Crianças e investigação: aspectos teórico-metodológicos e cuidados éticos nas produções dos grupos de pesquisa da UFRN

The concepts of childhood are part of a cultural construction and vary throughout history politically, economically and socially. Nouns such as "childhood" and "child" did not exist as sense of unity in periods prior to modernity, reinforcing their historical character as concepts that have been socially constructed as profess the Historical Social Psychology, theoretical perspective which will support this research. The sociology of childhood distinguishes the terms and changes the approach toward the adult researcher approach with respect to children, aiming to give voice to the child. When it comes to defining the role of children in research, the researcher must take into consideration several relevant criteria such as age, gender, time, listening to the adults close to the children, the level of language and education and which children that will be heard in a group. It is from this discussion, considering the importance of children's participation in the research that are established the purpose of this work, namely, to analyze the theoretical and methodological aspects and ethical guidelines considered in the research process with children, by researchers at the UFRN, presenting as specific objectives: analyze and discuss, from research reports, the adopted ethical procedures and methods used in research with children. Set the goal, it was made a search of the UFRN Research Groups in SIGAA in order to select those which investigate children for participating in our survey. Among the centers of UFRN, we selected the Health Sciences Centre - CCSA, the Humanities Center, Letters and Arts - CCHLA, the Biosciences Center - CB and the Health Sciences Center - CCS, a total of 64 finalized reports to be analyzed. And here it is the observation that the foolish reports were not analyzed for ethical reasons as the guiding of this dissertation is the coordinator of the research group mentioned. In this study, we chose the documentary analysis of the finalized reports from UFRN research projects teachers / researchers as procedure to set up the corpus of the research. Data analysis was performed from the qualitative analysis in the following categories were established: the concept of childhood, concept of child, age of the subjects, the research context, theoretical and methodological care adopted and ethical care. It is hoped that this study will contribute with reflections on the ethical and theoretical and methodological care on research with children. The research showed how some of the results: significant number of reports excluded by repetition, most reports did not bring any closing remarks, no different procedures for children, with rare exceptions, the ethical issue was not mentioned in 50% of reports.

A relação entre memória de trabalho e competência leitora em crianças em risco de transtorno de aprendizagem do Projeto Acerta: um estudo exploratório

Reading and writing are essential rights, which involve individual and social aspects; in addition, these skills are important when it comes to socio economic and political development, critical thinking and an active participation in society (UNESCO 2005). From a neurobiological standpoint, our brain is not prepared for reading, and this practice must be deliberately acquired via instructional guidance (DEHAENE 2009). However, reading disorders and deficits within executive functions, such as low working memory capacity, can make reading arduous. The aim of this study is to investigate the development of reading skills within 45 third grade students from public schools in the city of Natal – RN and its connection to working memory capacity, through information gathered from the Provinha Brasil, data generated from working memory tasks (Portuguese version of AWMA - Automated Working Memory Assessment) and fluid intelligence measures RAVEN. Based on this main objective, we attempted to answer the following research questions: (a) What are the correlations between working memory and reading scores?; (b) What characterizes the relationship between working memory capacity and the risk of reading disabilities amongst the participants in this study?; Following a quantitative research methodology, the Provinhas Brasil from 3rd grade students belonging to the six public schools members of Project ACERTA - Avaliação de Crianças em Risco de Transtornos de Aprendizagem (CAPES/OBEDUC)- were analyzed and compared to the scores from the working memory tests and the fluid intelligence ones. Results indicate that reading skills within children at risk of reading disabilities are directly linked to working memory capacity, especially with regards to the phonological component. It is also evident that the participants with less working memory capacity show more difficulties in the reading abilities that demand interpretation skills. Thus, we intend to contribute to the discussion regarding the diagnosis of reading disabilities and possible intervention strategies.

