Assessment of the risk of failure of high voltage substations due to environmental conditions and pollution on insulators

Pollution on electrical insulators is one of the greatest causes of failure of substations subjected to high levels of salinity and environmental pollution. Considering leakage current as the main indicator of pollution on insulators, this paper focus on establishing the effect of the environmental conditions on the risk of failure due to pollution on insulators and determining the significant change in the magnitude of the pollution on the insulators during dry and humid periods. Hierarchical segmentation analysis was used to establish the effect of environmental conditions on the risk of failure due to pollution on insulators. The Kruskal-Wallis test was utilized to determine the significant changes in the magnitude of the pollution due to climate periods. An important result was the discovery that leakage current was more common on insulators during dry periods than humid ones. There was also a higher risk of failure due to pollution during dry periods. During the humid period, various temperatures and wind directions produced a small change in the risk of failure. As a technical result, operators of electrical substations can now identify the cause of an increase in risk of failure due to pollution in the area. The research provides a contribution towards the behaviour of the leakage current under conditions similar to those of the Colombian Caribbean coast and how they affect the risk of failure of the substation due to pollution.

Wheat archive links long-term population dynamics of pathogens to air pollution

We used the PCR to study the presence of two plant pathogens in archived wheat samples from a long-term experiment started in 1843. The data were used to construct a unique 160-yr time-series of the abundance of Phaeosphaeria nodorum and Mycosphaerella graminicola, two important pathogens of wheat. During the period since 1970, the relative abundance of DNA of these two pathogens in the samples has reflected the relative importance of the two wheat diseases they cause in U.K. disease surveys. Unexpectedly, changes in the ratio of the pathogens over the 160-yr period were very strongly correlated with changes in atmospheric pollution, as measured by SO2 emissions. This finding suggests that long-term, economically important, changes in pathogen populations can be influenced by anthropogenically induced environmental changes.

Impacts of pollution and climate change on ombrotrophic Sphagnum species in the UK: analysis of uncertainties in two empirical niche models

A significant challenge in the prediction of climate change impacts on ecosystems and biodiversity is quantifying the sources of uncertainty that emerge within and between different models. Statistical species niche models have grown in popularity, yet no single best technique has been identified reflecting differing performance in different situations. Our aim was to quantify uncertainties associated with the application of 2 complimentary modelling techniques. Generalised linear mixed models (GLMM) and generalised additive mixed models (GAMM) were used to model the realised niche of ombrotrophic Sphagnum species in British peatlands. These models were then used to predict changes in Sphagnum cover between 2020 and 2050 based on projections of climate change and atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and sulphur. Over 90% of the variation in the GLMM predictions was due to niche model parameter uncertainty, dropping to 14% for the GAMM. After having covaried out other factors, average variation in predicted values of Sphagnum cover across UK peatlands was the next largest source of variation (8% for the GLMM and 86% for the GAMM). The better performance of the GAMM needs to be weighed against its tendency to overfit the training data. While our niche models are only a first approximation, we used them to undertake a preliminary evaluation of the relative importance of climate change and nitrogen and sulphur deposition and the geographic locations of the largest expected changes in Sphagnum cover. Predicted changes in cover were all small (generally <1% in an average 4 m2 unit area) but also highly uncertain. Peatlands expected to be most affected by climate change in combination with atmospheric pollution were Dartmoor, Brecon Beacons and the western Lake District.

An assessment of the surface ozone trend in Ireland relevant to air pollution and environmental protection

