Auto component supply chain: a path to global India

Supply chain management works to bring the supplier, the distributor, and the customer into one cohesive process. The Supply Chain Council defined supply chain as ‘Supply Chain: The flow and transformation of raw materials into products from suppliers through production and distribution facilities to the ultimate consumer., and then Sunil Chopra and Meindl, (2001) have define Supply chain management as ‘Supply Chain Management involves the flows between and among stages in a supply chain to maximize total profitability.’ After 1950, supply chain management got a boost with the production and manufacturing sector getting highest attention. The inventory became the responsibility of the marketing, accounting and production areas. Order processing was part of accounting and sales. Supply chain management became one of the most powerful engines of business transformation. It is the one area where operational efficiency can be gained. It reduces organizations costs and enhances customer service. With the liberalization of world trade, globalization, and emergence of the new markets, many organizations have customers and competitions throughout the world, either directly or indirectly. Business communities are aware that global competitiveness is the key to the success of a business. Competitiveness is ability to produce, distribute and provide products and services for the open market in competition with others. The supply chain, a critical link between supplier, producer and customer is emerged now as an essential business process and a strategic lever, potential value contributor a differentiator for the success of any business. Supply chain management is the management of all internal and external processes or functions to satisfy a customer’s order (from raw materials through conversion and manufacture through logistics delivery.). Goods-either in raw form or processed, whole sale or retailed distribution, business or technology services, in everyday life- in the business or household- directly or indirectly supply chain is ubiquitously associated in expanding socio-economic development. Supply chain growth competitive performance and supporting strong growth impulse at micro as well as micro economic levels. Keeping the India vision at the core of the objective, the role of supply chain is to take up social economic challenges, improve competitive advantages, develop strategies, built capabilities, enhance value propositions, adapt right technology, collaborate with stakeholders and deliver environmentally sustainable outcomes with minimum resources.

Archivos municipales de Guipúzcoa : orden en que han de ser arreglados y sistema definitivamente adoptado para la organización de los mismos : memoria / por Carmelo de Echegaray.

Ded. autógr. del autor

Comunicación y Organización en el pensamiento luhmanniano. Factores organizacionales: Liderazgo, Cambio e Innovación

