Search/ing for missing people: families living with ambiguous absence

Families of missing people are often understood as inhabiting a particular space of ambiguity, captured in the phrase ‘living in limbo’ (Holmes, 2008). To explore this uncertain ground, we interviewed 25 family members to consider how human absence is acted upon and not just felt within this space ‘in between’ grief and loss (Wayland, 2007). In the paper, we represent families as active agents in spatial stories of ‘living in limbo’, and we provide insights into the diverse strategies of search/ing (technical, physical and emotional) in which they engage to locate either their missing member or news of them. Responses to absence are shown to be intimately bound up with unstable spatial knowledges of the missing person and emotional actions that are subject to change over time. We suggest that practices of search are not just locative actions, but act as transformative processes providing insights into how families inhabit emotional dynamism and transition in response to the on-going ‘missing situation’ and ambiguous loss (Boss, 1999, 2013).

Particulate optical scattering coefficients along an Atlantic Meridional Transect

The particulate optical backscattering coefficient (bbp) is a fundamental optical property that allows monitoring of marine suspended particles both in situ and from space. Backscattering measurements in the open ocean are still scarce, however, especially in oligotrophic regions. Consequently, uncertainties remain in bbp parameterizations as well as in satellite estimates of bbp. In an effort to reduce these uncertainties, we present and analyze a dataset collected in surface waters during the 19th Atlantic Meridional Transect. Results show that the relationship between particulate beam-attenuation coefficient (cp) and chlorophyll-a concentration was consistent with published bio-optical models. In contrast, the particulate backscattering per unit of chlorophyll-a and per unit of cp were higher than in previous studies employing the same sampling methodology. These anomalies could be due to a bias smaller than the current uncertainties in bbp. If that was the case, then the AMT19 dataset would confirm that bbp:cp is remarkably constant over the surface open ocean. A second-order decoupling between bbp and cp was, however, evident in the spectral slopes of these coefficients, as well as during diel cycles. Overall, these results emphasize the current difficulties in obtaining accurate bbp measurements in the oligotrophic ocean and suggest that, to first order, bbp and cp are coupled in the surface open ocean, but they are also affected by other geographical and temporal variations.

Generalized ocean color inversion model for retrieving marine inherent optical properties

Ocean color measured from satellites provides daily, global estimates of marine inherent optical properties (IOPs). Semi-analytical algorithms (SAAs) provide one mechanism for inverting the color of the water observed by the satellite into IOPs. While numerous SAAs exist, most are similarly constructed and few are appropriately parameterized for all water masses for all seasons. To initiate community-wide discussion of these limitations, NASA organized two workshops that deconstructed SAAs to identify similarities and uniqueness and to progress toward consensus on a unified SAA. This effort resulted in the development of the generalized IOP (GIOP) model software that allows for the construction of different SAAs at runtime by selection from an assortment of model parameterizations. As such, GIOP permits isolation and evaluation of specific modeling assumptions, construction of SAAs, development of regionally tuned SAAs, and execution of ensemble inversion modeling. Working groups associated with the workshops proposed a preliminary default configuration for GIOP (GIOP-DC), with alternative model parameterizations and features defined for subsequent evaluation. In this paper, we: (1) describe the theoretical basis of GIOP; (2) present GIOP-DC and verify its comparable performance to other popular SAAs using both in situ and synthetic data sets; and, (3) quantify the sensitivities of their output to their parameterization. We use the latter to develop a hierarchical sensitivity of SAAs to various model parameterizations, to identify components of SAAs that merit focus in future research, and to provide material for discussion on algorithm uncertainties and future emsemble applications.

Acceptance angle effects on the beam attenuation in the ocean

The beam attenuation serves as a proxy for particulate matter and is a key parameter in visibility algorithms for the aquatic environment. It is well known, however, that the beam attenuation is a function of the acceptance angle of the transmissometer used to measure it. Here we compare eight different transmissometers with four different acceptance angles using four different deployment strategies and sites, and find that their mean attenuation values differ markedly and in a consistent way with instrument acceptance angle: smaller acceptance angles provide higher beam attenuation values. This difference is due to variations in scattered light collected with different acceptance angles and is neither constant nor easy to parameterize. Variability (in space or time) in the ratios of beam attenuations measured by two different instruments correlates, in most cases, with the particle size parameter (as expected from Mie theory), but this correlation is often weak and can be the opposite of expectations based on particle size changes. We recommended careful consideration of acceptance angle in applications of beam transmission data especially when comparing data from different instruments. (C) 2009 Optical Society of America