Hourly data (1994–2009) of surface ozone concentrations at eight monitoring sites have been investigated to assess target level and long–term objective exceedances and their trends. The European Union (EU) ozone target value for human health (60 ppb–maximum daily 8–hour running mean) has been exceeded for a number of years for almost all sites but never exceeded the set limit of 25 exceedances in one year. Second highest annual hourly and 4th highest annual 8–hourly mean ozone concentrations have shown a statistically significant negative trend for in–land sites of Cork–Glashaboy, Monaghan and Lough Navar and no significant trend for the Mace Head site. Peak afternoon ozone concentrations averaged over a three year period from 2007 to 2009 have been found to be lower than corresponding values over a three–year period from 1996 to 1998 for two sites: Cork–Glashaboy and Lough Navar sites. The EU long–term objective value of AOT40 (Accumulated Ozone Exposure over a threshold of 40 ppb) for protection of vegetation (3 ppm–hour, calculated from May to July) has been exceeded, on an individual year basis, for two sites: Mace Head and Valentia. The critical level for the protection of forest (10 ppm–hour from April to September) has not been exceeded for any site except at Valentia in the year 2003. AOT40–Vegetation shows a significant negative trend for a 3–year running average at Cork–Glashaboy (–0.13±0.02 ppm–hour per year), at Lough Navar (–0.05±0.02 ppm–hour per year) and at Monaghan (–0.03±0.03 ppm–hour per year–not statistically significant) sites. No statistically significant trend was observed for the coastal site of Mace head. Overall, with the exception of the Mace Head and Monaghan sites, ozone measurement records at Irish sites show a downward negative trend in peak values that affect human health and vegetation.

Applications of redundancy analysis for the detection of chemical response patterns to air pollution in lichen

The lichens Ramalina celastri (Spreng.) Krog & Swinsc., Punctelia microsticta (Müll. Arg.) Krog and Canomaculina pilosa (Stizenb.) Elix & Hale were transplanted simultaneously to 17 urban-industrial sites in a northwestern area of Córdoba city, Argentina. The transplantation sites were set according to different environmental conditions: traffic, industries, tree cover, building height, topographic level, position in the block and distances from the river and from the power plant. Three months later, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, phaeophytin a, soluble proteins, hydroperoxy conjugated dienes, malondialdehyde concentration and sulfur accumulation were determined, and a pollution index was calculated for each sampling site. Redundancy analysis was applied to detect the variation pattern of the lichen variables that can be 'best' explained by the environmental variables considered. The present study provides information about both the specific pattern response of each species to atmospheric pollution, and environmental conditions that determine it. As regards pollutants emission sources R. celastri showed a chemical response associated mainly with pollutant released by the power plant and traffic. P. microsticta and C. pilosa responded mainly to industrial sources. Regarding environmental conditions that affect the spreading of air pollutants and their incidence on the bioindicator, the topographic level and tree cover surrounding the sampling site were found to be important for R. celastri, tree cover surrounding the sampling site and the building height affected P. microsticta, while building height did so for C. pilosa.

Atmospheric particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from road transport in southeast Brazil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Economic Cost of Air Pollution in Cubatao - SP Based on Health Expenses Related to Diseases of the Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

The aim of this research was to evaluate economic costs of respiratory and circulatory diseases in the municipality of Cubatao, in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Data on hospital admissions and on missed working days due to hospitalization (for age group 14 to 70 years old) from the database of Sistema Unico de Sa de (SUS - Brazilian National Health System) were used. Results: Based on these data, it was calculated that R$ 22.1 million were spent in the period 2000 to 2009 due to diseases of the respiratory and circulatory systems. Part of these expenses can be directly related to the emission of atmospheric pollutants in the city. In order to estimate the costs related to air pollution, data on Cubatao were compared to data from two other municipalities that are also located at the coast side (Guaruja and Peru be), but which have little industrial activity in comparison to Cubatao. It was verified that, in both, average per capita costs were lower when compared to Cubatao, but that this difference has been decreasing in recent years.

Recent environmental change and trace metal pollution in World Heritage Bathurst Harbour, southwest Tasmania, Australia