La presente investigación doctoral estudia los factores organizacionales del liderazgo, el cambio y la innovación y sus interrelaciones, desde la perspectiva de la teoría de sistemas y de las organizaciones del sociólogo alemán Niklas Luhmann. Los aportes teórico-metodológicos de Luhmann al estudio de las organizaciones desde un enfoque constructivista que considera las organizaciones como sistemas sociopoiéticos que releva la evolución y complejización de los diferentes sistemas sociales de la sociedad. Las comunicaciones son distinguidas como el elemento constitutivo de los sistemas sociales y no las personas. Así, las organizaciones son entendidas como un conjunto de comunicaciones de decisiones que probabilizan la comunicación. Las organizaciones emergen en el desarrollo de los diferentes sistemas parciales en su proceso de diferenciación funcional. Es así como las organizaciones emergen como subsistemas a partir de su propia autopoiesis, lo que delimita su operar, su decidir en función y sobre sí mismas. Se revisan los conceptos de autopoiesis del Doctor Humberto Maturana, acción, entendimiento comunicativo, innovación, cambio, complejidad, membresía, y liderazgo entre otros. La teoría de las organizaciones contribuye al desarrollo de una epistemología más centrada en los sistemas organizacionales, sus interacciones y comunicaciones lo que neutraliza la moral del análisis organizacional contextual de cara a proveer y desarrollar una capacidad de observación, análisis y decisión basada en la comunicación organizacional, pues es ella la fundadora de las organizaciones. los sistemas de gestión son también capaces de observar (medir) por medio de las distinciones (premisas) por medio de las cuales fueron diseñados y miden (observan) en primer grado por medio de indicadores y cruzan información (observación de segundo grado) para dar cuenta de la posición relativa (posición espacio temporal especifica) del estado de la organización (auto-observación) con respecto a si misma y a su subsistema funcional para determinar si está o no cumpliendo sus objetivos organizacionales (acoplamiento estructural). De esta forma, si se detectan metas no logradas o parcialmente logradas (variaciones y doble contingencia) se puede tomar las medidas correctivas (decisiones y complejidad) para corregir rumbo (determinado por la autopoiesis del sistema) de sus dinámicas organizacionales. La propuesta de Luhmann de un programa de observación sistémica es de sumo relevante en el desafío actual de la comunicación organizacional, que encuentra precisamente en el sociólogo alemán su mayor preponderancia, pues nos remite a la necesidad de desarrollar de forma aplica y especifica modelos de intervención organizacional basados en la comunicación organizacional. En este esfuerzo, nuestra comprensión de observar la organización (en términos internos) se plasma en la cultura de las organizaciones. Una cultura que se propone ser entendida como la trazabilidad de las decisiones organizacionales y no como (para estos efectos) como una forma de reducción de complejidad en el proceso de membresía. La historia y memoria de las decisiones organizacionales servirán de base al proceso e autorreferenciación y autopoiesis del sistema organizacional y con ello a enfrentar de mejor forma su devenir. Dadas estas premisas de modelación, se propone la introducción de un nuevo concepto que acuña las presunciones de la teoría de las organizaciones basada en la comunicación. Este concepto será el de “decision supply management” – DSM. Su conceptualización se erige en la dinámica organizacional del proceso de toma de decisiones. Así, la Gestión de la Cadena de Decisiones (GCD) es el modelo de trazabilidad del encadenamiento de decisiones que se generaron a partir de una decisión fundacional o polimétrica que desencadena en la posibilidad de identificar y comprender la evolución del proceso decisional llevado a cabo de tal suerte de mantener una memoria activa de las premisas decisionales y su doble contingencia de tal forma, así como ya lo hace el conocimiento científico, establecer tesis de las selecciones posibles y, en consecuencia, contribuir a la generación de nuevas hipótesis de innovación que probabilicen selecciones del sistema organizacional. Sólo así, los líderes contarán con un andamiaje de aprendizaje organizacional, decidiendo a partir de constructor organizacionales que disminuyan la incertidumbre sistémica. Destaca el rol de la comunicación en las organizaciones en este proceso inevitable de reducción de la complejidad que aumenta vertiginosamente que posiciona a la disciplina como un factor clave del desarrollo de los sistemas organizacionales y de la sociedad misma aportando innovadores y pertinentes propuestas para la reducción de complejidad social.

Plan de formación para fortalecer el crecimiento profesional de los empleados de la organización no gubernamental: Fundación Salvadoreña de Desarrollo y Vivienda Mínima (FUNDASAL).

El origen del tema de investigación, radica en que el recurso humano es un pilar fundamental para el logro de objetivos y metas dentro de las organizaciones, por lo que es necesario que se trabaje en el desarrollo humano de los empleados, para fomentar el crecimiento profesional que obedece a las necesidades de auto-superación que experimenta cada persona, así mismo crear identidad en los empleados hacia las empresas; por tanto el desarrollo humano se asocia directamente con la mejora de las condiciones de vida y el bienestar humano. Para llevar a cabo el Plan de Formación para fortalecer el crecimiento profesional de los empleados, se ha seleccionado a la Fundación Salvadoreña de Desarrollo y Vivienda Mínima, conocida por sus siglas FUNDASAL, orientados por el Padre Antonio Fernández Ibáñez, de la Compañía de Jesús, iniciando con su primer proyecto el 1 de Septiembre de 1968, y a partir de entonces la Fundación comenzó su labor social realizando proyectos en beneficio de la comunidad más vulnerable. El objetivo principal de la investigación es beneficiar a la Institución y a los empleados, de manera que la primera pueda contar con una base establecida que se refleje en una mayor organización en la actualización de la administración de salarios, proporcionando una estructura definida que equilibre la remuneración con respecto a las funciones que realizan los empleados, con relación a la preparación académica como una forma de motivación; además, se ha desarrollado con el propósito de brindar una propuesta sobre los principales elementos que encaminen a los empleados hacia el crecimiento profesional, con la finalidad de desempeñar mejor su trabajo. Para obtener la información necesaria se aplicó una metodología de investigación en la cual se utilizaron los métodos analítico y sintético en la recolección de datos, estos fueron tabulados y presentados en gráficos en los cuales se refleja la información obtenida lo que permitió tener una mejor representación de la situación actual de los empleados y se realizaron sus respectivo análisis e interpretación de resultados que se obtuvieron de las entrevistas efectuadas, para determinar las necesidades que tiene el personal. Por medio de los resultado obtenidos se concluyó que los empleados necesitan reforzar conocimientos orientados al buen desempeño de su trabajo y no se han realizado valuaciones de puestos de forma estructurada; consecuentemente se recomienda que la Fundación Salvadoreña de Desarrollo y Vivienda Mínima (FUNDASAL) debe crear programas de capacitación a corto plazo que permitan inculcar valores organizacionales y humanos que correspondan con los objetivos institucionales; además, realizar una valuación de puestos aplicando el método más adecuado que sirva como herramienta administrativa, para brindar beneficios tanto a los empleados como a la Institución. Como resultado se brinda una propuesta que establece una estructura de compensación en el que se determinan los salarios de acuerdo al puesto y nivel jerárquico, apoyándose de políticas salariales que brinden respaldo a dichas acciones y capacitaciones al personal que favorezcan su formación con el propósito de preparar al empleado y proporcionar oportunidades para el continuo desarrollo personal, no sólo en el cargo actual sino también para otras funciones en las cuales la persona puede ser considerada.

