A autodeterminação de jovens com necessidades educativas especiais

A Autodeterminação é considerada por alguns autores como um conjunto de atitudes que possibilitam que cada pessoa defina metas e seja capaz de, por iniciativa própria, alcançar os seus objectivos (Field & Hoffman, 1996; Poulsen, Rodger, & Ziviani, 2006; Wehmeyer, 1998, 2007; Wehmeyer & Metzler, 1995). No âmbito deste conceito é extremamente relevante identificar no indivíduo aspetos importantes, designadamente a autorrealização que permite alcançar todo o potencial, a assertividade para dizer de forma direta e clara quais as suas necessidades, a criatividade como apoio para ultrapassar os papéis estereotipados e expectativas, a crença para reconhecer as suas capacidades e contribuição para a sociedade e a autorrepresentação para garantir a viabilização dos serviços e concretização de todo o potencial (Field & Hoffman, 1996). Nesta lógica surge um outro conceito que também assume grande importância: o self-advocacy (autorrepresentação) (Santos & Morato, 2002). Brinckerhoff (1993) definiu a autorrepresentação como a habilidade para reconhecer e responder às necessidades específicas de uma dificuldade de aprendizagem, sem comprometer a dignidade de si mesmo e dos outros. Para Wehmeyer e Metzler (1995) a Autodeterminação num indivíduo, não é suscetível de ser diretamente avaliada, podendo apenas ser observada através das ações e comportamentos do próprio. Mediante a avaliação desses mesmos comportamentos podemos verificar se a pessoa desenvolveu competências para autodeterminar o seu projeto de vida. Estudos realizados com base na Autodeterminação da pessoa com deficiência mental (DM) (Houghton, Bronicki, & Guess, 1987; Kishi, Teelucksingh, Zollers, Park-Lee, & Meyer, 1988; Murtaugh & Zetlin, 1990), concluem que a população jovem adulta com DM não vivencia uma grande panóplia de experiências em que lhe seja proporcionada oportunidade de expressar preferências, fazer escolhas e tomar decisões (Wehmeyer & Metzler, 1995). Mesmo quando se vislumbra um novo paradigma face à DM em que se percebe a importância deste conceito (Autodeterminação) como fundamental para a realização pessoal desta população, nem sempre existe uma resposta coerente por parte da sociedade, pois uma grande parte mantêm-se obstinada e resistente, ignorando a idade cronológica dos indivíduos e focando-se na sua suposta idade mental, o que leva por vezes a interações enviesadas e inadequadas. Nesta lógica, é óbvio, que se é tratada como uma criança, irá de certeza assumir comportamentos como tal (Glat, 1999). Jovens com competências de Autodeterminação possuem maiores possibilidades de obter sucesso na transição para a vida adulta onde se inclui o emprego e a vida social (Agran & Wehmeyer, 2000). Constata-se que os jovens com DM podem enfrentar obstáculos que aparentemente lhes pareçam difíceis ou mesmo impossíveis de transpor, podendo apenas necessitar de apoio e intervenções específicas para os auxiliarem com as transições de papéis que experienciam. Estas transições de papéis são vividas de forma diferente de indivíduo para indivíduo e dependem do desenvolvimento de cada jovem, das suas capacidades e dificuldades e da existência de suporte familiar e ambiental (King, Baldwin, Currie, & Evans, 2005). Para que a transição de papéis possa ser vivida de forma harmoniosa e tendo em conta uma perspetiva de inclusão, a maioria das crianças e jovens com deficiência têm sido integradas no ensino regular e, nesse sentido, é de todo importante realçar a necessidade de apoio que permita uma participação efetiva dos mesmos no contexto escolar, orientando as suas atividades e integrando-as da forma mais completa possível (Loukas, 2007; Mu, Gabriel Franck, & Konz, 2007). A literatura aponta para um papel fundamental da Terapia Ocupacional no que diz respeito à escola inclusiva, cujo objetivo se foca em facilitar o envolvimento ativo dos jovens, tendo em conta que estes experimentam as mudanças inerentes à adolescência que associadas ao processo