Bathurst Harbour in World Heritage southwest Tasmania, Australia, is one of the world’s most pristine estuarine systems. At present there is a lack of data on pollution impacts or long-term natural variability in the harbor. A ca. 350-year-old 210Pb-dated sediment core was analysed for trace metals to track pollution impacts from local and long-range sources. Lead and antimony increased from AD 1870 onwards, which likely reflects remote (i.e. mainland Australian and global) atmospheric pollution sources. Variability in the concentrations of copper and zinc closely followed the history of mining activities in western Tasmania, which began in the AD 1880s. Tin was generally low throughout the core, except for a large peak in AD 1989 ± 0.5 years, which may be a consequence of input from a local small-scale alluvial tin mine. Changes in diatom assemblages were also investigated. The diatom flora was composed mostly of planktonic freshwater and benthic brackish-marine species, consistent with stratified estuarine conditions. Since mining began, however, an overall decrease in the proportion of planktonic to benthic taxa occurred, with the exception of two distinct peaks in the twentieth century that coincided with periods of high rainfall. Despite the region’s remoteness, trace metal analyses revealed evidence of atmospheric pollution from Tasmanian and possibly longer-range mining activities. This, together with recent low rainfall, appears to have contributed to altering the diatom assemblages in one of the most pristine temperate estuaries in the world.

Ozone-initiated particle formation, particle aging, and precursors in a laser printer

An increasing number of researchers have hypothesized that ozone may be involved in the particle formation processes that occur during printing, however no studies have investigated this further. In the current study, this hypothesis was tested in a chamber study by adding supplemental ozone to the chamber after a print job without measurable ozone emissions. Subsequent particle number concentration and size distribution measurements showed that new particles were formed minutes after the addition of ozone. The results demonstrated that ozone did react with printer-generated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to form secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). The hypothesis was further confirmed by the observation of correlations among VOCs, ozone, and particles concentrations during a print job with measurable ozone emissions. The potential particle precursors were identified by a number of furnace tests, which suggested that squalene and styrene were the most likely SOA precursors with respect to ozone. Overall, this study significantly improved scientific understanding of the formation mechanisms of printer-generated particles, and highlighted the possible SOA formation potential of unsaturated nonterpene organic compounds by ozone-initiated reactions in the indoor environment. © 2011 American Chemical Society.

Towards the development of a gas sensor system for monitoring pollutant gases in the low troposphere using small unmanned aerial vehicles

The world is facing problems due to the effects of increased atmospheric pollution, climate change and global warming. Innovative technologies to identify, quantify and assess fluxes exchange of the pollutant gases between the Earth’s surface and atmosphere are required. This paper proposes the development of a gas sensor system for a small UAV to monitor pollutant gases, collect data and geo-locate where the sample was taken. The prototype has two principal systems: a light portable gas sensor and an optional electric–solar powered UAV. The prototype will be suitable to: operate in the lower troposphere (100-500m); collect samples; stamp time and geo-locate each sample. One of the limitations of a small UAV is the limited power available therefore a small and low power consumption payload is designed and built for this research. The specific gases targeted in this research are NO2, mostly produce by traffic, and NH3 from farming, with concentrations above 0.05 ppm and 35 ppm respectively which are harmful to human health. The developed prototype will be a useful tool for scientists to analyse the behaviour and tendencies of pollutant gases producing more realistic models of them.

Estimation of electric stress and surface potential for traction insulators

Traction insulators are solid core insulators widely used for railway electrification. Constant exposure to detrimental effects of vandalism, and mechanical vibrations begets certain faults like shorting of sheds or cracks in the sheds. Due to fault in one/two sheds, stress on the remaining healthy sheds increases, owing to atmospheric pollution the stress may lead to a flashover of the insulator. Presently due to non availability of the electric stress data for the insulators, simulation study is carried out to find the potential and electric field for most widely used traction insulators in the country. The results of potential and electric field stress obtained for normal and faulty imposed insulators are presented.

Estimación de concentraciones de radicales nitrato (NO . 3) e hidroxilo ( . OH) en la atmósfera a partir de medidas de HCNM de alta resolución temporal

