Estudo de Simuliidae (Diptera : Nematocera) e seus criadouros em igarapés do município de Santo Antônio do Tauá, estado do Pará, Brasil

Considerando a grande importância dos simulídeos (piuns e borrachudos) do ponto de vista bio-ecológico, médico e veterinário, desenvolveu-se este estudo sobre as espécies do gênero Simulium que se criam em igarapés do município de Santo Antônio do Tauá, Estado do Pará, Brasil. Os estudos foram desenvolvidos pelas seguintes metodologias: observações diretas dos criadouros nos igarapés; instalação de criadouros artificiais para a colonização por simulídeos; análise das freqüências de picadas em pessoas durante o dia; coletas e amostragens da entomofauna associada aos habitats aquáticos; amostragens qualitativas e quantitativas da vegetação nos criadouros; análises físico-químicas da água dos igarapés e criadouros; análises de fatores climáticos locais; e morfometria das larvas para a determinação do número de estádios larvais de Simulium quadrifidum. Estudou-se a entomofauna aquática e a respectiva abundância relativa de Simuliidae em dois igarapés. As espécies Simulium perflavum,Simulium quadrifidum, Simulium incrustaium e Simulium goeldii foram coletadas. As formas imaturas de Simulium perflavum foram as predominantes em ambientes perturbados com águas claras. Simulium quadrifidum foi predominante em ambientes com pouca alteração, de águas pretas, com baixos teores de nutrientes. Simulium incrustatum foi mais abundante em ambientes arbustivos e somente em águas claras. Simulium goeldii foi registrada apenas em áreas de matas primárias (com pouca alteração) e mais abundante em águas pretas. Os fatores que mais interferiram na colonização natural dos substratos artificiais por Simuliidae foram as constantes oscilações no nível d'água durante o período quando em que substratos ficaram expostos nos igarapés. A entomofauna aquática apresentou-se abundante no período seco. Constatou-se pela primeira vez a antropofilia da espécie Simulium incrustatum no Pará. Esta espécie mostrou dois picos diários de freqüência de picadas em voluntários, um pela manhã e outro à tarde. Houve diferenças significativas na freqüência de picadas entre áreas com tipos diferentes de vegetação nos mesmos períodos, e alta correlação negativa com a temperatura do ar, apenas na área de capoeira e no período seco. Determinou-se, pela primeira vez, o número de estádios larvais de Simulium quadrifidum e registrou-se a ovipostura de suas fêmeas somente pela parte da tarde, às 16:30h. Novos registros de predadores de adultos de simulídeos foram acrescentados.

Simulídeos (Diptera: Nematocera) das bacias do leste do estado do Pará, com ênfase na Serra dos Martírios-Andorinhas

Os estudos neste trabalho acrescentam diversas informações sobre simulídeos (Diptera: Simuliidae) do leste do estado do Pará, Brasil. Tem como objetivo avaliar a distribuição geográfica das espécies; elaborar uma chave para a identificação de pupas de simulídeos do leste paraense; estimar a riqueza de espécies; avaliar a atividade hematofágica diurna; avaliar a relação dos fatores limnológicos e meteorológicos com as populações de simulídeos e outros insetos aquáticos associados; registrar o estado de conservação e similaridade de três áreas (Atlântico-Nordeste, Serras das Andorinhas e Carajás), baseadas em um protocolo ambiental e nas espécies de piuns. Foram registradas 14 espécies: S. nigrimanum, S. incrustatum, S. minusculum, S. quadrifidum, S. limbatum, S. perflavum, S. iracouboense, S. rorotaense, S. spinibranchium, S. subpallidum, S. pertinax, S. subnigrum, S. brachycladum e S. goeldii. Chave de identificação baseada nas pupas dessas espécies foi elaborada. Estes dados são inéditos e as espécies de interesse em saúde pública (S. nigrimanum, S. crustatum, S. rorotaense, S. minusculum, S. subnigrum e S. pertinax) foram encontradas em diversos ambientes, com ampla distribuição e registros de novas ocorrências no Pará e Amazônia Oriental. Estudou-se a hematofagia de S. rorotaense, S. minusculum e S. pertinax nos meses de janeiro, abril, agosto e dezembro de 2006, na Serra das Andorinhas. Estas atividades de ataque foram correlacionadas principalmente à temperatura e umidade relativa do ar, exibindo dois picos de atividades, um pela manhã e outro pela tarde. A preferência por regiões do corpo de humanos também foi estudada. Os simulídeos e entomofauna aquática associada dos sistemas aquáticos foram ordenados em dois grupos e correlacionaram em maior ou menor grau à vazão, velocidade, profundidade, largura, alcalinidade e ferro, em ambas as regiões estudadas (Costa Atlântica-Nordeste e Tocantins-Araguaia). Registrou-se ainda que o meio ambiente apresenta-se bem conservado na Serra das Andorinhas, mas bastante alterado na Serra dos Carajás e em localidades da Costa Atlântica-Nordeste. A maior similaridade na composição das espécies de simulídeos foi observada entre as Serras das Andorinhas e Carajás, seguida pela similaridade com Costa Atlântica-Nordeste.