de transição resultam num percurso difícil, principalmente para jovens com deficiência (Loukas, 2007; Michaels & Orentlicher, 2004; J. Spencer, Emery, & Schneck, 2003). A Terapia Ocupacional assume um papel importante em todo o processo de envolvimento e na intervenção nas escolas, apoiando a transição e potenciando o desenvolvimento de competências de desempenho (físicas, cognitivas, emocionais e sociais), a adaptação de contextos e a participação efetiva da criança ou jovem nas atividades educativas e na vida na comunidade (Conaboy et al., 2008b; Mu et al., 2007; K. C. Spencer & O'Daniel, 2005). É relevante o desenvolvimento e manutenção de hábitos e rotinas adequadas de forma a alcançar o sucesso escolar e a aprendizagem de estratégias para a vida na comunidade, bem como conseguir que o indivíduo seja capaz de autodeterminar os seus projetos de vida para uma participação efetiva (Chambers et al., 2007; Conaboy et al., 2008a, 2008b; Poulsen et al., 2006). Realça-se que a Autodeterminação tem por base componentes como a autonomia comportamental, na qual o indivíduo vai-se desenvolvendo no sentido da autoproteção e auto-orientação; o Empowerment Psicológico, em que se parte para a ação convicto de que se é capaz de aplicar as competências que são exigidas para alcançar os resultados desejados; o autocontrolo e a autorrealização (Wehmeyer, 1998). Promover a Autodeterminação é, sem dúvida, um aspeto crucial dos projetos educativos dos alunos com DM (Agran & Wehmeyer, 2000; Black & Ornelles, 2001; Mancini & Coster, 2004; Wehmeyer, 1998; Wehmeyer & Schwartz, 1998), onde se enfatizam as competências e a preparação para o emprego e para uma vida o mais independente possível (Conaboy et al., 2008a, 2008b). Em Portugal, na legislação, vigora que as escolas que comportam o funcionamento do Ensino Especial devem contemplar os projetos educativos, visto que estes assumem importância tanto para os alunos integrados que deles beneficiam, como para toda a comunidade educativa. Deve-se documentar a avaliação dos alunos e as respostas educativas específicas para cada caso, promovendo a aprendizagem, a capacitação e a aquisição de competências para a inserção comunitária (por exemplo a nível laboral), tendo em conta o projeto de vida do aluno em questão (Chambers et al., 2007; Michaels & Orentlicher, 2004; Williams-Diehm & Lynch, 2007). O envolvimento da criança ou jovem e da sua família como membros da equipa em todo o processo de transição é um aspeto valioso (Wehmeyer, 1998; Wehmeyer & Schwartz, 1998).De forma a compreender a vantagem da Autodeterminação para o sucesso destes alunos, em contexto escolar e na vida adulta, é pertinente referir os Programas Individuais de Transição (PIT) (Fingles, Hinkle, & Van Horn, 2004). Estes surgem da necessidade de incluir as pessoas com deficiência, visando a máxima independência, o envolvimento a nível comunitário e a manutenção e criação de relações pessoais e sociais (Black & Ornelles, 2001; Fingles et al., 2004; Sitlington, 1996; Wehmeyer, Garner, Yeager, & Lawrence, 2006). Aos PIT está fortemente aliada a Autodeterminação para promover a participação dos jovens em todo o processo. Alguns estudos revelam que jovens mais autodeterminados colaboram continuamente nas reuniões de planeamento e fundamentam as questões que são do seu interesse (Sitlington, 1996). Neste momento, permanece ainda incerto até que ponto a inclusão escolar dos jovens com Necessidades Educativas Especiais (NEE) em Portugal se encontra a promover a sua Autodeterminação. De facto, são poucos os estudos que indicam até que ponto os PIT’s estão concebidos para o estabelecimento de uma Autodeterminação elevada nestes jovens. Foi nesse sentido que realizamos um estudo de desenho observacional descritivo, com os objetivos de analisar o nível de Autodeterminação de jovens que frequentam o 2º e 3º ciclos do ensino básico e secundário sinalizados como tendo NEE e de comparar os níveis de Autodeterminação entre um grupo de jovens com NEE e um grupo de jovens sem NEE.

