de Buenos Aires

Euphorbia dentata Michaux é uma espécie de ciclo primaveril-estival, de recente introdução na zona central da Província de Buenos Aires. Nos últimos anos, no distrito de Azul, adiquiriu importância como planta daninha ocupando uma grande área agrícola, principalmente de soja, milho e girassol. Atualmente, o pouco conhecimento desta espécie dificulta o emprego de métodos de manejo racionais e eficientes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a área de difusão desta planta daninha na região de azul; descrever suas características botânicas e estudar o seu comportamento nesta área através de diversos aspectos biológicos que pudessem ser relevantes para estabelecer programas de controle. Os estudos foram desenvolvidos em toda área agricultável da região durante os anos de 1993/94, 1994/95 e 1995/96. Nas áreas de amostragem determinou-se a presença e densidade e, diversos aspectos relacionados a biologia como emergência, germinação, número de frutos e sementes por planta e peso seco. Determinou-se a viabilidade das sementes e descreveu-se botanicamente a espécie. Verificou-se que a espécie ocupa uma superfície aproximada de 250.000 ha, o que representa 40% do distrito de Azul e 85% da área cultivada, com níveis de infestação que vão desde 20 a 200 plantas/m2. Sob condições naturais ocorrem dois picos de emergência e, a floração foi induzida pelo fotoperíodo. Em geral as plantas produzem uma grande quantidade de sementes e com alta viabilidade. Para um melhor conhecimento da espécie, esta encontra-se descrita botanicamente.