Genetic structure and linkage disequilibrium in landrace populations of barley in Sardinia

Multilocus digenic linkage disequilibria (LD) and their population structure were investigated in eleven landrace populations of barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare L.) in Sardinia, using 134 dominant simple-sequence amplified polymorphism markers. The analysis of molecular variance for these markers indicated that the populations were partially differentiated (F ST = 0.18), and clustered into three geographic areas. Consistent with this population pattern, STRUCTURE analysis allocated individuals from a bulk of all populations into four genetic groups, and these groups also showed geographic patterns. In agreement with other molecular studies in barley, the general level of LD was low (13 % of locus pairs, with P < 0.01) in the bulk of 337 lines, and decayed steeply with map distance between markers. The partitioning of multilocus associations into various components indicated that genetic drift and founder effects played a major role in determining the overall genetic makeup of the diversity in these landrace populations, but that epistatic homogenising or diversifying selection was also present. Notably, the variance of the disequilibrium component was relatively high, which implies caution in the pooling of barley lines for association studies. Finally, we compared the analyses of multilocus structure in barley landrace populations with parallel analyses in both composite crosses of barley on the one hand and in natural populations of wild barley on the other. Neither of these serves as suitable mimics of landraces in barley, which require their own study. Overall, the results suggest that these populations can be exploited for LD mapping if population structure is controlled.

“MINORITY STUDENTS WITHIN A COLLEGE OF BUSINESS: HEARING THE VOICES”

"In recognition of the dynamic interplay among academic and social aspects of any student's campus experience, our institution has implemented an Innovative Community Initiative (ICI) which provides a panoply of support programs for students of color."

Interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 mRNA expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from pregnant and non-pregnant cattle seropositive for bovine viral diarrhea virus

The acceptance of the fetal allograft by pregnant women and mice seems to be associated with a shift from a Th 1 dominated to a Th 2 dominated immune response to certain infectious agents. The goal of this study was to examine cytokine expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from cattle immune to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) to determine whether pregnancy also has an influence on the type of immune response in this species. Forty-six heifers and cows between 14 months and 13 years of age were included in this study. Twenty-four were seropositive and 22 seronegative for BVDV. Eleven of the seropositive animals and 11 of the seronegative animals were in the eighth month of gestation, the remaining animals were virgin heifers. PBMC from these animals were analyzed for Interferon (IFN)-gamma and Interleukin (IL)-4 mRNA expression by real-time RT-PCR after stimulation with a non-cytopathic strain of BVDV. Additionally, an ELISA was performed to measure IFN-gamma in the supernatants of stimulated cell cultures. In BVDV seropositive animals, IFN-gamma mRNA levels were significantly higher than in BVDV seronegative animals and there was a significant positive correlation between the changes in IFN-gamma and IL-4 mRNA expression. There was, however, no significant difference in IFN-gamma and IL-4 mRNA levels between pregnant and non-pregnant animals. These results are inconsistent with BVDV inducing a Th1 or Th2 biased immune response. Furthermore, a shift in the cytokine pattern during bovine pregnancy was not evident.

Little journeys to the homes of eminent painters /

Michael Angelo -- Rembrandt -- Rubens -- Meissonier -- Titian -- Anthony Van Dyck -- Fortuny -- Ary Scheffer -- Jean François Millet -- Joshua Reynolds -- Landseer -- Gustave Doré.

Decisions of the Court of Session, from 1698 to 1718.

Includes index.

Discourses upon Seneca the tragedian (1601)

"Reproduced from a copy in ... the Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery."

Application of radiochemistry techniques in food processing research : radioisotopic tracer techniques in evaluation and improvement of industry practices for removal of pesticide residues from foods : annual report no. 4 /

"D-1548."

A summary of the laws relating to the government & maintenance of the poor ...

Bibliography: p. [v]-viii.

Wallace, the hero of Scotland.

Previous editions have title: Wallace and his times.

Vi͡era, nadezhda i li͡ubov : uchenīi͡a bogoslovskago sostav.

Abridged adaptation of: Religio Medici / T. Browne.

I sonetti, le canzoni, et i triomphi di m. Lavra in risposta di m. Francesco Petrarcha : per le sve Rime in vita, et dopo la morte di lei /

"Quest opera fu veramente fatica, non già di Laura, ma di esso Stefano Colonna; come si leggeva in un testo a penna allegato da' postillatori del Cresimbeni (Quadrio, t. II, p. 241)"--Melzi, Dizionario di opere anonime, t. II (1852) p. 70.

A chronicle of the kings of England. From the time of the Romans government, unto the death of King James. Containing all passages of state and church, with all other observations proper for a chronicle ... Whereunto is added, the reign of King Charles the first, and the first thirteen years of his sacred majesty, King Charles the second ... All which additions are revised in this eighth impression, and freed from many errors and mistakes of the former editions.

The histories of Charles the first and Charles the second are by Edward Phillips; the account of the restoration is by Sir Thomas Clarges--Dict. of Nat. Biog.

The committee: or, The faithful Irishman. A comedy.

Prologue by Samuel Tuke.

The first part of the Institutes of the laws of England: or, A commentary upon Littleton, not the name of the author only, but of the law it self ... Hæc ego grandævus posui tibi, candide lector, authore Edwardo Coke, milite. Also three learned tracts of the same author: the first, his Reading upon the 27th of Edward the First, entituled, The statute of levying fines: the second, Of bail and mainprize: and the third, his Compleat copyholder.

French and English text in parallel columns.

Van Dyck.

Mode of access: Internet.