A relação entre memória de trabalho e competência leitora em crianças em risco de transtorno de aprendizagem do Projeto Acerta: um estudo exploratório

Reading and writing are essential rights, which involve individual and social aspects; in addition, these skills are important when it comes to socio economic and political development, critical thinking and an active participation in society (UNESCO 2005). From a neurobiological standpoint, our brain is not prepared for reading, and this practice must be deliberately acquired via instructional guidance (DEHAENE 2009). However, reading disorders and deficits within executive functions, such as low working memory capacity, can make reading arduous. The aim of this study is to investigate the development of reading skills within 45 third grade students from public schools in the city of Natal – RN and its connection to working memory capacity, through information gathered from the Provinha Brasil, data generated from working memory tasks (Portuguese version of AWMA - Automated Working Memory Assessment) and fluid intelligence measures RAVEN. Based on this main objective, we attempted to answer the following research questions: (a) What are the correlations between working memory and reading scores?; (b) What characterizes the relationship between working memory capacity and the risk of reading disabilities amongst the participants in this study?; Following a quantitative research methodology, the Provinhas Brasil from 3rd grade students belonging to the six public schools members of Project ACERTA - Avaliação de Crianças em Risco de Transtornos de Aprendizagem (CAPES/OBEDUC)- were analyzed and compared to the scores from the working memory tests and the fluid intelligence ones. Results indicate that reading skills within children at risk of reading disabilities are directly linked to working memory capacity, especially with regards to the phonological component. It is also evident that the participants with less working memory capacity show more difficulties in the reading abilities that demand interpretation skills. Thus, we intend to contribute to the discussion regarding the diagnosis of reading disabilities and possible intervention strategies.

Avaliação da capacidade de perceber, expressar e valorizar emoções nas crianças em idade pré-escolar

O conhecimento das emoções tem vindo a ser considerado fundamental para um melhor relacionamento com os pares, mais sucesso em desenvolver atitudes positivas na adaptação à escola e rendimento académico. Este estudo, descritivo, transversal e correlacional possui como objetivo avaliar a capacidade de perceber, expressar e valorizar emoções das crianças em idade pré-escolar e ainda, relacionar esses resultados com critérios externos, acerca da adaptação pessoal e social das crianças. A amostra é constituída por 374 crianças com idades compreendidas entre os 3 e os 6 anos, que frequentam jardins-de-infância ou unidades de educação pré-escolar pública e privada da Região Autónoma da Madeira (RAM) e 26 educadoras. Os instrumentos utilizados para a recolha dos dados foram: um teste para avaliar a capacidade de perceber, expressar e valorizar emoções das crianças em idade pré-escolar designado PERCEVAL-v. 2.0, e um questionário para conhecer a perceção das educadoras sobre diversas questões relacionadas com a adaptação social e pessoal das crianças. Os resultados demonstram que as crianças na idade pré-escolar identificam com maior facilidade as emoções de alegria e de tristeza; relativamente ao género indicam diferença estatisticamente significativa com vantagem para as raparigas, apenas na subescala perceção de emoções primárias, a identificarem as emoções mais corretamente que os rapazes; em relação ao tipo de escola mostram diferença significativa somente na subescala perceção e valorização de emoções primárias, com scores mais elevados nas crianças do ensino privado, que expressam melhores resultados; mostram que conforme a idade das crianças aumenta, a percepção das emoções também aumenta; revelam correlações estatisticamente significativas e positivas entre a percepção e valorização de emoções básicas com a adaptação, controlo, rendimento e aceitação, e negativa com a conflitividade. Conclui-se a importância do desenvolvimento da capacidade de perceber, expressar e valorizar as emoções na idade pré escolar para uma harmoniosa adaptação psicossocial.

Avaliação da capacidade de perceber, expressar e valorizar emoções nas crianças em idade pré-escolar

O conhecimento das emoções tem vindo a ser considerado fundamental para um melhor relacionamento com os pares, mais sucesso em desenvolver atitudes positivas na adaptação à escola e rendimento académico. Este estudo, descritivo, transversal e correlacional possui como objetivo avaliar a capacidade de perceber, expressar e valorizar emoções das crianças em idade pré-escolar e ainda, relacionar esses resultados com critérios externos, acerca da adaptação pessoal e social das crianças. A amostra é constituída por 374 crianças com idades compreendidas entre os 3 e os 6 anos, que frequentam jardins-de-infância ou unidades de educação pré-escolar pública e privada da Região Autónoma da Madeira (RAM) e 26 educadoras. Os instrumentos utilizados para a recolha dos dados foram: um teste para avaliar a capacidade de perceber, expressar e valorizar emoções das crianças em idade pré-escolar designado PERCEVAL-v. 2.0, e um questionário para conhecer a perceção das educadoras sobre diversas questões relacionadas com a adaptação social e pessoal das crianças. Os resultados demonstram que as crianças na idade pré-escolar identificam com maior facilidade as emoções de alegria e de tristeza; relativamente ao género indicam diferença estatisticamente significativa com vantagem para as raparigas, apenas na subescala perceção de emoções primárias, a identificarem as emoções mais corretamente que os rapazes; em relação ao tipo de escola mostram diferença significativa somente na subescala perceção e valorização de emoções primárias, com scores mais elevados nas crianças do ensino privado, que expressam melhores resultados; mostram que conforme a idade das crianças aumenta, a percepção das emoções também aumenta; revelam correlações estatisticamente significativas e positivas entre a percepção e valorização de emoções básicas com a adaptação, controlo, rendimento e aceitação, e negativa com a conflitividade. Conclui-se a importância do desenvolvimento da capacidade de perceber, expressar e valorizar as emoções na idade pré escolar para uma harmoniosa adaptação psicossocial.

