Improved model for interfacial stresses accounting for the effect of shear deformation in plated beams

A significant increase in strength and performance of reinforced concrete, timber and metal beams may be achieved by adhesively bonding a fibre reinforced polymer composite, or metallic such as steel plate to the tension face of a beam. One of the major failure modes in these plated beams is the debonding of the plate from the original beam in a brittle manner. This is commonly attributed to the interfacial stresses between the adherends whose quantification has led to the development of many analytical solutions over the last two decades. The adherends are subjected to axial, bending and shear deformations. However, most analytical solutions have neglected the effect of shear deformation in adherends. Few solutions consider this effect approximately but are limited to one or two specific loading conditions. This paper presents a more rigorous solution for interfacial stresses in plated beams under an arbitrary loading with the shear deformation of the adherends duly considered in closed form using Timoshenko’s beam theory. The solution is general to linear elastic analysis of prismatic beams of arbitrary cross section under arbitrary loading with a plate of any thickness bonded either symmetrically or asymmetrically with respect to the span of the beam.

A straightforward method to obtain the cohesive laws of bonded joints under mode I loading

A simple procedure to measure the cohesive laws of bonded joints under mode I loading using the double cantilever beam test is proposed. The method only requires recording the applied load–displacement data and measuring the crack opening displacement at its tip in the course of the experimental test. The strain energy release rate is obtained by a procedure involving the Timoshenko beam theory, the specimen’s compliance and the crack equivalent concept. Following the proposed approach the influence of the fracture process zone is taken into account which is fundamental for an accurate estimation of the failure process details. The cohesive law is obtained by differentiation of the strain energy release rate as a function of the crack opening displacement. The model was validated numerically considering three representative cohesive laws. Numerical simulations using finite element analysis including cohesive zone modeling were performed. The good agreement between the inputted and resulting laws for all the cases considered validates the model. An experimental confirmation was also performed by comparing the numerical and experimental load–displacement curves. The numerical load–displacement curves were obtained by adjusting typical cohesive laws to the ones measured experimentally following the proposed approach and using finite element analysis including cohesive zone modeling. Once again, good agreement was obtained in the comparisons thus demonstrating the good performance of the proposed methodology.

Simulation de la nage anguilliforme

Ce document traite premièrement des diverses tentatives de modélisation et de simulation de la nage anguilliforme puis élabore une nouvelle technique, basée sur la méthode de la frontière immergée généralisée et la théorie des poutres de Reissner-Simo. Cette dernière, comme les équations des fluides polaires, est dérivée de la mécanique des milieux continus puis les équations obtenues sont discrétisées afin de les amener à une résolution numérique. Pour la première fois, la théorie des schémas de Runge-Kutta additifs est combinée à celle des schémas de Runge-Kutta-Munthe-Kaas pour engendrer une méthode d’ordre de convergence formel arbitraire. De plus, les opérations d’interpolation et d’étalement sont traitées d’un nouveau point de vue qui suggère l’usage des splines interpolatoires nodales en lieu et place des fonctions d’étalement traditionnelles. Enfin, de nombreuses vérifications numériques sont faites avant de considérer les simulations de la nage.

Synthesis, characterization and analytical modelling of mechanical behavior of a conducting polymer actuator

Electrochemical synthesis of a tri-layer polypyrrole based actuator optimized for performance was reported. The 0.05 M pyrrole and 0.05 M tetrabutylammonium hexaflurophosphate in propylene carbonate (PC) yielded the optimum performance and stability. The force produced ranged from 0.2 to 0.4mN. Cyclic deflection tests on PC based actuators for 3 hours indicated that the displacement decreased by 60%. PC based actuator had a longer operating time, exceeding 3 hours, compared to acetonitrile based actuators. A triple-layer model of the polymer actuator was developed based on the classic bending beam theory by considering strain electrode material. A tri-layer actuator was fabricated [4, 6], by initially sputter coating a PVDF film with approximately 100nm of gold layer, resulting in a conductive film with a surface resistance of 8-10Ω. The PVDF film was about ~145µm thick had an approximate pore size of 45μm. A solution containing 0.05M distilled pyrrole monomer, 0.05M (TBAPF6) and 1% (w/w) distilled water in PC (propylene carbonate) solution was purged with nitrogen for 15 minutes. The continuity between PPy and PVDF. Results predicted by the model were in good agreement with the experimental data.

