Sintetizador analógico en Arduino

Este proyecto consiste en el diseño y construcción de un sintetizador basado en el chip 6581 Sound Interface Device (SID). Este chip era el encargado de la generación de sonido en el Commodore 64, ordenador personal comercializado en 1982, y fue el primer sintetizador complejo construido para ordenador. El chip en cuestión es un sintetizador de tres voces, cada una de ellas capaz de generar cuatro diferentes formas de onda. Cada voz tiene control independiente de varios parámetros, permitiendo una relativamente amplia variedad de sonidos y efectos, muy útil para su uso en videojuegos. Además está dotado de un filtro programable para conseguir distintos timbres mediante síntesis sustractiva. El sintetizador se ha construido sobre Arduino, una plataforma de electrónica abierta concebida para la creación de prototipos, consistente en una placa de circuito impreso con un microcontrolador, programable desde un PC para que realice múltiples funciones (desde encender LEDs hasta controlar servomecanismos en robótica, procesado y transmisión de datos, etc.). El sintetizador es controlable vía MIDI, por ejemplo, desde un teclado de piano. A través de MIDI recibe información tal como qué notas debe tocar, o los valores de los parámetros del SID que modifican las propiedades del sonido. Además, toda esa información también la puede recibir de un PC mediante una conexión USB. Se han construido dos versiones del sintetizador: una versión “hardware”, que utiliza el SID para la generación de sonido, y otra “software”, que reemplaza el SID por un emulador, es decir, un programa que se comporta (en la medida de lo posible) de la misma manera que el SID. El emulador se ha implementado en un microcontrolador Atmega 168 de Atmel, el mismo que utiliza Arduino. ABSTRACT. This project consists on design and construction of a synthesizer which is based on chip 6581 Sound Interface Device (SID). This chip was used for sound generation on the Commodore 64, a home computer presented in 1982, and it was the first complex synthesizer built for computers. The chip is a three-voice synthesizer, each voice capable of generating four different waveforms. Each voice has independent control of several parameters, allowing a relatively wide variety of sounds and effects, very useful for its use on videogames. It also includes a programmable filter, allowing more timbre control via subtractive synthesis. The synthesizer has been built on Arduino, an open-source electronics prototyping platform that consists on a printed circuit board with a microcontroller, which is programmable with a computer to do several functions (lighting LEDs, controlling servomechanisms on robotics, data processing or transmission, etc.). The synthesizer is controlled via MIDI, in example, from a piano-type keyboard. It receives from MIDI information such as the notes that should be played or SID’s parameter values that modify the sound. It also can receive that information from a PC via USB connection. Two versions of the synthesizer have been built: a hardware one that uses the SID chip for sound generation, and a software one that replaces SID by an emulator, it is, a program that behaves (as far as possible) in the same way the SID would. The emulator is implemented on an Atmel’s Atmega 168 microcontroller, the same one that is used on Arduino.

Sistema de control de temperatura a través de Arduino y la tecnología GPRS/GSM

El principal objetivo de este proyecto consiste en estudiar las posibilidades de desarrollo de un sistema para el control de la temperatura basado en la plataforma Arduino. Con el fin de alcanzar dicho objetivo, se ha implementado un sistema que permite la consulta y control de la temperatura ambiente a través de la red de comunicaciones móviles. Tras un análisis previo de las distintas placas Arduino, se evalúan una serie de módulos de expansión (shields) compatibles con dicha plataforma que nos permiten ampliar sus funcionalidades, dotando al dispositivo de un sistema de comunicación basado en la tecnología GPRS/GSM. Se estudian los diferentes sensores de temperatura compatibles con Arduino, además de una serie de actuadores que contribuyen al accionamiento y control de un posible termostato, así como al desarrollo de un pequeño sistema de alarma capaz de detectar temperaturas extremas. El proyecto concluye con el diseño de una aplicación basada en el entorno de desarrollo Arduino que nos permita evaluar las distintas capacidades de nuestro sistema, así como comunicarnos con la plataforma a través de SMS para el control remoto de la temperatura. ABSTRACT. The goal of the project consists of studying the developmental possibilities of a temperature control system based on the Arduino platform. In order to this, there has been implemented a system to consult and manage the environmental temperature through mobile communication networks. After a previous assessment of the different Arduino boards, there are analysed a set of expansion modules (shields) compatibles with the platform that enables us to upgrade the device functionalities with the GPRS/GSM communication protocol. Different temperature sensors compatible with Arduino have been studied. In addition, there are evaluated a set of actuators for the operation and control of a thermostat and also the development of a small alarm system that alerts of extremes temperatures. The project concludes with the design of an application based on the Arduino development environment which allows us to evaluate the different capabilities of our system as well as the communication with the platform by SMS for the remote temperature control.