Análise bioética do uso de artes expressivas no cuidado oncológico infantil em hospital público de Pernambuco

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioética, 2015.

Música no 1º ciclo na Região Autónoma da Madeira : coceção, implementação e avaliação do ESCOL'Artes

Direção de Serviços de Educação Artística e Multimédia, criada em 1980, a partir de um projeto de implementação da expressão musical e dramática no 1.º ciclo do Ensino Básico, é uma dependência da Secretaria Regional de Educação da Região Autónoma da Madeira, doravante denominada RAM, com 35 anos de trabalho no processo de introdução das artes no ensino geral. Com a sedimentação deste projeto, cedo se percebeu a necessidade de partilhar com o público e com a comunidade escolar as práticas letivas dos alunos finalistas do 1º ciclo, através de um espetáculo que é, hoje, intitulado ESCOL’Artes. O ESCOL’Artes é um espetáculo que congrega cerca de 500 crianças das várias escolas da RAM numa verdadeira simbiose das várias modalidades artísticas, a saber, Expressão Dramática, Canto Coral, Instrumental Orff, Dança e Cordofones Madeirenses. Com este trabalho de investigação-ação, procuramos evidenciar a importância deste projeto na formação artística das crianças do 1º ciclo da RAM, destacando o ESCOL’Artes como o culminar das aprendizagens realizadas ao longo do 1º CEB. Deste modo, o contexto metodológico da investigação-ação centrou-se na implementação da 3ª parte do espetáculo ESCOL’Artes “Nos trilhos da Luz”, desenvolvido com os alunos das escolas EB1/PE da Ponta do Pargo, EB1/PE Vasco da Gama Rodrigues e EB123/PE Professor Francisco Manuel Santana Barreto, no concelho da Calheta. Para fundamentar este projeto, numa primeira parte procedeu-se a uma revisão bibliográfica direcionada de forma a contextualizar / fundamentar o ensino da música a nível histórico, nacional e regional, e numa segunda parte tratou-se da conceção, implementação e avaliação do ESCOL’Artes, numa aplicação prática no funcionamento das aulas curriculares de Expressão Musical e Dramática.

Meningencefalites bacterianas agudas em crianças: complicações e sequelas neurológicas

We studied 271 children under age of 15 with diagnosis of acute bacterial meningencephalitis treated at Medical School in Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, between 1980 and 1990. The patients were divided in two groups: 1) those who had not received previous antibiotics treatment (NTP), with 153 cases; and 2), those who had received previous antibiotics treatment (PT), with 118 cases. The etiological agent was more frequently identified in NPT group, while ventriculitis was more frequent in PT group. Mortality rate accounted for 19,5% of all cases, and 29.7% of children under 12 months of age. Acute meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae was frequently followed by increased mortality. Convulsive disorders and hemiparesis predominante among children under 12 months of age. On the neurosurgical point of view, ventriculitis, subdural hygroma, hydrocephalus, subdural empyema and brain abscess were identified and treated

O desenvolvimento do texto dissertativo em crianças da 4ª série

This reaserch analysed the developmental stage of fourth grade (primary school) children in ability of writting argumentative texts joint with their context. The reason of this reaserch is the lack of new studies in linguistical area and high ratio of unable students to make this kind of text. It will be showed the analysis of making text by public schools children for three months. These data were analysed trying identify argumentative operators, the kinds of arguments used and the stage of the argumentative ability of these children. The study showed that the introduction of argumentative text in first grades give them more chances of succeed, preparing these pupils in their finishing high school. This fact obviously will make easier the development of their critical point of view, helping the students to think about their living social reality.