Modelling of the stiffness evolution of truss core structures damaged by plastic buckling

A finite element study based on 1D beam element model is performed in order to investigate the mechanical behavior of an elasto-plastic beam loaded in axial compression over its buckling limit. The mode of loading is related to the damage of truss-cored beams in truss-cored laminates. The analysis takes into account the effects of geometry and material properties. The results of the FEM analysis are used for developing a simple mechanical model based on the basic Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and accounts for the beam compressibility. The model uses phenomenological functions containing parameters related to the basic material and geometrical properties. The presented model is developed in the form of closed solution which does not require complex numerical methods or extensive parametric studies. Predictions of the compressive stiffness degradation of truss-cored composites are made with the proposed model and compared with the results of FEM simulations. The error of the stiffness prediction with respect to the FEM results is within 10% over a 5 fold range of stiffness.

Equivalent dynamic thermoviscoelastic modeling of ionic polymers

Ionic polymers have attracted considerable attention due to their interesting sensing and actuating behavior which make them a proper choice for use in a wide range of applications including biomimetic robots and biomedical devices. The complicated electro-chemo-mechanical dynamics of ionic polymer actuators is a drawback for their applications in functional devices. Therefore, establishing a mathematical model which could effectively predict the actuators' dynamic behavior is of great interest. In this paper, a mathematical model, named equivalent dynamic thermoviscoelastic (EDT) model, based on thermal analogy and beam theory is proposed for dynamic analysis of bending-type ionic polymer actuators. Then, the developed model is extended for analyzing the performance of the actuator in finite element software. The finite element analysis of the actuator enables consideration of material and geometric nonlinearities and facilitates modeling of functional devices based on the ionic polymer actuators. The proposed modeling approach is validated using experimental data.

A planar flexible robotic manipulator

Presents the dynamic modelling of a flexible robotic manipulator with two flexible links and two revolute joints, which rotates in the horizontal plane. The dynamic equations are derived using the Newton-Euler formulation and the finite element method, based on elementary beam theory, which is used to discretize the displacements such that the small motion is represented in terms of nodal displacements. Computer simulation results are presented to illustrate this study. The dynamic model becomes necessary for use in future design and control applications.

Automation and cybernetics: Control of a flexible one-link manipulator

States that control is of the essence in cybernetics. Summarizes the dynamic equations for a flexible one-link manipulator moving in the horizontal plane. Employs the finite element method, based on elementary beam theory, during the process of formulation. Develops and instruments a one-link flexible manipulator in order to control its vibration modes. Uses a simple second-order vibration model which permits vibrations on the rod to be estimated using the hub angle. The validation of the dynamic model and the structural analysis of the flexible manipulator is reached using proper infrared cameras and active light sources for determining actual positions of objects in space. Shows that the performance of the control is satisfactory, even under perturbation action.

Dynamic modeling and simulation of a flexible robotic manipulator

This work focuses on the dynamic modeling of a flexible robotic manipulator with two flexible links and two revolute joints, which rotates in the horizontal plane. The dynamic equations are derived using the Newton-Euler formulation and the finite element method, based on elementary beam theory. Computer simulation results are presented to illustrate this study. The dynamic model becomes necessary for use in future design and control applications.

Fatigue crack growth rate in mode I of a carbon fiber 5HS weave composite laminate processed via RTM

Delamination or crack propagation between plies is a critical issue for structural composites. In viewing this issue and the large application of woven fabrics in structural applications, especially the ones that requires high drapeability to be preformed in a RTM mold cavity such as the asymmetric ones, e.g HS series, this research aimed in dynamically testing the carbon fiber 5HS/RTM6 epoxy composites under opening mode using DCB set up in order to investigate the crack growth rate behavior in an irregular surface produced by the fabric waviness. The evaluation of the energy involved in each crack increment was based on the Irwin-Kies equation using compliance beam theory. The tests were conducted at constant stress ratio of R=0.1 with displacement control, frequency of 10 Hz, in accordance to ASTM E647-00 for measurement of crack growth rate. The results showed large scatter when compared to unidirectional carbon fiber composites due to damage accumulation at the fill tows.