Beyond methodological nationalism: The contribution of Robert E. Park to the history of intercultural communication

The legacy of nineteenth century social theory followed a “nationalist” model of society, assuming that analysis of social realities depends upon national boundaries, taking the nation-state as the primary unit of analysis, and developing the concept of methodological nationalism. This perspective regarded the nation-state as the natural - and even necessary - form of society in modernity. Thus, the constitution of large cities, at the end of the 19th century, through the intense flows of immigrants coming from diverse political and linguistic communities posed an enormous challenge to all social research. One of the most significant studies responding to this set of issues was The Immigrant Press and its Control, by Robert E. Park, one of the most prominent American sociologists of the first half of the 20th century. The Immigrant Press and its Control was part of a larger project entitled Americanization Studies: The Acculturation of Immigrant Group into American Society, funded by the Carnagie Corporation following World War I, taking as its goal to study the so-called “Americanization methods” during the 1920s. This paper revisits that particular work by Park to reveal how his detailed analysis of the role of the immigrant press overcame the limitations of methodological nationalism. By granting importance to language as a tool uniting each community and by showing how the strength of foreign languages expressed itself through the immigrant press, Park demonstrated that the latter produces a more ambivalent phenomenon than simply the assimilation of immigrants. On the one hand, the immigrant press served as a connecting force, driven by the desire to preserve the mother tongue and culture while at the same time awakening national sentiments that had, until then, remained diffuse. Yet, on the other hand, it facilitated the adjustment of immigrants to the American context. As a result, Park’s work contributes to our understanding of a particular liminal moment inherent within many intercultural contexts, the space between emigrant identity (emphasizing the country of origin) and immigrant identity (emphasizing the newly adopted country). His focus on the role played by media in the socialization of immigrant groups presaged later work on this subject by communication scholars. Focusing attention on Park’s research leads to other studies of the immigrant experience from the same period (e.g., Thomas & Znaniecki, The Polish Peasant in Europe and America), and also to insights on multi-presence and interculturality as significant but often overlooked phenomena in the study of immigrant socialization.

Wetland Habitat Studies using various Classification Techniques on Multi-Spectral Landsat Imagery: Case study: Tram chim National Park, Dong Thap Vietnam

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies

Human and climatic change impact modelling on the habitat suitability for the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti) – Case study: The proposed Mount Cameroon National Park

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies

Prevalence of IgG varicella zoster virus antibodies in the Kuikuro and Kaiabi indigenous communities in Xingu National Park, Brazil, before varicella vaccination

The purpose of the study was to estimate the prevalence of IgG antibodies against varicella zoster virus (VZV) in the two most populated indigenous ethnic groups from Xingu Indigenous National Park, in Brazil, prior to the introduction of vaccination against the disease, and to determine the positive and the negative predictive values of a history of varicella infection. In 2001, 589 inhabitants of two Kuikuro villages and three Kaiabi villages were evaluated and provided information concerning previous varicella infection. An indirect immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect IgG anti-VZV antibodies was performed in 224 blood samples - volunteer selection had no interference of anamnesis. IgG prevalence was 80.8% (95% Confidence Interval: 76% - 86%). The seroepidemiology of varicella in Xingu National Park prior to varicella vaccine introduction was comparable to the Brazilian national seroprevalence described in the literature, and so were the positive (98%) and the negative predictive value (41%) of the referred history.

Prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis A virus among the Kuikuro and Kaiabi Indians of Xingu National Park, Brazil

A seroprevalence study to detect total antibodies against Hepatitis A Virus was done with 220 samples from 589 Native Indians from Xingu National Park, Brazil, in five Kaiabi and Kuikuro villages, the most populous ethnic groups. Using a commercial immunoassay kit we detected 97.7% positive samples (95% Confidence Interval: 95%-99%). We noticed a precocious seroconversion, before the age of six years, when the disease is usually asymptomatic. These results are similar to those found in the literature in non-Indian population studies of the Northern, Northeastern and West Central regions of Brazil. They suggest that it is not necessary to introduce vaccination against Hepatitis A in these highly endemic populations.

Contributo dos sistemas de informação geográfica para a mobilidade elétrica : localização de áreas ótimas para Park&Ride baseadas na rede do metro do Porto

Dissertação de mestrado em Gestão do Território na especialidade de Deteção Remota e Sistemas de Informação Geográfica

An Atlas for the future National Park: Las Cumbres de la Sierra de Guadarrama

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies.

