Ernest Meissonier und der Blick durch die Lupe - Fern- und Nahsicht im französischen Salon

Während angesichts der Gemälde der Impressionisten immer wieder geäußert wurde, dass diese sich nur aus großem Abstand betrachten ließen, meinten viele Besucher des französischen Salons, den kleinformatigen Gemälden Ernest Meissoniers nur durch einen Blick durch die Lupe gerecht werden zu können. Der vorliegende Essay geht der rezeptionsästhetischen Frage nach, inwieweit die besondere Betrachtungsweise der Gemälde Meissoniers durch die Bilder selbst konditioniert wurde. Zunächst wird dabei auf die Regeln einzugehen sein, welche die zeitgenössische Kunsttheorie hinsichtlich des richtigen Betrachterabstands aufgestellt hatte, um sodann eine exemplarische Auswahl der Gemälde des Künstlers näher ins Visier zu nehmen. Schließlich sollen die Ergebnisse im Kontext der zeitgenössischen Rezeptionsbedingungen, wie sie der französische Salon vorgab, diskutiert werden.

Ernest Meissonier und der Blick durch die Lupe - Fern- und Nahsicht im französischen Salon

Während angesichts der Gemälde der Impressionisten immer wieder geäußert wurde, dass diese sich nur aus großem Abstand betrachten ließen, meinten viele Besucher des französischen Salons, den kleinformatigen Gemälden Ernest Meissoniers nur durch einen Blick durch die Lupe gerecht werden zu können. Der vorliegende Essay geht der rezeptionsästhetischen Frage nach, inwieweit die besondere Betrachtungsweise der Gemälde Meissoniers durch die Bilder selbst konditioniert wurde. Zunächst wird dabei auf die Regeln einzugehen sein, welche die zeitgenössische Kunsttheorie hinsichtlich des richtigen Betrachterabstands aufgestellt hatte, um sodann eine exemplarische Auswahl der Gemälde des Künstlers näher ins Visier zu nehmen. Schließlich sollen die Ergebnisse im Kontext der zeitgenössischen Rezeptionsbedingungen, wie sie der französische Salon vorgab, diskutiert werden.

Verordnung in wie fern den zweiten Juden-Söhnen der Landesherrliche Schutz ...

Wilhelm, L. z. H.

An die Herren Urwähler zur ersten Kammer in der 42. bis 45. und 48. Wahlabtheilung: Die Wahl der Wahlmänner für die erste Kammer ist nicht mehr fern ...

Welsch (Projektbearbeiter): Einladung an die Wahlglieder der Berliner Wahlbezirke 42 bis 45 und 48 zur Vorberatung über die Ausübung des Urwählerrechts für die erste Kammer

Is fern endozoochory widespread among fern-eating herbivores?

Endozoochory is an important dispersal mechanism for seed plants and has recently been demonstrated to occur also in spore plants, such as ferns, which are commonly consumed by herbivores. However, it is not known whether fern species from particular habitats are differentially preferred by herbivores and whether their spores differ in their ability to survive the gut passage of herbivores. Such differences would suggest adaptation to endozoochorous dispersal, as it is known for seed plants. Moreover, it is unclear whether herbivore species differ in their efficiency to disperse fern spores. In a factorial experiment, we fed fertile leaflets of 13 fern species from different forest and open habitats to three polyphagous herbivore species and recorded the germination of spores from feces after 46 and 81 days. Fern spores germinated in 66 % of all samples after 46 days. At this stage, germination success differed among fern and herbivore species, but was independent of the ferns’ habitat. Interestingly, after 81 days fern spores germinated in 85 % of all samples and earlier significant differences in germination success among fern and herbivore species were not sustained. The overall high germination success and the absence of differences among fern species from different habitats together with the consistency across three tested herbivores strongly imply endozoochorous dispersal to be a taxonomically widespread phenomenon among fern-eating herbivores, which all might act as potential dispersal vectors. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.

Ein schön news Geystliches Lied : Ach Gott was sol ich singen, mein frewd die ist mir fern, [etc.]

In Fraktur

The Fern-like seed-plants of the carboniferous flora

By D. H. Scott

Fern Andra, Ganzfigurbildnis

Signatur des Originals: S 36/F02583

Characterization of MADS homeotic genes in the fern Ceratopteris richardii

The MADS genes encode a family of transcription factors, some of which control the identities of floral organs in flowering plants. To understand the role of MADS genes in the evolution of floral organs, five MADS genes (CMADS1, 2, 3, 4, and 6) were cloned from the fern Ceratopteris richardii, a nonflowering plant. A gene tree of partial amino acid sequences of seed plant and fern MADS genes showed that the fern genes form three subfamilies. All members of one of the fern MADS subfamilies have additional amino-terminal amino acids, which is a synapomorphic character of the AGAMOUS subfamily of the flowering plant MADS genes. Their structural similarity indicates a sister relationship between the two subfamilies. The temporal and spatial patterns of expression of the five fern MADS genes were assessed by Northern blot analyses and in situ hybridizations. CMADS1, 2, 3, and 4 are expressed similarly in the meristematic regions and primordia of sporophyte shoots and roots, as well as in reproductive structures, including sporophylls and sporangial initials, although the amount of expression in each tissue is different in each gene. CMADS6 is expressed in gametophytic tissues but not in sporophytic tissues. The lack of organ-specific expression of MADS genes in the reproductive structures of the fern sporophyte may indicate that the restriction of MADS gene expression to specific reproductive organs and the specialization of MADS gene functions as homeotic selector genes in the flowering plant lineage were important in floral organ evolution.

A phytochrome from the fern Adiantum with features of the putative photoreceptor NPH1

In plant photomorphogenesis, it is well accepted that the perception of red/far-red and blue light is mediated by distinct photoreceptor families, i.e., the phytochromes and blue-light photoreceptors, respectively. Here we describe the discovery of a photoreceptor gene from the fern Adiantum that encodes a protein with features of both phytochrome and NPH1, the putative blue-light receptor for second-positive phototropism in seed plants. The fusion of a functional photosensory domain of phytochrome with a nearly full-length NPH1 homolog suggests that this polypeptide could mediate both red/far-red and blue-light responses in Adiantum normally ascribed to distinct photoreceptors.

Chloroplast-Avoidance Response Induced by High-Fluence Blue Light in Prothallial Cells of the Fern Adiantum capillus-veneris as Analyzed by Microbeam Irradiation1

Chloroplast movement was induced by partial cell illumination using a high-fluence blue microbeam in light-grown and dark-adapted prothallial cells of the fern Adiantum capillus-veneris. Chloroplasts inside the illuminated area moved out (high-fluence response [HFR]), whereas those outside moved toward the irradiated area (low-fluence response [LFR]), although they stopped moving when they reached the border. These results indicate that both HFR and LFR signals are generated by high-fluence blue light of the same area, and that an LFR signal can be transferred long-distance from the beam spot, although an HFR signal cannot. The lifetime of the HFR signal was calculated from the traces of chloroplast movement induced by a brief pulse from a high-fluence blue microbeam to be about 6 min. This is very short compared with that of the LFR (30–40 min; T. Kagawa, M. Wada [1994] J Plant Res 107: 389–398). These data indicate that the signal transduction pathways of the HFR and the LFR must be distinct.

Reconstruction and interpretation of Brittsia problematica D. White (Fern, Pennsylvanian) / Hermann W. Pfefferkorn --.

v.33:no.17(1976)

Ferns and fern allies of Guatemala. Robert G. Stolze.

n.s. no.12(1983)