Contribuições na modelagem dinâmica e no controle neural de um braço robótico com elos flexíveis

Em geral, estruturas espaciais e manipuladores robóticos leves têm uma característica similar e inerente que é a flexibilidade. Esta característica torna a dinâmica do sistema muito mais complexa e com maiores dificuldades para a análise de estabilidade e controle. Então, braços robóticos bastantes leves, com velocidade elevada e potencia limitada devem considerar o controle de vibração causada pela flexibilidade. Por este motivo, uma estratégia de controle é desejada não somente para o controle do modo rígido mas também que seja capaz de controlar os modos de vibração do braço robótico flexível. Também, redes neurais artificiais (RNA) são identificadas como uma subespecialidade de inteligência artificial. Constituem atualmente uma teoria para o estudo de fenômenos complexos e representam uma nova ferramenta na tecnologia de processamento de informação, por possuírem características como processamento paralelo, capacidade de aprendizagem, mapeamento não-linear e capacidade de generalização. Assim, neste estudo utilizam-se RNA na identificação e controle do braço robótico com elos flexíveis. Esta tese apresenta a modelagem dinâmica de braços robóticos com elos flexíveis, 1D no plano horizontal e 2D no plano vertical com ação da gravidade, respectivamente. Modelos dinâmicos reduzidos são obtidos pelo formalismo de Newton-Euler, e utiliza-se o método dos elementos finitos (MEF) na discretização dos deslocamentos elásticos baseado na teoria elementar da viga. Além disso, duas estratégias de controle têm sido desenvolvidas com a finalidade de eliminar as vibrações devido à flexibilidade do braço robótico com elos flexíveis. Primeiro, utilizase um controlador neural feedforward (NFF) na obtenção da dinâmica inversa do braço robótico flexível e o calculo do torque da junta. E segundo, para obter precisão no posicionamento... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)

Measurement, Simulation, and Analysis of the Mechanical Response of Railroad Track

Increased railroad traffic volumes, speeds, and axle loads have created a need to better measure track quality. Previous research has indicated that the vertical track deflection provides a meaningful indicator of track integrity. The measured deflection can be related to the bending stresses in the rail as well as characterize the mechanical response of the track. This investigation summarizes the simulation, analysis and development of a measurement system at the University of Nebraska (UNL) to measure vertical track deflection in real-time from a car moving at revenue speeds. The UNL system operates continuously over long distances and in revenue service. Using a camera and two line lasers, the system establishes three points of the rail shape beneath the loaded wheels and over a distance of 10 ft. The resulting rail shape can then be related to the actual bending stress in the rail and estimate the track support through beam theory. Finite element simulations are used to characterize the track response as related to the UNL measurement system. The results of field tests using bondable resistance strain gages illustrate the system’s capability of approximating the actual rail bending stresses under load.

Creep and damage models for the service behaviour of structural members

Deformability is often a crucial to the conception of many civil-engineering structural elements. Also, design is all the more burdensome if both long- and short-term deformability has to be considered. In this thesis, long- and short-term deformability has been studied from the material and the structural modelling point of view. Moreover, two materials have been handled: pultruded composites and concrete. A new finite element model for thin-walled beams has been introduced. As a main assumption, cross-sections rigid are considered rigid in their plane; this hypothesis replaces that of the classical beam theory of plane cross-sections in the deformed state. That also allows reducing the total number of degrees of freedom, and therefore making analysis faster compared with twodimensional finite elements. Longitudinal direction warping is left free, allowing describing phenomena such as the shear lag. The new finite-element model has been first applied to concrete thin-walled beams (such as roof high span girders or bridge girders) subject to instantaneous service loadings. Concrete in his cracked state has been considered through a smeared crack model for beams under bending. At a second stage, the FE-model has been extended to the viscoelastic field and applied to pultruded composite beams under sustained loadings. The generalized Maxwell model has been adopted. As far as materials are concerned, long-term creep tests have been carried out on pultruded specimens. Both tension and shear tests have been executed. Some specimen has been strengthened with carbon fibre plies to reduce short- and long- term deformability. Tests have been done in a climate room and specimens kept 2 years under constant load in time. As for concrete, a model for tertiary creep has been proposed. The basic idea is to couple the UMLV linear creep model with a damage model in order to describe nonlinearity. An effective strain tensor, weighting the total and the elasto-damaged strain tensors, controls damage evolution through the damage loading function. Creep strains are related to the effective stresses (defined by damage models) and so associated to the intact material.