Gastrointestinal symbionts of chimpanzees in Cantanhez National Park, Guinea-Bissau with respect to habitat fragmentation

One of the major factors threatening chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in Guinea-Bissau is habitat fragmentation. Such fragmentation may cause changes in symbiont dynamics resulting in increased susceptibility to infection, changes in host specificity and virulence. We monitored gastrointestinal symbiotic fauna of three chimpanzee subpopulations living within Cantanhez National Park (CNP) in Guinea Bissau in the areas with different levels of anthropogenic fragmentation. Using standard coproscopical methods (merthiolate-iodine formalin concentration and Sheather's flotation) we examined 102 fecal samples and identified at least 13 different symbiotic genera (Troglodytella abrassarti, Troglocorys cava, Blastocystis spp., Entamoeba spp., Iodamoeba butschlii, Giardia intestinalis, Chilomastix mesnili, Bertiella sp., Probstmayria gombensis, unidentified strongylids, Strongyloides stercoralis, Strongyloides fuelleborni, and Trichuris sp.). The symbiotic fauna of the CNP chimpanzees is comparable to that reported for other wild chimpanzee populations, although CNP chimpanzees have a higher prevalence of Trichuris sp. Symbiont richness was higher in chimpanzee subpopulations living in fragmented forests compared to the community inhabiting continuous forest area. We reported significantly higher prevalence of G. intestinalis in chimpanzees from fragmented areas, which could be attributed to increased contact with humans and livestock.

Creation of a web application for smart park system and parking prediction study for system integration

In the last few years, we have observed an exponential increasing of the information systems, and parking information is one more example of them. The needs of obtaining reliable and updated information of parking slots availability are very important in the goal of traffic reduction. Also parking slot prediction is a new topic that has already started to be applied. San Francisco in America and Santander in Spain are examples of such projects carried out to obtain this kind of information. The aim of this thesis is the study and evaluation of methodologies for parking slot prediction and the integration in a web application, where all kind of users will be able to know the current parking status and also future status according to parking model predictions. The source of the data is ancillary in this work but it needs to be understood anyway to understand the parking behaviour. Actually, there are many modelling techniques used for this purpose such as time series analysis, decision trees, neural networks and clustering. In this work, the author explains the best techniques at this work, analyzes the result and points out the advantages and disadvantages of each one. The model will learn the periodic and seasonal patterns of the parking status behaviour, and with this knowledge it can predict future status values given a date. The data used comes from the Smart Park Ontinyent and it is about parking occupancy status together with timestamps and it is stored in a database. After data acquisition, data analysis and pre-processing was needed for model implementations. The first test done was with the boosting ensemble classifier, employed over a set of decision trees, created with C5.0 algorithm from a set of training samples, to assign a prediction value to each object. In addition to the predictions, this work has got measurements error that indicates the reliability of the outcome predictions being correct. The second test was done using the function fitting seasonal exponential smoothing tbats model. Finally as the last test, it has been tried a model that is actually a combination of the previous two models, just to see the result of this combination. The results were quite good for all of them, having error averages of 6.2, 6.6 and 5.4 in vacancies predictions for the three models respectively. This means from a parking of 47 places a 10% average error in parking slot predictions. This result could be even better with longer data available. In order to make this kind of information visible and reachable from everyone having a device with internet connection, a web application was made for this purpose. Beside the data displaying, this application also offers different functions to improve the task of searching for parking. The new functions, apart from parking prediction, were: - Park distances from user location. It provides all the distances to user current location to the different parks in the city. - Geocoding. The service for matching a literal description or an address to a concrete location. - Geolocation. The service for positioning the user. - Parking list panel. This is not a service neither a function, is just a better visualization and better handling of the information.