Diseño de un sistema para el manejo a distancia de aeronaves construidas con arduino

El principal objetivo del proyecto es intentar reducir los costes de algunas de las operaciones de vigilancia llevadas a cabo por agencias o instituciones de seguridad. El proyecto consiste en diseñar y desarrollar un sistema informático que permita el manejo a distancia de un cuadricóptero a través de un ordenador, utilizando el teclado y visualizando las imágenes recibidas del módulo de la videocámara. Cada cuadricóptero estará compuesto de diferentes módulos y cada módulo tiene una funcionalidad característica. Se desarrollará un sistema de gestión de aeronaves para poder añadir nuevas unidades de cuadricópteros, así como un sistema de gestión de usuarios para administrar los usuarios en el sistema. Adicionalmente, se construirá un prototipo de cuadricóptero y se implementará su unidad controladora para poder realizar las pruebas del sistema desarrollado con ello. ---ABSTRACT---The aim of this project is to attempt to reduce the costs of some surveillance services offered by security agencies or institutions. The project consists in designing and developing a computer system to remotely control a drone or quad-copter through a computer, manipulating the drone through the keyboard and watching the images captured from the camera module. Each drone is built with one or more modules, and each module has its own functionality. Both new drones and new users can be added to the computer system through the drone management system and the user management system, respectively. Both of management systems are going to be developed. The project also includes the making of a quad-copter prototype and a controller unit implementation.

Experiencias sobre el uso de la plataforma Arduino en prácticas de Automatización y Robótica

En los últimos años las plataformas de hardware libre han adquirido gran relevancia en el desarrollo de prototipos y en la educación en tecnología. Una plataforma de hardware libre es básicamente un diseño de sistema un electrónico microprocesador que sus autores difunden libremente y puede ser utilizado sin tener que pagar licencias. Ente la multitud de plataformas disponibles, destaca Arduino. Se caracteriza por su bajo precio, y que el software necesario para hacer funcionar la plataforma es libre y gratuito. Todo ello hace que estos dispositivos sean fácilmente accesibles por estudiantes. Este trabajo describe la aplicación de hardware libre a experimentos de laboratorio en asignaturas de ingeniería de la UA, especialmente del máster en Automática y Robótica, en las que se controlan sistemas industriales o robóticos. Esto contrasta con los experimentos clásicos en los que se emplean sistemas caros y difícilmente accesibles por el alumno. Además, los experimentos deben ser atractivos y de aplicaciones reales, para atraer el interés del alumno, con el objetivo principal de que aprenda más y mejor en el laboratorio.

Experiences on using Arduino for laboratory experiments of Automatic Control and Robotics

The free hardware platforms have become very important in engineering education in recent years. Among these platforms, Arduino highlights, characterized by its versatility, popularity and low price. This paper describes the implementation of four laboratory experiments for Automatic Control and Robotics courses at the University of Alicante, which have been developed based on Arduino and other existing equipment. Results were evaluated taking into account the views of students, concluding that the proposed experiments have been attractive to them, and they have acquired the knowledge about hardware configuration and programming that was intended.

