Caracterización de las concentraciones en aire de bioaerosoles cultivables y contables en sistemas de ventilación mecánica de edificaciones administrativas en la ciudad de Bogotá en el periodo 2012 2013

Un problema de salud ambiental relevante es la contaminación del aire generado por diferentes factores, uno de ellos es la carga microbiana. El estudio evidencia la presencia de estos contaminantes del aire como son los bioaerosoles cultivables y contables en las áreas de los edificios administrativos estudiados la cual podría afectar la calidad del aire interior. Se realizó un estudio observacional de corte transversal que permitió conocer y establecer las características de la carga microbiana presente relacionada con bioaerosoles cultivables y contables en los sistemas de ventilación mecánica en tres edificios administrativos de la ciudad de Bogotá en el periodo 2012 a 2013 y, la asociación o no entre variables de interés. Los bioaerosoles cultivables y contables encontrados con mayores porcentajes en las muestras tomadas fueron comunes a los tres edificios así: Aspergillus sp. se encontró en el 77,2% (61) de las muestras para el edifico uno, mientras que para el dos fue de 91% (30) de las muestras y para el edificio tres 100% (19) de las muestras tomadas; seguido por el género Penicillium sp. del cual se encontró 60,8% (48) de las muestras para el edificio uno, para el edificio dos 87,9% (29) de las muestras y para el edificio tres 94,7% (18) de las muestras. Otro género encontrado en porcentajes altos en los tres edificios fue el Cladosporium sp. , en el edificio uno 41,8% (33) de las muestras, mientras que para el edificio dos correspondió al 100% (33) de las muestra y finalmente para el edificio tres 84,2% (16) de las muestras analizadas. Los hallazgos se correlacionan con lo reportado por la literatura.

Dispersão de bioaerossóis por aeradores em uma estação de tratamento de esgoto sanitário

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Bioaerossóis bacterianos em um hospital

Microbial contamination of an enclosed area may come from outside or be generated within the area itself. In the study described here, bioaerosol levels in hospital air were quantified and related to those found in the air outside, taking into account some of the environmental variables that affect air quality, such as the number of occupants of a room and the type of ventilation. Airborne bacteria were collected for five minute by blowing air at 500 L min -1 in high speed jets on to the surface on plates culture in a single-stage bioaerosol impactor. The mean viable count of bacteria in the air outside in the hospital, São Paulo State, was 77 ± 4 CFU m -3, while in the air inside the hospital it was 302 ± 260 CFU m-3. The operating theatre was the only space sampled with a controlled environment and, after orthopedic surgery, it had the highest bioaerosol count recorded (867 ± 482 CFU m-3). In the enclosed environments, nine bacterial species were identified. Despite the difficulty in establishing precise numbers of bacteria in the bioaerosols in hospital environments, the values obtained demonstrate a need to instigate suitable programs to keep the microbial density low in these environments, and eliminate microorganisms presenting a significant risk to their occupants. It is also recommended that such programs include the monitoring of hospital air, with the aim of defining standards for acceptable numbers of bacteria in the bioaerosol.

Avaliação de variáveis ambientais em ambientes destinados a ocupação comum

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Exposure to the Asp f 1 allergen in nonindustrial occupational environments

Sick Building Syndrome is a prevalent problem with patient complaints similar to typical allergy symptoms. Unlike most household allergens, the Asp f 1 allergen is conceivably ubiquitous in the work environment. This project examined levels of the Asp f 1 allergen in office and non-industrial occupational environments, and studied the bioaerosol and dust reservoirs of Aspergillus fumigatus responsible for those levels. ^ Culturable bioaerosols of total mesophilic fungi were sampled with Andersen N6 impactors. Aggressive airborne and bulk dust samples were concurrently collected and assayed for Asp f 1. Bulk dusts were selectively cultured for A. fumigatus. Samples were collected during both wet and dry climatological conditions to examine the possibility of Asp f 1 increases due to fungal growth blooms. ^ Only very low levels of Asp f 1 were detected in relatively few samples. Analysis of wet versus dry period samples showed no differences in Asp f 1 levels, although A. fumigatus counts from dusts did fluctuate significantly with exterior moisture events as did indoor prevalence of total colony forming units. These results indicate that even in the presence of elevated fungal concentrations, levels of Asp f 1 are extremely low. These levels do not correlate with climatological moisture events, despite distinct fungal blooms in the days immediately following those events. Non-industrial office buildings devoid of indoor air quality issues did not demonstrate significant levels or occurrence of Asp f 1 contamination in the geographical region of this study. ^

Evaluation of residential bioaerosol concentrations and their related health effects

Limited research has been conducted on the collection of bioaerosols and their health effects on individuals in the El Paso area. A year long study was conducted in the region to evaluate indoor bioaerosol concentrations (Mota et al., unpublished data). As part of the study, air samples were collected during each season for a year from 38 homes from the El Paso area. The main objective of the study was to assess seasonality differences in bioaerosol concentrations. The air samples were then cultured and analyzed for bacterial and fungal concentrations. As a supplement to that study, a health questionnaire was given during each seasonal air sampling to the participating resident to complete regarding their health status. The aim of this study was to evaluate the health questionnaire and assess any associations between the collected bioaerosol concentrations and the self-reported respiratory symptoms of the participating home residents. Symptom frequencies were tabulated and basic descriptive statistics, along with logistic regressions, were conducted on the relationship between “High” reporters of symptoms and bioaerosol concentrations and environmental factors. The most commonly reported symptoms by homeowners were nasal symptoms and allergies. In addition, there was evidence to support an association between indoor respirable bacteria concentrations and homeowners that report greater than or equal to 8 respiratory symptoms (OR=1.10, p=0.045). Smoking status, indoor humidity and season also displayed associations with homeowners that report greater than or equal to 8 respiratory symptoms (OR=3.3, p=0.045; OR=71.0, p=0.030; OR=7.2, 3.2, p=0.001, 0.008). With such a strong association, future assessment of symptoms, bioaerosol concentrations and environmental factors is needed to further establish their relationship. ^