[ES]Los radicales nitrato e hidroxilo son especies químicas implicadas en la contaminación atmosférica. En el presente trabajo se ha tratado de estimar sus concentraciones empleando para ello medidas de las concentraciones de varios compuestos orgánicos volátiles registradas en el Parque Natural de Valderejo (Araba). La metodología de cálculo ya había sido empleada anteriormente para el ·OH y es la primera vez que se ha aplicado a concentraciones de NO·3 en una zona rural. Las concentraciones de radical hidroxilo calculadas (6,02·106 - 8,06·106 molec. cm-3) concuerdan con las obtenidas en medidas y estudios anteriores. En el caso del radical nitrato, las concentraciones estimadas (2,13·1011 – 2,02·1012 molec. cm-3) son bastante superiores a las encontradas en la bibliografía, por lo que se ha concluido que esta técnica de medida no es válida para el cálculo de NO·3 en una atmósfera de fondo rural como Valderejo. Esta desviación se debe probablemente a otros procesos no contemplados en la hipótesis de cálculo, por lo que se propone continuar con el estudio en este área.

Caracterização de compostos aromáticos em gasolina comercial

A contaminação do ar e do meio ambiente por combustíveis derivados de petróleo tem sido objeto de crescente pesquisa no Brasil. Dentre os tipos de poluição ao meio ambiente, a poluição atmosférica é a que causa mais incômodo à população. Esta exerce efeitos sobre a saúde humana, causando desde simples irritações até câncer de pulmão. Dos poluentes mais perigosos encontrados nesses ambientes, são destaques os hidrocarbonetos e os compostos monoaromáticos como o benzeno, tolueno e xilenos (BTX), presentes nesses combustíveis, que são extremamente tóxicos à saúde humana. Para controle desses compostos orgânicos voláteis, é necessário quantificá-los e compará-los aos valores limites de tolerância legislados no Brasil. A utilização da técnica de cromatografia gasosa e da técnica de espectroscopia por infravermelho permite realizar essa tarefa de maneira relativamente simples e rápida. Portanto o objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar a composição química de amostras de gasolina do tipo C comercializadas nos postos revendedores da Região Metropolitana do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Foram feitas análises quantitativas dos principais grupos químicos (parafínicos, olefínicos, naftênicos e aromáticos) e etanol por Cromatografia Gasosa de Alta Resolução e da composição de benzeno, tolueno e xileno (BTX) pela técnica de absorção no infravermelho. Os resultados foram comparados com os limites dados pela especificação da ANP (Portaria n 309) para a qualidade da gasolina, com o objetivo de se verificar se estão em conformidade com este agente regulamentador. Os resultados mostraram que todos os teores encontrados de olefínicos e aromáticos foram abaixo do limite especificado. Alguns postos apresentaram os teores de benzeno acima do limite especificado, indicando um nível de ação por parte da ANP principalmente pela ação tóxica do benzeno

Impacto das motocicletas na qualidade do ar das grandes cidades

O crescimento do número de motocicletas nas grandes cidades, em função de fatores como o baixo custo e a alta mobilidade nos centros urbanos, tem sido considerado um importante fator de deterioração da qualidade do ar. Nesse contexto, o monitoramento das emissões gasosas provenientes do escapamento desses veículos é fundamental para o conhecimento da contribuição dessa classe de transporte no agravamento da poluição atmosférica. A partir dessas informações tornam-se possíveis o monitoramento e o controle da qualidade do ar. Para tanto, amostras das emissões de diferentes motocicletas foram coletadas, por meio de dinamômetro, e analisadas por cromatografia gasosa. As emissões das motocicletas foram utilizadas em conjunto com dados meteorológicos utilizando o modelo de trajetória OZIPR e o mecanismo químico SAPRC para demonstrar o impacto na formação do ozônio troposférico na região. As simulações indicam que a concentração de ozônio na troposfera poderá ultrapassar o padrão nacional estabelecido pela Resolução CONAMA 03/90 em até três anos. Além disso, acrescenta-se que as taxas de emissões de compostos legislados emitidos pelas motocicletas utilizadas neste estudo (HC, CO e NOx) já atendem aos níveis preconizados em todas as fases do PROMOT. Assim, além da adoção do PROMOT, se fazem necessárias medidas adicionais para o gerenciamento da emissão de poluentes provindos de fontes móveis. A alteração do tipo de combustível ou até mesmo da fonte de energia, elétrica, por exemplo, seria uma alternativa para o controle da poluição atmosférica