Development and programming of Geophonino: A low cost Arduino-based seismic recorder for vertical geophones

The commercial data acquisition systems used for seismic exploration are usually expensive equipment. In this work, a low cost data acquisition system (Geophonino) has been developed for recording seismic signals from a vertical geophone. The signal goes first through an instrumentation amplifier, INA155, which is suitable for low amplitude signals like the seismic noise, and an anti-aliasing filter based on the MAX7404 switched-capacitor filter. After that, the amplified and filtered signal is digitized and processed by Arduino Due and registered in an SD memory card. Geophonino is configured for continuous registering, where the sampling frequency, the amplitude gain and the registering time are user-defined. The complete prototype is an open source and open hardware system. It has been tested by comparing the registered signals with the ones obtained through different commercial data recording systems and different kind of geophones. The obtained results show good correlation between the tested measurements, presenting Geophonino as a low-cost alternative system for seismic data recording.

Realizzazione e collaudo di un sensore di ozono controllato da Arduino

Nell’ambito della sterilizzazione da agenti patogeni, l’ozono riveste un ruolo fondamentale grazie al suo grande potere ossidante ed è di fondamentale importanza misurare quanto ozono viene prodotto mediante una scarica DBD. Scopo di questa tesi è stato quello di realizzare un sensore dedicato alla misurazione della concentrazione di ozono, controllato da Arduino Uno. Il setup realizzato risulta economico, facilmente trasportabile e flessibile in quanto è utilizzabile in diverse modalità: è possibile salvare i dati tramite Arduino per elaborarli successivamente; permette di collegare l’uscita all’oscilloscopio per monitorare i segnali elettrici nel tempo; consente di leggere la concentrazione di ozono misurata real-time su display lcd. Infine sono state effettuati dei confronti tra il setup attualmente presente in laboratorio e il setup realizzato, e i risultati sono stati soddisfacenti.

PEDOT:PSS thin films: Applications in Bioelectronics

Owing to their capability of merging the properties of metals and conventional polymers, Conducting Polymers (CPs) are a unique class of carbon-based materials capable of conducting electrical current. A conjugated backbone is the hallmark of CPs, which can readily undergo reversible doping to different extents, thus achieving a wide range of electrical conductivities, while maintaining mechanical flexibility, transparency and high thermal stability. Thanks to these inherent versatility and attracting properties, from their discovery CPs have experienced incessant widespread in a great plethora of research fields, ranging from energy storage to healthcare, also encouraging the spring and growth of new scientific areas with highly innovative content. Nowadays, Bioelectronics stands out as one of the most promising research fields, dealing with the mutual interplay between biology and electronics. Among CPs, the polyelectrolyte complex poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly (styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), especially in the form of thin films, has been emphasized as ideal platform for bioelectronic applications. Indeed, in the last two decades PEDOT:PSS has played a key role in the sensing of bioanalytes and living cells interfacing and monitoring. In the present work, development and characterization of two kinds of PEDOT:PSS-based devices for applications in Bioelectronics are discussed in detail. In particular, a low-cost amperometric sensor for the selective detection of Dopamine in a ternary mixture was optimized, taking advantage of the electrocatalytic and antifouling properties that render PEDOT:PSS thin films appealing tools for electrochemical sensing of bioanalytes. Moreover, the potentialities of this material to interact with live cells were explored through the fabrication of a microfluidic trapping device for electrical monitoring of 3D spheroids using an impedance-based approach.

Design and characterization of Electrochemical Sensors for Organic Bioelectronics