Satellite-detected fluorescence reveals global physiology of ocean phytoplankton

Phytoplankton photosynthesis links global ocean biology and climate-driven fluctuations in the physical environment. These interactions are largely expressed through changes in phytoplankton physiology, but physiological status has proven extremely challenging to characterize globally. Phytoplankton fluorescence does provide a rich source of physiological information long exploited in laboratory and field studies, and is now observed from space. Here we evaluate the physiological underpinnings of global variations in satellite-based phytoplankton chlorophyll fluorescence. The three dominant factors influencing fluorescence distributions are chlorophyll concentration, pigment packaging effects on light absorption, and light-dependent energy-quenching processes. After accounting for these three factors, resultant global distributions of quenching-corrected fluorescence quantum yields reveal a striking consistency with anticipated patterns of iron availability. High fluorescence quantum yields are typically found in low iron waters, while low quantum yields dominate regions where other environmental factors are most limiting to phytoplankton growth. Specific properties of photosynthetic membranes are discussed that provide a mechanistic view linking iron stress to satellite-detected fluorescence. Our results present satellite-based fluorescence as a valuable tool for evaluating nutrient stress predictions in ocean ecosystem models and give the first synoptic observational evidence that iron plays an important role in seasonal phytoplankton dynamics of the Indian Ocean. Satellite fluorescence may also provide a path for monitoring climate-phytoplankton physiology interactions and improving descriptions of phytoplankton light use efficiencies in ocean productivity models.

Decomposition of in situ particulate absorption spectra

A global dataset of in situ particulate absorption spectra has been decomposed into component functions representing absorption by phytoplankton pigments and non-algal particles. The magnitudes of component Gaussian functions, used to represent absorption by individual or groups of pigments, are well correlated with pigment concentrations determined using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. We are able to predict the presence of chlorophylls a,ba,b, and cc, as well as two different groups of summed carotenoid pigments with percent errors between 30% and 57%. Existing methods of analysis of particulate absorption spectra measured in situ provide for only chlorophyll aa; the method presented here, using high spectral resolution particulate absorption, shows the ability to obtain the concentrations of additional pigments, allowing for more detailed studies of phytoplankton ecology than currently possible with in-situ spectroscopy.

Regional ocean-colour chlorophyll algorithms for the Red Sea

The Red Sea is a semi-enclosed tropical marine ecosystem that stretches from the Gulf of Suez and Gulf of Aqaba in the north, to the Gulf of Aden in the south. Despite its ecological and economic importance, its biological environment is relatively unexplored. Satellite ocean-colour estimates of chlorophyll concentration (an index of phytoplankton biomass) offer an observational platform to monitor the health of the Red Sea. However, little is known about the optical properties of the region. In this paper, we investigate the optical properties of the Red Sea in the context of satellite ocean-colour estimates of chlorophyll concentration. Making use of a new merged ocean-colour product, from the European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative, and in situ data in the region, we test the performance of a series of ocean-colour chlorophyll algorithms. We find that standard algorithms systematically overestimate chlorophyll when compared with the in situ data. To investigate this bias we develop an ocean-colour model for the Red Sea, parameterised to data collected during the Tara Oceans expedition, that estimates remote-sensing reflectance as a function of chlorophyll concentration. We used the Red Sea model to tune the standard chlorophyll algorithms and the overestimation in chlorophyll originally observed was corrected. Results suggest that the overestimation was likely due to an excess of CDOM absorption per unit chlorophyll in the Red Sea when compared with average global conditions. However, we recognise that additional information is required to test the influence of other potential sources of the overestimation, such as aeolian dust, and we discuss uncertainties in the datasets used. We present a series of regional chlorophyll algorithms for the Red Sea, designed for a suite of ocean-colour sensors, that may be used for further testing.

