863 resultados para Biologia - Modelos matemáticos


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Pós-graduação em Matemática em Rede Nacional - IBILCE

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Pós-graduação em Matemática Universitária - IGCE

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Pós-graduação em Engenharia Elétrica - FEIS

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Nesta dissertação apresenta-se o problema de redução de ordem de modelos dinâmicos lineares, sob o ponto de vista de otimização via Algoritmos Genéticos. Uma função custo, obtida a partir da norma dos coeficientes do numerador da função de transferência do erro entre o modelo original e o reduzido, e minimizada por meio de um algoritmo genético, com consequente calculo dos parâmetros do modelo reduzido. O procedimento e aplicado em alguns exemplos que demonstram a validade da abordagem.

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Doze modelos matemáticos (seis bi-paramétricos e seis tri-paramétricos), amplamente utilizados na predição de isotermas, foram estudados, com o objetivo de predizer isotermas de adsorção de umidade do guaraná (Paullinia cupana) em pó, obtido em "sprey dryer". As isotermas de adsorção de umidade do produto à 15° C, 25° C e 35° C, foram ajustadas por análise de regressão não-linear, usando o aplicativo STATGRAPHICS 5.1. Entre os modelos testados os que apresentaram melhores resultados nos ajustes foram as equações tri-paramétricas de GAB, BET modificada e Anderson, e as equações bi-paramétricas de Handerson e Oswin.

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Analisa-se diferentes aspectos da epidemiologia da transmissão da dengue através de modelos matemáticos. Supo˜e-se que o controle vetorial atua como uma taxa de mortalidade adicional em cada fase do ciclo de vida do mosquito Ae. aegypti e estuda-se a eficiência dos diferentes mecanismos utilizados pela Superintendência de Controle de Endemias (SUCEN) no estado de São Paulo para o controle da doença. A modelagem usual de equações diferencias ordinárias (EDO) permite a obtenção de valores limiares para a taxa de oviposição do vetor e para a transmissão da doença, as quais depende das suposições biológicas que geram o modelo, dos parâmetros entomológicos do mosquito, do período de incubação do vírus, e da imunidade e dinâmica vital do homem. Estes limiares dividem o espaço de solução em ausência do vetor, presença do vetor e ausência de transmissão da dengue, e presença do vetor com transmissão da dengue. Estes valores fornecem uma estimativa do esforço de controle necessário para diminuir ou parar a transmissão da dengue. A suposição de população vetorial grande com distribuição espacial homogênea (modelos de equações diferencias ordinárias discutidos anteriormente) é verificada através da modelagem discreta de autômatos celulares (AC). Mostra-se que a heterogeneidade espacial gerada pela distribuição de criadouros facilita a colonização e dispersão do inseto. Como os parâmetros entomológicos do vetor dependem da temperatura, observa-se que no verão o processo de dispersão e colonização do mosquito é facilitado, e que o controle adulticida deve ser aplicado nesta época. Já no inverno deve-se investir no controle das formas imaturas. A viabilidade da técnica de insetos estéries é...

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Brazil faces a complex problem in respect to municipal solid waste, having been in recent years an increase of its generation without the country there be adequate for proper disposal thereof. In many states , the percentage of waste destined improperly , ie , in dumps , landfills, send- outs , among others , is greater than that disposed in landfills , which would be the most correct way to be made. It can be argued that this discrepancy is due to the high cost of implementation and operation of the landfill, and the same need large areas with physical characteristics that suit their operations . When there is a provision in properly constructed landfills , municipal solid waste grounded generate gases with high potential energy through biochemical reactions during the anaerobic decomposition of organic material stored . Such gases can be used for power generation within the landfill or other economic means . To estimate the gas generation will be sufficient for such economic compensation , there are mathematical models that make estimating the amount of gas produced . These models calculate the energy capacity and generation , using parameters obtained based on the characteristics of solid waste , climate of the region where they are grounded and grounding time . Such models have been raised and studied so that it was possible to perform simulations that demonstrate the behavior of biogas generation related to the external conditions of the landfill that interfere with biological reactions within. The results show differences between the values obtained , it shows that the preparation of the models found and used in the simulations were allocated amounts for different parameters that determine this difference in the estimate . Therefore, to rule, the models have difficulty understanding this because there is no clarity in the formulation of the equations , and the definition of variables and parameters would require a detailed study to...

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The study of mathematical modeling assists in evaluation of the capacity of production and measurement of generation time of biogas in landfills, enabling the implantation of projects of energy generation from methane. Thus, the work aims, by simulating scenarios of potential methane generation in the landfill in Rio Claro, the use of field data from methane flow and waste grounded parameters as references for selecting values of k e L0 used to estimate methane generation model in LandGEM. As a result it was found that compared the characteristics adopted in the four scenarios recommended by the USEPA literature with those found in the landfill of Rio Claro (high amount of organic matter in the waste landed and daily practice of leachate recirculation), the scenario that apparently better represent the rate of methane generation is the scenario 01, with k = 0.7 and L0 = 96. Now, the adjustment of parameters in relation to the data field of methane flow, the value of L0 which best fits the methane generation from the landfill in Rio Claro is 150, while for k the line behavior that best represents the reality are values between 0.7 and 0.3. Regarding the parameters of the waste grounded, between the suggested values of k, 0,3 is most consistent with the intermediate level of biological degradation of the residue grounded, while L0 due to the biodegradability of the waste, a new value between 120 and 150 may be more appropriate for the study

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This dissertation has as main theme the discuss about how the use of mathematical models for process optimization. The current scenario of strong competition to conquer the consumer market necessitates the development of improvements to better performance of the process as a whole, is to reduce costs, increase efficiency or effectiveness. Thus, the use of methodologies to assist in this process is becoming increasingly viable. Methodologies developed in the past are being studied and improved. An example is the Desirability, the object of the present study, which was developed in the 80's and has been improved over time. To understand and study this methodology was applied to the desirability function in three instances, where it was used Design of Experiments (DOE), taken from scientific papers, using the Solver tool (Excel ®) and desirability (Minitab ®). Thus, in addition to studying the methodology, it was possible to compare the performance of tools used for optimization in different situations. From the results of this study, it was possible to validate the superiority of one of the models studied compared fairly

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Surface water quality models have been developed since 1925, when Streeter e Phelps created first order equations that represent the balance between DO and BOD. Since then, and specially after the ‘60s, new computational technologies evolved, making it possible to create more complex models, which try to represent, through mathematics, natural phenomena like eutrophication and rivers self-depuration. As main objective of such models is the understanding of aquatic systems and the relationship between them and the environment, so that it can support decision makers in creating water manage plans and in elaborating environmental projects of such resources. Regarding to that, it is of crucial importance the understanding of the models structures, so that one can choose the most appropriate model for the river in question. While one-dimensional models like QUAL2K are more appropriate for long and narrow rivers, bi- or tridimensional models (CE-QUAL-W2, WASP and CEQUAL- ICM) are more commonly used in wide and slower rivers, with higher lateral and/or vertical mixes rates. Besides, the more complex is the river studied more complex the model should be, which demands more costs and time for the model to be applied