This Ph.D. Thesis concerns the design and characterisation of functional electrochemical interfaces in organic electronic devices for bioelectronic applications. The Thesis is structured as follows: Chapter I – Technological context that has inspired the research, introduction to Organic Bioelectronics and literature review concerning Organic Electrochemical Transistors (OECTs) for sensing applications. Chapter II – Working principle of an all-polymeric OECT and operando microscopic characterization using scanning electrochemical techniques. Chapter III – Dopamine detection with all-polymeric OECT sensors. Development of a potentiodynamic approach to address selectivity issues in the presence of interfering species and design of a needle-type, sub-micrometric OECT sensor for spatially resolved detection of biological Dopamine concentrations. Chapter IV – Development of an OECT pH sensor. Characterization of the electrochemical transducer and functionalization of the OECT gate electrode with the sensing material. Potentiodynamic and potentiostatic operation modalities are explored and the sensing performances are assessed in both cases. The final device is realized on a flexible substrate and tested in Artificial Sweat. Chapter V – Study of two-terminal, electrochemically gated sensors inspired by the OECT configuration. Design and characterization of novel functional materials showing a potentiometric transduction of the chemical signal that can be exploited in the realization of electrochemical sensors with simplified geometry for wearable applications. Chapter VI – Conclusion.

Valutazione sperimentale di approcci di TinyML per problemi di classificazione: un caso di studio con Arduino Nano 33 BLE

Il TinyMachineLearning (TinyML) è un campo di ricerca nato recentemente che si inserisce nel contesto dell’Internet delle cose (IoT). Mentre l’idea tradizionale dell’IoT era che i dati venissero inviati da un dispositivo locale a delle infrastrutture cloud per l’elaborazione, il paradigma TinyML d’altra parte, propone di integrare meccanismi basati sul Machine Learning direttamente all’interno di piccoli oggetti alimentati da microcontrollori (MCU ). Ciò apre la strada allo sviluppo di nuove applicazioni e servizi che non richiedono quindi l’onnipresente supporto di elaborazione dal cloud, che, come comporta nella maggior parte dei casi, consumi elevati di energia e rischi legati alla sicurezza dei dati e alla privacy. In questo lavoro sono stati svolti diversi esperimenti cercando di identificare le sfide e le opportunità correlate al TinyML. Nello specifico, vengono valutate e analizzate le prestazioni di alcuni algoritmi di ML integrati in una scheda Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense, attraverso un framework TinyML. Queste valutazioni sono state effettuate conducendo cinque diversi macro esperimenti, ovvero riconoscimento di Colori, di Frequenze, di Vibrazioni, di Parole chiave e di Gesti. In ogni esperimento, oltre a valutare le metriche relative alla bontà dei classificatori, sono stati analizzati l’occupazione di memoria e il tasso di inferenza (tempo di predizione). I dati utilizzati per addestrare i classificatori sono stati raccolti direttamente con i sensori di Arduino Nano. I risultati mostrano che il TinyML può essere assolutamente utilizzato per discriminare correttamente tra diverse gamme di suoni, colori, modelli di vibrazioni, parole chiave e gesti aprendo la strada allo sviluppo di nuove promettenti applicazioni sostenibili.

Fabrication of 2D and 3D microelectrode arrays for amperometric dopamine sensing: towards a metal free approach to bioelectronics

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter which has a role in several psychiatric and neurological disorders. In-vivo detection of its concentration at the microscopic scale would benefit the study of these conditions and help in the development of therapies. The ideal sensor would be biocompatible, able to probe concentrations in microscopic volumes and sensitive to the small physiological concentrations of this molecule (10 nM - 1 μM). The ease of oxidation of dopamine makes it possible to detect it by electrochemical methods. An additional requirement in this kind of experiments when run in water, though, is to have a large potential window inside which no redox reactions with water take place. A promising class of materials which are being explored is the one of pyrolyzed photoresists. Photoresists can be lithographically patterned with micrometric resolution and after pyrolysis leave a glassy carbon material which is conductive, biocompatible and has a large electrochemical water window. In this work I developed a fabrication procedure for microelectrode arrays with three dimensional electrodes, making the whole device using just a negative photoresist called SU8. Making 3D electrodes could be a way to enhance the sensitivity of the electrodes without occupying a bigger footprint on the device. I characterized the electrical, morphological, and electrochemical properties of these electrodes, in particular their sensitivity to dopamine. I also fabricated and tested a two dimensional device for comparison. The three dimensional devices fabricated showed inferior properties to their two dimensional counter parts. I found a possible explanation and suggested some ways in which the fabrication could be improved.