On the computation and interpretation of auto- and cross-trispectra

This paper discusses the principal domains of auto- and cross-trispectra. It is shown that the cumulant and moment based trispectra are identical except on certain planes in trifrequency space. If these planes are avoided, their principal domains can be derived by considering the regions of symmetry of the fourth order spectral moment. The fourth order averaged periodogram will then serve as an estimate for both cumulant and moment trispectra. Statistics of estimates of normalised trispectra or tricoherence are also discussed.

Socio-economic & environmental impacts of battery driven auto rickshaw at Rajshahi city in Bangladesh

This paper describes the socio-economic and environmental impacts of battery driven Auto Rickshaw at Rajshahi city in Bangladesh. Unemployment problem is one of the major problems in Bangladesh. The number of unemployed people in Bangladesh is 7 lacks. Auto Rickshaw reduces this unemployment problem near about 2%.In this thesis work various questions were asked to the Auto Rickshaw driver in the different point in the Rajshahi city. Then those data were calculated to know their socio economic condition. The average number of passenger per Auto Rickshaw was determined at various places of Rajshahi city (Talaimari mor, Hadir mor, Alupotti, Shaheb bazar zero point, Shodor Hospital mor, Fire brigade mor, CNB mor, Lakshipur mor, Bondo gate, Bornali, Panir tank, Rail gate, Rail Station, Bhodrar mor, Adorsha School mor). Air pollution is a great threat for human health. One of the major causes of the air pollution is the emission from various vehicles, which are running by the burning of the fossil fuel in different internal combustion(IC) engines. All the data’s about emission from various power plants were collected from internet. Then the amounts of emission (CO2, NOX and PM) from different power plant were calculated in terms of kg/km. The energy required by the Auto Rickshaw per km was also calculated. Then the histogram of emission from different vehicles in terms of kg/km was drawn. By analyzing the data and chart, it was found that, battery driven Auto Rickshaw increases income, social status, comfort and decreases unemployment problems.

Auto-inhibition of hydrogen gas evolution on gold in aqueous acid solution

It was demonstrated recently that dramatic changes in the redox behaviour of gold/aqueous solution interfaces may be observed following either cathodic or thermal electrode pretreatment. Further work on the cathodic pretreatment of gold in acid solution revealed that as the activity of the gold surface was increased, its performance as a substrate for hydrogen gas evolution under constant potential conditions deteriorated. The change in activity of the gold atoms at the interface, which was attributed to a hydrogen embrittlement process (the occurrence of the latter was subsequently checked by surface microscopy), was confirmed, as in earlier work, by the appearance of a substantial anodic peak at ca. 0.5 V (RHE) in a post-activation positive sweep. Changes in the catalytic activity of a metal surface reflect the fact that the structure (or topography), thermodynamic activity and electronic properties of a surface are dependent not only on pretreatment but also, in the case of the hydrogen evolution reaction, vary with time during the course of reaction. As will be reported shortly, similar (and often more dramatic) time-dependent behaviour was observed for hydrogen gas evolution on other metal electrodes.