Jaw mechanics of the pterosaur skull construction and the evolution of toothlessness

In the present study, pterosaur skull constructions were analysed using a combined approach of finite element analysis (FEA), static investigations as well as applying classical beam theory and lever mechanics. The study concentrates on the operating regime „bite“, where loads are distributed via the dentition or a keratinous rhamphotheca into the skull during jaw occlusion. As a first step, pterosaur tooth constructions were analysed. The different morphologies of the tooth construction determine specific operational ranges, in which the teeth perform best (= greatest resistance against failure). The incomplete enamel-covering of the pterosaur tooth constructions thereby leads to a reduction of strain and stress and to a greater lateral elasticity than for a complete enamel cover. This permits the development of high and lateral compressed tooth constructions. Further stress-absorption occurs in the periodontal membrane, although its mechanical properties can not be clarified unambiguously. A three-dimensionally preserved skull of Anhanguera was chosen as a case-study for the investigation of the skull constructions. CT-scans were made to get information about the internal architecture, supplemented by thin-sections of a rostrum of a second Anhanguera specimen. These showed that the rostrum can be approximated as a double-walled triangular tube with a large central vacuity and an average wall-thickness of the bony layers of about 1 mm. On base of the CT-scans, a stereolithography of the skull of Anhanguera was made on which the jaw adductor and abductor muscles were modelled, permitting to determine muscular forces. The values were used for the lever mechanics, cantilever and space frame analysis. These studies and the FEA show, that the jaw reaction forces are critical for the stability of the skull construction. The large jugal area ventral to the orbita and the inclined occipital region act as buttresses against these loads. In contrast to the orbitotemporal region which is subject to varying loading conditions, the pattern in the rostrum is less complex. Here, mainly bending in dorsal direction and torsion occur. The hollow rostrum leads to a reduction of weight of the skull and to a high bending and torsional resistance. Similar to the Anhanguera skull construction, the skulls of those pterosaur taxa were analysed, from which enough skull material is know to permit a reliable reconstruction. Furthermore, FEA were made from five selected taxa. The comparison of the biomechanical behaviour of the different skull constructions results in major transformational processes: elongation of rostra, inclination of the occipital region, variation of tooth morphology, reduction of the dentition and replacement of teeth by a keratinous hook or rhamphotheca, fusion of naris and antorbital fenestra, and the development of bony and soft-tissue crests. These processes are discussed for their biomechanical effects during bite. Certain optional operational ranges for feeding are assigned to the different skull constructions and previous hypotheses (e.g. skimming) are verified. Using the principle of economisation, these processes help to establish irreversible transformations and to define possible evolutionary pathways. The resulting constructional levels and the structural variations within these levels are interpreted in light of a greater feeding efficiency and reduction of bony mass combined with an increased stability against the various loads. The biomechanical conclusive pathways are used for comparison and verification of recent hypothesis of the phylogenetic systematics of pterosaurs.

Travi in parete sottile con deformabilità a taglio e distorsione di sezione: formulazione teorica, modellazione numerica e applicazioni

Il presente lavoro di tesi ha riguardato una riformulazione teorica, una modellazione numerica e una serie di applicazioni della Generalized Beam Theory per lo studio dei profili in parete sottile con particolare riguardo ai profili in acciaio formati a freddo. In particolare, in questo lavoro è proposta una riscrittura della cinematica GBT che introduce in una forma originale la deformabilità a taglio della sezione. Tale formulazione consente di conservare il formato della GBT classica e introducendo uno spostamento di warping variabile lungo lo spessore della generica parete della sezione trasversale, garantisce perfetta coerenza tra la componente flessionale e tagliante della trave. E' mostrato, come tale riscrittura consente in maniera agevole di ricondursi alle teorie classiche di trave, anche deformabili a taglio. Inoltre, in tale contesto, è stata messa a punto una procedura di ricostruzione dello sforzo tridimensionale in grado ricostruire la parte reattiva delle componenti di tensioni dovuta al vincolamento interno proprio di un modello a cinematica ridotta. Sulla base di tali strumenti, è stato quindi proposto un approccio progettuale dedicato ai profili in classe 4, definito ESA (Embedded Stability Analysis), in grado di svolgere le verifiche coerentemente con quanto prescritto dalle normative vigenti. Viene infine presentata una procedura numerica per la progettazione di sistemi di copertura formati a freddo. Tale procedura permette di effettuare in pochi semplici passi il progetto dell'arcareccio e dei dettagli costruttivi relativi alla copertura.