Real-time monitoring and kinetic parameter estimation of the affinity interaction of jArtinM and rArtinM with peroxidase glycoprotein by the electrogravimetric technique

ArtinM is a D-mannose binding lectin that has been arousing increasing interest because of its biomedical properties, especially those involving the stimulation of Th1 immune response, which confers protection against intracellular pathogens The potential pharmaceutical applications of ArtinM have motivated the production of its recombinant form (rArtinM) so that it is important to compare the sugar-binding properties of jArtinM and rArtinM in order to take better advantage of the potential applications of the recombinant lectin. In this work, a biosensor framework based on a Quartz Crystal Microbalance was established with the purpose of making a comparative study of the activity of native and recombinant ArtinM protein The QCM transducer was strategically functionalized to use a simple model of protein binding kinetics. This approach allowed for the determination of the binding/dissociation kinetics rate and affinity equilibrium constant of both forms of ArtinM with horseradish peroxidase glycoprotein (HRP), a N-glycosylated protein that contains the trimannoside Man alpha 1-3[Man alpha 1-6]Man, which is a known ligand for jArtinM (Jeyaprakash et al, 2004). Monitoring of the real-time binding of rArtinM shows that it was able to bind HRP, leading to an analytical curve similar to that of jArtinM, with statistically equivalent kinetic rates and affinity equilibrium constants for both forms of ArtinM The lower reactivity of rArtinM with HRP than jArtinM was considered to be due to a difference in the number of Carbohydrate Recognition Domains (CRDs) per molecule of each lectin form rather than to a difference in the energy of binding per CRD of each lectin form. (C) 2010 Elsevier B V. All rights reserved

Development of nanostructured bioanodes containing dendrimers and dehydrogenases enzymes for application in ethanol biofuel cells

This paper describes the use of the electrostatic layer-by-layer (LbL) technique for the preparation of bioanodes with potential application in ethanol/O(2) biofuel cells. More specifically, the LbL technique was employed for immobilization of dehydrogenase enzymes and polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers onto carbon paper support. Both mono (anchoring only the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase, ADH) and bienzymatic (anchoring both ADH and aldehyde dehydrogenase, AldDH) systems were tested. The amount of ADH deposited onto the Toray (R) paper was 95 ng cm(-2) per bilayer. Kinetic studies revealed that the LbL technique enables better control of enzyme disposition on the bioanode, as compared with the results obtained with the bioanodes prepared by the passive adsorption technique. The power density values achieved for the mono-enzymatic system as a function of the enzyme load ranged from 0.02 to 0.063 mW cm(-2) for the bioanode containing 36 ADH bilayers. The bioanodes containing a gas diffusion layer (GDL) displayed enhanced performance, but their mechanical stability must be improved. The bienzymatic system generated a power density of 0.12 mW cm(-2). In conclusion, the LbL technique is a very attractive approach for enzyme immobilization onto carbon platform, since it enables strict control of enzyme disposition on the bioanode surface with very low enzyme consumption. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Development of novel bioanodes for ethanol biofuel cell using PAMAM dendrimers as matrix for enzyme immobilization

This paper describes the preparation and application of a novel bioanode for use in ethanol/O(2) biofuel cells based upon immobilization of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers onto carbon cloth platforms. The power density measurements indicated a direct relationship between the amount of anchored ADH and the anode power values, which increased upon enzyme loading. The power density values ranged from 0.04 to 0.28 mW cm(-2), and the highest power density was achieved with the bioanode prepared with 28 U of ADH, which provided a power density of 0.28 mW cm(-2) at 0.3 V. The latter power output values were the maximum observed, even for higher enzyme concentrations. Stability of the bioanodes was quite satisfactory, since there was no appreciable reduction of enzymatic activity during the measurements. The method of bioanode preparation described here has proven to be very effective. The PAMAM dendrimer represents a friendly environment for the immobilization of enzymes, and it is stable and capable of generating high power density compared to other immobilization methods. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.