Políticas sociais de atendimento às crianças e aos adolescentes no Brasil

This article analyses the emergence and development of social policies for children and adolescents attendance that are in line with the development process of the Brazilian social protection system, focusing on some of the main representations attributed to childhood, according to the historical and political periods. It seeks to present the notion of childhood instituted under the constitution of the Brazilian welfare state, in such a way as to place it within the broader context of the historical and political transformations that involved the emergence and consolidation of the social policies directed towards children and adolescents in Brazil in the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st.

Insegurança alimentar em domicílios brasileiros com crianças menores de cinco anos

This article analyzes food insecurity and hunger in Brazilian families with children under five years of age. This was a nationally representative cross-sectional study using data from the National Demographic and Health Survey on Women and Children (PNDS-2006), in which the outcome variable was moderate to severe food insecurity, measured by the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale (EBIA). Prevalence estimates and prevalence ratios were generated with 95% confidence intervals. The results showed a high prevalence of moderate to severe food insecurity, concentrated in the North and Northeast regions (30.7%), in economic classes D and E (34%), and in beneficiaries of conditional cash transfer programs (36.5%). Multivariate analysis showed that the socioeconomic relative risks (beneficiaries of conditional cash transfers), regional relative risks (North and Northeast regions), and economic relative risks (classes D and E) were 1.8, 2.0 and 2.4, respectively. Aggregation of the three risks showed 48% of families with moderate to severe food insecurity, meaning that adults and children were going hungry during the three months preceding the survey.

O comportamento de crianças durante atendimento odontológico

This research intended to investigate the use of diazepam in conjunction with behavioral strategies to manage uncooperative behavior of child dental patients. The 6 participants received dental treatment during 9 sessions. Using a double-blind design, children received placebo or diazepam and at the same time were submitted to behavior management produces (distraction, explanation, reinforcement and set rule and limits). All sessions were recorded in video-tapes biped in 15 seconds intervals, in which observers recorded child's (crying, body and/or head movements, escape and avoidance) and dentist's behavior. The results indicated that diazepam, considering the used dose, was only effective with one subject. The other participants didn't permit the treatment and showed an increase in their resistance. The behavioral preparation strategies for dental treatment should have been more precisely planned in order to help the child to face the real dental treatment conditions mainly in the first sessions avoiding to reinforce inappropriate behaviors.

Formação de conceitos em crianças cegas: questões teóricas e implicações educacionais

Concept formation depends on language and thought, that promote the integration of information coming from the senses. It is postulated that changes in the person, the objects and events to be known suggest flexible models of concept teaching. It is assumed that the same considerations apply to teaching concepts to blind pupils. Specificities of this process are discussed, including the role of touch as resource, although not as a direct substitute to vision, and the notion of representation as a basis for the elaboration of pedagogical resources for the blind student.

Implante coclear em crianças: a visão dos pais

The objective of this study was to analyze the point of view of parents in relation to the cochlear implant, their level of information concerning the implant, its risks and benefits, and their expectations towards their children's future. Ten parents of deaf children candidate for the cochlear implant at Unicamp's Clinical Hospital were interviewed. Based on a qualitative approach, a content analysis showed that the majority of parents seek the cure for deafness, and consequently, the acquisition of speech with the cochlear implant. For these families, the cochlear implant is seen both as the solution to their children's deafness and as a path for a better future. It has been evidenced that during the acquisition of knowledge about the implant, parents experienced anxiety and anguish when faced with the risks and benefits of the procedure, and the need to choose between performing and not performing the cochlear implant.

O ensino de línguas para crianças no contexto educacional brasileiro: breves reflexões e possíveis provisões

This article aims at discussing about the foreign language teaching to young learners, taking the principles of the Sociocultural Theory (Vygotksy, 1978) and of the Communicative Approach (Almeida Filho, 1993, 2005) related to Primary English teaching (Cameron, 2001; Brewster, Ellis & Girard, 2002) as a theoretical references. Considerations about the importance of language learning in childhood will be made, as well as about the role of the grammar, oral language and mother tongue in the process. Likewise, the importance of Teacher Education will be briefly approached. This work is ended with the discussion about some possible procedures in the language teaching processes followed by a brief presentation of possible guidelines based on the bakhtinian notion of discourse genres.