Fauna

Stapleton’s self designed instrument, the BoSS (Bonsai Sound Sculpture, 2010) combines with Rose’s circular breathed baritone, multi-phonic and harmonic textures, to explore other sound worlds through real time interaction/composition. The method of exploration commits to a free improvisation aesthetic whereby the music is created at the point of performance. Encountering one another’s music while performing at the ‘Call them Improvisers’ performance at SARC, an ensemble directed by Evan Parker (November 2010) an affinity to the possibilities of one another’s particular approach became immediately apparent. This strongly identified connection led them to further explore the musical possibilities within the parameters created by the duo setting. Duo activities include concerts at Ausland (Berlin), SARC (Belfast), Sowieso (Berlin), Wendel (Berlin), and a recording with Elmar Susse in Hoffnungskirche, Pankow released by the California-based pfMENTUM record label in 2013.

This output is published in the form of an audio CD on the pfMENTUM record label.

La ferme du Bas-de-la-Baie, 1673-1759 : contribution zooarchéologique à l'étude des sites ruraux

Ce mémoire présente les résultats d'une recherche zooarchéologique portant sur deux occupations d'un site du début de la colonisation à Baie-Saint-Paul (XVIIe-XVIIIe siècle). L'analyse de leurs assemblages fauniques, totalisant 1175 restes osseux, a démontré le caractère diamétralement opposé des deux occupations. Le site d'habitation des goudronniers a révélé une exploitation des ressources sauvages visant à suppléer un élevage déficient et fournir un revenu d'appoint par le commerce des fourrures. Pour sa part, le site de la ferme établie par le Séminaire de Québec a révélé une alimentation basée sur les produits de l'élevage, mais supplée par la chasse de gibier disponible dans les environs immédiats du site. La différence d'exploitation faunique soulignée par l'étude zooarchéologique du site de la ferme du Bas-de-la-Baie a également permis de confirmer le rôle central de l'élevage pour les sites ruraux de la vallée laurentienne tout en soulignant leur variabilité, visible au sein de l'élevage et dans l'apport supplémentaire fourni par la chasse et la pêche.

La mobilisation des personnes en situation de pauvreté et d'exclusion à travers des organismes communautaires québécois

Cette thèse porte sur le phénomène de la mobilisation de personnes en situation de pauvreté et d’exclusion dans un acteur collectif existant et à travers les espaces collectifs privilégiés que constituent les organismes communautaires. Elle est composée de trois chapitres. La problématique et l’objet d’étude forment le premier, la méthodologie est présentée dans le deuxième alors que les résultats de recherche, combinés à leur analyse et à leur interprétation, constituent le troisième chapitre. La discussion générale des résultats est incluse dans la conclusion. La particularité de cette thèse réside dans l’appréhension globale du phénomène de la mobilisation, l’examinant dans le contexte spécifique de la pauvreté et de l’exclusion en tant qu’oppressions structurelles, et dans la perspective du développement du pouvoir d’agir (empowerment). Considérant que la mobilisation est le fruit de l’amalgame entre un acteur collectif et une action collective, cette recherche apporte d’abord une nouvelle compréhension de l’espace dans lequel se développe le processus de mobilisation. Elle propose en effet une distinction novatrice entre d’une part l’acteur collectif, entité relativement floue et diffuse, et d’autre part l’organisme communautaire en tant que tel, entité aux frontières bien définies, lequel fournit un espace collectif privilégié pour le développement de la mobilisation. Cette différenciation contribue notamment à mieux appréhender les processus qui s’y déroulent et à mieux cerner le rôle que peuvent jouer les organismes communautaires à cet égard. En examinant finement et avec un grand souci du détail le processus de mobilisation vécu par les individus, de leur premier contact avec un organisme communautaire à leur engagement avec un acteur collectif existant, cette recherche propose une nouvelle construction théorique à propos d’une réalité courante, mais peu explorée jusqu’à aujourd’hui, et fournit des pistes pour accompagner le plus adéquatement possible de tels processus. En se centrant sur les aspects individuels de la mobilisation sans pour autant occulter son caractère intrinsèquement collectif, cette thèse contribue à rendre encore plus explicite la nécessaire intégration entre le personnel et le collectif dans l’appréhension des problèmes sociaux, et permet d’en saisir les nombreux effets sur le plan individuel, spécialement en ce qui a trait à la restauration du statut d’acteur. En plus de démontrer clairement les liens existants entre les processus de mobilisation et de développement du pouvoir d’agir individuel et collectif, cette thèse met en évidence les principales pratiques communautaires qui y contribuent et soulève les principaux défis et les contradictions qui y sont associées. Ce faisant, elle nous semble apporter une contribution au renouvellement des pratiques sociales et communautaires.