Orchids, intersex and the auto/biographical project

Auto/biographical documentaries ask audiences to take a ‘leap of faith’, not being able to offer any real ‘proof’ of the people and events they claim to document, other than that of the film-maker’s saying this is what happened. With only memory and history seen through the distorting lens of time, ‘the authenticity of experience functions as a receding horizon of truth in which memory and testimony are articulated as modes of salvage’. Orchids: My Intersex Adventure follows a salvaging of the film-maker’s life events and experiences, being born with an intersex condition, and, via the filming and editing process, revolving around the core question: who am I? From this transformative creative documentary practice evolves a new way of embodying experience and ‘seeing’, playfully dubbed here as the ‘intersex gaze’.

(Im)moral bodies : intersex and auto/biographical documentary

In this paper I question the representation of and ethical responsibilities to young people with intersex (hermaphroditic) conditions in documentary film, and explore the creative practice challenges working with bodies with intersex, embedded in the production of a feature auto/biographical documentary entitled Orchids. Bodies with intersex conditions are often presented as abject, in need of ‘fixing’ during infancy and early childhood, undesirable, and incapable of desire. Seen through the lens of experience and memory, Orchids takes a personal coming-of-age narrative and reconfigures understandings of the (im)moral body in the light of its transformative potential. Just as practice research challenges the dominant hegemony of quantitative and qualitative research, my creative work positions itself as a nuanced performative piece, and through its distinctive distillation and celebration of a new form of discursive rupturing discovers the intersex voice.

Auto-tune, and why we shouldn't be surprised that Britney can't sing

Put Britney Spears into a YouTube search and the third auto-fill on the list is “Britney Spears without Autotune”. Auto-Tune has become the music industry equivalent of doping in the Tour de France circa 2005; we know everyone’s doing it, but we still have a sense of surprise and outrage when it becomes public. In the last week or so a video has surfaced of the pop singer Britney Spears – with examples of her vocal before and after processing. Whether or not the “before” version is actually the raw material for the “after” version is difficult to say. What’s not difficult to say is that the “before” vocal is distinctly lacking in a demonstrable ability to sing in tune.

Micro foundations of strategic capability development : a case study within the auto industry

The importance of firms’ adaptation processes is prominent in today’s business environment which is characterised by ever changing customers, technologies, and competition. Ever since Schumpeter’s (1942) classic work strategic renewal has been found crucial for firms’ adaptation to environmental change. The role of strategic renewal in firms’ adaptation processes includes development of capabilities for the purpose of sustainability of competitive advantage against environmental changes.

Self and other in communication and cognition : the role of auto-communication and intersubjectivity in autopoiesis of psychic systems

By referring to Niklas Luhmann's theory of self-referential systems, Aldo Mascareño (2008, submitted for publication) gives an account of system-environment interrelatedness, explaining how social and individual constitute each other through the process of communication and co-creation of meanings. Two possible extensions to his account are discussed. Firstly, auto-communication within the system that happens without any external reference needs to be taken into account while describing the existence and constant re-creation of psychic systems. Secondly, in order for the system and environment or two systems to communicate, an imagined and temporary intersubjectivity between the two needs to be assumed.