Study of infection by Rickettsiae of the spotted fever group in humans and ticks in an urban park located in the City of Londrina, State of Paraná, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Spotted fevers are emerging zoonoses caused by Rickettsia species in the spotted fever group (SFG). Rickettsia rickettsii is the main etiologic agent of Brazilian spotted fever (BSF) and it is transmitted by Amblyomma spp. ticks. METHODS: The study aimed to investigate SFG rickettsiae in the Arthur Thomas Municipal Park in Londrina, PR, by collecting free-living ticks and ticks from capybaras and blood samples from personnel working in these areas. Samples from A. dubitatum and A. cajennense were submitted for PCR in pools to analyze the Rickettsia spp. gltA (citrate synthase gene). RESULTS: All the pools analyzed were negative. Human sera were tested by indirect immunofluorescence assay with R. rickettsii and R. parkeri as antigens. Among the 34 sera analyzed, seven (20.6%) were reactive for R. rickettsii: four of these had endpoint titers equal to 64, 2 titers were 128 and 1 titer was 256. None of the samples were reactive for R. parkeri. An epidemiological questionnaire was applied to the park staff, but no statistically significant associations were identified. CONCLUSIONS: The serological studies suggest the presence of Rickettsiae related to SFG that could be infecting the human population studied; however, analysis of the ticks collected was unable to determine which species may be involved in transmission to humans.

Ecological aspects of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the gallery forest of Brasilia National Park, Brazil, with an emphasis on potential vectors of yellow fever

Introduction We analyzed the vertical and monthly distributions of culicid species in the gallery forest of Brasília National Park, with an emphasis on the potential vectors of yellow fever (YF). Methods Between September 2010 and August 2011, mosquitoes were captured on the ground and in the canopy of the forest for five consecutive days per month, from nine to 15 hours. The mosquitoes were examined to verify natural infection with flaviviruses by isolation in Aedes albopictus Skuse, 1864 cells followed by indirect immunofluorescence. Results We identified 2,677 culicids distributed in 29 species. Most of the mosquitoes were captured at ground level (69%) during the rainy season (86%). The most abundant species were Sabethes (Sabethes) albiprivus Theobald, 1903; Limatus durhamii Theobald, 1901; Haemagogus (Conopostegus) leucocelaenus Dyar & Shannon, 1924; Haemagogus (Haemagogus) janthinomys Dyar, 1921; Aedes (Ochlerotatus) scapularis Rondani, 1848; Psorophora (Janthinosoma) ferox Von Humboldt, 1819; and Aedes (Ochlerotatus) serratus Theobald, 1901. Limatus durhamii, Limatus durhamii, Psorophora ferox, Aedes scapularis and Aedes serratus showed significant differences (p<0.05) in their habitat use. Limatus durhamii was found more often in the canopy, unlike the other species. During the rainy season, the most abundant species were Sa. albiprivus, Haemagogus leucocelaenus and Limatus durhamii. During the dry season, the potential YF vectors exhibited a very low frequency and abundance, except Aedes scapularis and Aedes serratus. No flavivirus was detected in the 2,677 examined mosquitoes. Conclusions We recommend continued and systematic entomological monitoring in areas vulnerable to the transmission of YF in the Federal District of Brazil.

Wood density of trees in black water floodplains of Rio Jaú National Park, Amazonia, Brazil

The Jaú National Park is the largest protected forested area in the world. The Vitória Amazônica Foundation is working towards understanding its ecosystem, to which this paper contributes. Wood density was analysed in 27 common tree species growing in the blackwater flood-plains of the Rio Jaú, an affluent of the Rio Negro (Amazonia, Brazil). Wood was sampled with an increment borer. Mean wood density of the analysed species ranged from 0.35 to 0.87 g cm-3. The mean of all sampled species was 0.67 g cm-3 (st. dev. 0.13). Lowest density was found for Hevea spruceana with 0.32 g cm-3 and highest for Crudia amazonica with 0.9 g cm-3.

Use of the flooded forest by fish assemblages in lakes of the National Park of Anavilhanas (Amazonas, Brazil)

We evaluated diversity and distribution of fish species in two habitats: flooded forest and open water of lakes of Rio Negro. Each of four lakes within the Anavilhanas Archipelago was sampled three times from 2009-2010. Species diversity generally was higher in flooded forests and at night, according to correspondence analysis. Predators were most active at night, but showed no preference between the flooded forest and open water habitats. Omnivores, filter feeders, and detritivores were most active during the day.