Evaluating potential olive orchard sugar food sources for the olive fly parasitoid Psyttalia concolor

Olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a major olive pest in the Mediterranean basin where increasing insecticide resistance has enhanced damage and necessitates more reliance on other control strategies, such as biological control. Provision of floral resources has been reported to improve the effectiveness of natural enemies. Here, we tested the effect of six plant nectars and two honeydew sources on the survival of Psyttalia concolor (Szépligeti) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid wasp used in the biological control of olive fruit fly. Our results showed a positive effect on survival associated with nectars of Anchusa azurea Mill., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Lavatera cretica L. and Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi, while honeydew proved to be a valuable alternative food source. When offering flowers directly to insects, Anchusa azurea, Lavatera cretica, and Foeniculum vulgare L. were found to be the most beneficial species, indicating also that P. concolor feeds predominantly on shallow corollas.

Habitat preferences, diet, feeding strategy and social organization of the black spider monkey [Ateles paniscus paniscus Linnaeus 1758] in Surinam

A Socioecological Field Study.This monograph reports on a 26 month socioecological study of black spider monkeys (Ateles paniscus paniscus)in the Raleigh-vallen — Voltzberg Nature Reserve, Surinam. It recognizes the fundamental importance of food to the behavior and the regulation of population density fox this primate. It clarifies the complex temporal and spatial effects of tropical rain forest food sources on the behavior of a group of spider monkeys, concentrating on food category, food plant identity and phenology, and quantity, density and dispersion of the most important food sources. In addition, the present study describes habitat choice, optimal feeding strategy and sexual behavior of the spider monkey, and discusses implications of diet for social behavior. This study is also fundamental to conservation. Specialized in eating mature fruits, the spider monkey is a very important dispersal agent for many trees and lianes, particularly canopy species. However, the spider monkey is probably the most vulnerable monkey species in Surinam and it is disappearing rapidly throughout the remainder of its range. Unfortunately, it is large and noisy and can be easily tracked and hunted. It is largely restricted to undisturbed high forest, and consequently habitat destruction has more effect on it than on most other species. Together with its slow reproductive rate (a female gives birth only once every four or five years), this means that the species is poorly adapted to recover from exploitation. In order to implement proper measures for conservation, data on forest type preferences, diet and social behavior of the species, or on closely related species, in undisturbed areas, such as the one described in this monograph, are essential tools for assessing the potential of proposed protected areas.

The diet of the black widow spider Latrodectus mirabilis (Theridiidae) in two cereal crops of central Argentina

The spider Latrodectus mirabilis (Holmberg, 1876) is commonly found in cereals crops of central Argentina. We studied its diet composition at the field and capture rate on leaf-cutting ants based on laboratory experiments. This study comprises the first approach that documents the diet of L. mirabilis in wheat and oat fields of central Argentina. We identified 1,004 prey items collected from its webs during the last phenological stages of both cereal crops. The prey composition was variable but the spiders prey mainly on ants (Formicidae, Hymenoptera), who represented more than 86% of the total. Meanwhile, in the capture rate experiences we registered a high proportion of ants captured by spiders at the beginning of experiences, capturing the half of the ants from total in the first four hours. Summarizing, we reported a polyphagous diet of this spider species in wheat and oat fields. Ants were the most important prey item of this spider, as found in other Latrodectus spiders around the world.

Physical activity in free-living, overweight white and black women: divergent responses by race to diet-induced weight loss.

BACKGROUND: Black women are at greater risk of obesity than are white women, perhaps because of their lower levels of physical activity. OBJECTIVE: We compared free-living activity energy expenditure (AEE) in sedentary white and black women (in overweight and normal-weight states) and in never-overweight control subjects. DESIGN: Subjects included 46 women (23 white, 23 black) studied while overweight and after reaching a normal weight and 38 female control subjects (23 white, 15 black). Diet, without exercise training, resulted in a mean weight loss of 13 kg and a body mass index (in kg/m(2)) < 25. Body composition, sleeping energy expenditure, free-living total energy expenditure, and the energy cost of activity and aerobic capacity were assessed before and after weight loss under 4-wk, diet-controlled, weight-stable conditions and in the control subjects. AEE was defined as above-sleep energy expenditure. RESULTS: No significant racial differences in body composition, before or after weight loss, were found. After weight loss, AEE and aerobic capacity increased in the white women and decreased in the black women (P < 0.05 and P < 0.02, respectively). After weight loss, but not before, the white women had a significantly higher mean AEE than did the black women (2448 +/- 979 and 1728 +/- 1373 kJ/d, respectively; P < 0.05), approximating AEEs in the white (2314 +/- 1105) and black (2310 +/- 1251) control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Relative to the responses of the white women to diet-induced weight loss, the black women became less fit and less physically active. Induction of a normal body weight in overweight black women appeared to produce a more obesity-prone state, favoring weight relapse.