Support for an auto-associative model of spoken cued recall: Evidence from fMRI

Cued recall and item recognition are considered the standard episodic memory retrieval tasks. However, only the neural correlates of the latter have been studied in detail with fMRI. Using an event-related fMRI experimental design that permits spoken responses, we tested hypotheses from an auto-associative model of cued recall and item recognition [Chappell, M., & Humphreys, M. S. (1994). An auto-associative neural network for sparse representations: Analysis and application to models of recognition and cued recall. Psychological Review, 101, 103-128]. In brief, the model assumes that cues elicit a network of phonological short term memory (STM) and semantic long term memory (LTM) representations distributed throughout the neocortex as patterns of sparse activations. This information is transferred to the hippocampus which converges upon the item closest to a stored pattern and outputs a response. Word pairs were learned from a study list, with one member of the pair serving as the cue at test. Unstudied words were also intermingled at test in order to provide an analogue of yes/no recognition tasks. Compared to incorrectly rejected studied items (misses) and correctly rejected (CR) unstudied items, correctly recalled items (hits) elicited increased responses in the left hippocampus and neocortical regions including the left inferior prefrontal cortex (LIPC), left mid lateral temporal cortex and inferior parietal cortex, consistent with predictions from the model. This network was very similar to that observed in yes/no recognition studies, supporting proposals that cued recall and item recognition involve common rather than separate mechanisms.

Turning the Kaleidoscope - (E)FL Educational Experience and Inquiry as Auto/biography

This book is a study on learning, teaching/counselling, and research on the two. My quest has been to find a pedagogically-motivated way of researching learning and teaching interaction, and in particular counselling, in an autonomous language-learning environment. I have tried to develop a method that would make room for lived experience, meaning-making and narrating, because in my view these all characterise learning encounters between language learners and counsellors, and learners and their peers. Lived experience as a source of meaning, telling and co-telling becomes especially significant when we try to listen to the diverse personal and academic voices of the past as expressed in autobiographical narratives. I have aimed at researching various ALMS dialogues (Autonomous Learning Modules, University of Helsinki Language Centre English course and programme), and autobiographical narratives within them, in a way that shows respect for the participants, and that is relevant, reflective and, most importantly, self-reflexive. My interest has been in autobiographical telling in (E)FL [(English as a) foreign language], both in students first-person written texts on their language- learning histories and in the sharing of stories between learners and a counsellor. I have turned to narrative inquiry in my quest and have written the thesis as an experiential narrative. In particular, I have studied learners and counsellors in one and the same story, as characters in one narrative, in an attempt to avoid the impression that I am telling yet another separate, anecdotal story, retrospectively. Through narrative, I have shed light on the subjective dimensions of language learning and experience, and have come closer to understanding the emotional aspects of learning encounters. I have questioned and rejected a distanced and objective approach to describing learning and teaching/counselling. I have argued for a holistic and experiential approach to (E)FL encounters in which there is a need to see emotion and cognition as intertwined, and thus to appreciate learners and counsellors emotionally-charged experiences as integral to their identities. I have also argued for a way of describing such encounters as they are situated in history, time, autobiography, and the learning context. I have turned my gaze on various constellations of lived experience: the data was collected on various occasions and in various settings during one course and consists of videotaped group sessions, individual counselling sessions between students and their group counsellor, biographic narrative interviews with myself, open-ended personally-inspired reflection texts written by the students about their language-learning histories, and student logs and diaries. I do not consider data collection an unproblematic occasion, or innocent practice, and I defend the integrity of the research process. Research writing cannot be separated from narrative field work and analysing and interpreting the data. The foci in my work have turned to be the following: 1) describing ALMS encounters and specifying their narrative aspects; 2) reconceptualising learner and teacher autonomy in ALMS and in (E)FL; 2) developing (E)FL methodologically through a teacher-researcher s identity work; 4) research writing as a dialogical narrative process, and the thesis as an experiential narrative. Identity and writing as inquiry, and the deeply narrative and autobiographical nature of the (E)FL teaching/counselling/researching have come to the fore in this research. Research writing as a relational activity and its implications for situated ways of knowing and knowledge turned out to be important foci. I have also focussed on the context-bound and local teacher knowledge and ways of knowing about being a teacher, and I have argued for personal ways of knowing about, and learning and studying foreign languages. I discuss research as auto/biography: as a practising counsellor I use my own life and (E)FL experience to understand and interpret the stories of the research participants even though I was not involved in their course work. The supposedly static binaries of learner/teacher, and also learner autonomy/teacher autonomy, are thus brought into the discussion. I have highlighted the infinite variability and ever-changing nature of learning and teaching English, but the book is also of relevance to foreign language education in general.