Fluorescent Biological Aerosol Particles in Coastal Canada and the Link to Atmospheric Ice Nuclei

Bioaerosols are a subgroup of atmospheric aerosols and are often linked to the spread of human, animal and plant diseases. Bioaerosols also may play an indirect effect on environmental processes, including the formation of precipitation and alteration of the global climate through their role as nuclei for cloud droplet formation. Several types of biological organisms (e.g., fungi and bacteria) have been shown to be effective ice nuclei (IN) and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). During 21 days in August 2013 we participated in a collaborative international campaign at a rural, coastal site near the village of Ucluelet on the west coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. The experiments were conducted as part of the NETCARE project (the NETwork on Climate and Aerosols: Addressing Key Uncertainties in Remote Canadian Environments), in part to examine cloud nuclei properties of marine aerosol. The study was conducted from a mobile trailer located approximately 100 m from the coast. A suite of aerosol instrumentation was operated for approximately one month. Key instruments utilized as a part of this thesis include the wideband integrated bioaerosol sensor (WIBS-4A) and the multiple orifice uniform deposition impactor (MOUDI) coupled with an off-line droplet freezing technique (DFT) for the measurement of ice nucleation activity of particles in immersion mode. The WIBS measures the concentration and properties of individual fluorescent particles suspended in the air, which can serve as a proxy for airborne biological particle content. Particles shown to be fluorescent by the WIBS instrument were divided into seven categories based on the pattern of fluorescence each particle exhibited in the three fluorescent channels. Results of the WIBS analysis show that the fluorescent particle concentration in the region correlated well with IN number. The fluorescent particle concentration correlated well with the number of particles shown to be ice active as a function of both particle size and freezing temperature. Correlations involving marine aerosols and marine biological activity indicate that the majority of IN measured at the coastal site likely are not from have marine sources.

Indoor air quality in Portuguese schools: levels and sources of pollutants

Indoor air quality (IAQ) parameters in 73 primary classrooms in Porto were examined for the purpose of assessing levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), aldehydes, particulate matter, ventilation rates and bioaerosols within and between schools, and potential sources. Levels of VOCs, aldehydes, PM2.5 , PM10 , bacteria and fungi, carbon dioxide (CO2 ), carbon monoxide, temperature and relative humidity were measured indoors and outdoors and a walkthrough survey was performed concurrently. Ventilation rates were derived from CO2 and occupancy data. Concentrations of CO2 exceeding 1000 ppm were often encountered, indicating poor ventilation. Most VOCs had low concentrations (median of individual species <5 μg/m(3) ) and were below the respective WHO guidelines. Concentrations of particulate matter and culturable bacteria were frequently higher than guidelines/reference values. The variability of VOCs, aldehydes, bioaerosol concentrations, and CO2 levels between schools exceeded the variability within schools. These findings indicate that IAQ problems may persist in classrooms where pollutant sources exist and classrooms are poorly ventilated; source control strategies (related to building location, occupant behavior, maintenance/cleaning activities) are deemed to be the most reliable for the prevention of adverse health consequences in children in schools.

Endotoxinas bacterianas versus resposta inflamatória e alérgica

Endotoxinas bacterianas são lipopolissacáridos da membrana externa das bactérias Gram-negativas e são responsáveis pela libertação de citocinas no organismo humano. Estas citocinas podem exacerbar a sintomatologia de determinadas patologias, nomeadamente do foro pulmonar, agravando a sua situação clínica. A procura de melhor conforto habitacional, com a criação de micro ambientes "artificiais" dentro de casa, oferece bem-estar, mas por vezes arrasta consigo uma maior quantidade de poluentes aéreos indoor, nomeadamente bioaerossóis. A influência das bactérias Oram­ negativas em suspensão indoor nos níveis basais dos marcadores analíticos sanguíneos de resposta inflamatória e alérgica, é um ponto importante a ter em consideração quando se pretende elevar o grau de conforto de uma habitação sem implicações negativas para a saúde humana. Este estudo demonstra que a presença das endotoxinas bacterianas indoor, na ausência de patologia aguda, não prejudica o ser humano e a melhoria das condições habitacionais não degrada o estado fisiológico dos indivíduos. /Summary: Bacterial endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides found in the outer membrane of Gram­ negative bacteria and are responsible for the release of cytokines in the human body. These cytokines may exacerbate the symptoms of certain diseases, including pulmonary events, worsening their medical condition. The demand for better housing comfort with the creation of "artificial" micro-environments in the house, offers well-being, but often brings a greater quantity of indoor air pollutants, including bioaerosols. The influence of suspended indoor Gram-negative bacteria in basal levels of blood analytical markers of inflammatory and allergic rhinitis, is an important point to consider when attempting to raise the comfort level of a dwelling without negative implications for human health. This study proves that the presence of indoor bacterial endotoxin in the absence of acute pathology, do not affect humans and the improvement of living conditions does not degrade the physiological status of individuals.