HEALTH BELIEFS REGARDING DIET: A PERSPECTIVE OF HYPERTENSIVE BLACK INDIVIDUALS

The objective of this descriptive-exploratory study was to identify the health beliefs of black individuals with hypertension regarding the barriers and benefits of diet for controlling the disease, including the sociodemographic factors associated with the health beliefs surrounding diet control. One hundred and six black adults with hypertension were interviewed using a specific instrument. The data were analyzed considering the percentages, frequency of the cases, scores and prevalence ratio. The global analysis of beliefs showed a preponderance of beliefs regarding the benefits of diet control. It was observed that men, younger individuals, lack of a partner and low educational level and income were related to the beliefs regarding the benefits of adopting a healthy diet. In conclusion, health promotion among the black population requires an interdisciplinary approach and specific health policies addressing this populations' needs, aimed at preventive and curative aspects.

Pasture grazing by black-striped wallabies (Macropus dorsalis) in central Queensland

Black-striped wallabies (Macropus dorsalis) are uncommon to rare in most of their former range, yet in parts of central Queensland where they are still locally common they are regarded as a serious pasture pest. There is considerable pressure from cattle graziers to reduce their density because of the putative damage that they cause to cattle pasture. Here we examined the effects of this species and other herbivores on pasture by monitoring vegetation cover between 1993 and 1998 in exclosures in brigalow, and poplar box communities on three grazing properties in the Maranoa region. The exclosures selectively allowed access to either: all vertebrate grazers including cattle; rabbits, bettongs, and wallabies; rabbits and bettongs; no vertebrate grazers. The greatest effects on the structure and species composition of pasture were caused by cattle, but wallabies did consume commercially important quantities of grass at some times of the year. This conflicts with local opinion that sees wallabies as the major cause of pasture degradation. Herein lies the management problem that sees continued reduction in wallaby habitat, and fragmentation of the species.

Diet of Procyon cancrivorus (Carnivora, Procyonidae) in restinga and estuarine environments of southern Brazil

Despite its wide range and abundance on certain habitats, the crab-eating raccoon Procyon cancrivorus (G. Cuvier, 1798) is considered one of the less known Neotropical carnivore species. In the present study we analyzed the diet of P. cancrivorus in a peat forest and in an estuarine island in southernmost Brazil. Fruits of the gerivá palm tree Syagrus romanzoffiana were the most consumed item in the peat forest, followed by insects and mollusks. Small mammals, followed by Bromelia antiacantha (Bromeliaceae) fruits and brachyuran crustaceans were the most frequent items in the estuarine island. Other items found in lower frequencies were Solanum sp., Psidium sp., Smilax sp. and Dyospiros sp. fruits, diplopods, scorpions, fishes, anuran amphibians, reptiles (black tegu lizard and snakes), birds and medium-sized mammals (white-eared opossum, armadillo and coypu). Levin’s index values (peat forest: 0.38; estuarine island: 0.45) indicate an approximation to a median position between a specialist and a well distributed diet. Pianka’s index (0.80) showed a considerable diet similarity between the two systems. Procyon cancrivorus presented a varied diet in the studied areas and may play an important role as seed disperser on coastal environments in southernmost Brazil.

Attractiveness of black Shannon trap for phlebotomines

A white Shannon-type trap was used for captures of female sand flies in the search for natural infection with flagellates, however, due to its low productivity and as a large number of phlebotomines settled on the researchers' black clothes, we decided to compare the relative attractiveness of black and white Shannon-type traps for sand flies. Several pairs of black and white traps were placed side by side in front of caves in four areas in the Serra da Bodoquena, Bonito county, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, for a total of 12 observations and 44 h of capture. The experiment resulted in 889 phlebotomines captured, 801 on the black and 88 on the white trap, representing 13 species. The hourly Williams' means were 8.67 and 1.24, respectively, and the black/white ratio was 7.0:1.0. Lutzomyia almerioi, an anthropophilic species closely associated with caves, was predominant (89%). Only two other species, Nyssomyia whitmani and Psathyromyia punctigeniculata, also anthropophilic, were significantly attracted to the black rather than to the white trap (chi2 test; p <= 0.01). The difference between the diversity index of the two traps was not significant at level 0.05. The black trap in these circumstances was much more productive than the white, especially for anthropophilic species.

Are vectors able to learn about their hosts? A case study with Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

The way in which vectors distribute themselves amongst their hosts has important epidemiological consequences. While the role played by active host choice is largely unquestioned, current knowledge relates mostly to the innate response of vectors towards stimuli signalling the presence or quality of their hosts. Many of those cues, however, can be unpredictable, and therefore prevent the incorporation of the appropriate response into the vector's behavioural repertoire unless some sort of associative learning is possible. We performed a wide range of laboratory experiments to test the learning abilities of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Mosquitoes were exposed to choice procedures in (1) an olfactomenter and (2) a 'visual arena'. Our goal was to determine whether the mosquitoes were able to associate unconditional stimuli (blood feeding, human breath, vibration and electrical shock) with particular odours (citral, carvone, citronella oil and eugenol) and visual patterns (horizontal or vertical black bars) to which they had been previously observed to be responsive. We found no evidence supporting the hypothesis that associative learning abilities are present in adult Ae. aegypti. We discuss the possibilities that the assays employed were either inappropriate or insufficient to detect associative learning, or that associative learning is not possible in this species.