920 resultados para Aquatic macrophyte


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The efficiency of systems composed of two species of floating aquatic macrophyte (Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes) to treat effluents from shrimp culture was evaluated in this research. The effluent originated from a pond populated with Macrobrachium amazonicum. Treatment systems consisted of 12 experimental tanks with aquatic macrophyte and three tanks without plants (control). Water samples were collected from the fresh water supply and before and after passing through the treatment systems. There are no differences in the removal of nutrients between the two species. The higher nutrient removal was observed for total phosphorus (41.9% by control; 71.6% by E. crassipes; 69.9 by P. stratiotes; 72.5% by E. crassipes + P. stratiotes and 72.1 by P. stratiotes + E. crassipes) and turbidity (30.6% by control; 80.2% by E. crassipes; 75.2 by P. stratiotes; 79.8% by E. crassipes + P. stratiotes and 81.5 by P. stratiotes + E. crassipes). The systems containing aquatic macrophytes were efficient in nitrogen and phosphorus removal from M. amazonicum culture. © 2008 Sociedade Brasileira de Zootecnia.

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This study aimed to establish the adequate concentrations of nitrapyrin for the effective inhibition of oxygen demand required for the oxidation of nitrogen compounds during aerobic mineralization of leachate. The aquatic macrophyte Myriophyllum aquaticum was used as a source of dissolved organic matter (DOM). The leachate was incubated in several chambers, containing different composition and treatments: (i) treatment with leachate (DOM), (ii) treatment with DOM plus nitrapyrin in different concentrations (10; 25 and 50 mg L-1), aiming at finding the right concentration that inhibits the nitrification process, (iii) treatment with DOM plus NH4SO 2, (iv) treatment containing DOM and nitrapyrin plus NH 4SO2, and (v) treatment with DOM plus azide. The dissolved oxygen amount in each incubation treatment was periodically measured. The results indicated that the ratio of 10 mg L-1 of nitrapyrin for each 10 mg C of leachate is efficient in inhibiting the oxidation of nitrogen compounds from aquatic macrophytes.

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The Cladocera assemblages in two cascade reservoirs located in the Paranapanema River in Brazil were studied during two consecutive years. Upstream Chavantes Reservoir is an accumulation system, with a long water retention time, high depth and oligo-mesotrophic status. The downstream Salto Grande Reservoir is a small, run-of-river reservoir, with a short water retention time, shallow depth and meso-eutrophic status. The goal of this study was to determine the inter- and intra-reservoir limnological differences with emphasis on the Cladocerans assemblages. The following questions were posed: (i) what are the seasonal dynamics of the reservoir spatial structures; (ii) how dynamics, seasonally, is the reservoirs spatial structure; and (iii) are the reservoir independent systems? A total of 43 Cladoceran species were identified in this study. Ceriodaphnia silvestrii was the most abundant and frequent species found in Chavantes Reservoir, while C. cornuta was most abundant and frequent in Salto Grande Reservoir. The Cladoceran species richness differed significantly among sampling sites for both reservoirs. In terms of abundance, there was a significant variation among sampling sites and periods for both reservoirs. A cluster analysis indicated a higher similarity among the deeper compartments, and the intermediate river-reservoir zones was grouped with the riverine sampling sites. For the smaller Salto Grande Reservoir, the entrance of a middle size tributary causes major changes in the system. A distinct environment was observed in the river mouth zone of another small tributary, representing a shallow environment with aquatic macrophyte stands. A canonical correlation analysis between environmental variables and Cladoceran abundance explained 75% of the data variability, and a complementary factorial analysis explained 65% of the variability. The spatial compartmentalization of the reservoirs, as well as the particular characteristics of the two study reservoirs, directly influenced the structure of the Cladoceran assemblages. The conditions of the lacustrine (dam) zone of the larger Chavantes Reservoir were reflected in the upstream zone of the smaller downstream Salto Grande Reservoir, highlighting the importance of plankton exportation in reservoir cascade systems. The comparative spatial-temporal analysis indicated conspicuous differences between the two reservoirs, reinforcing the necessity of considering tropical/subtropical reservoirs as complex, multi-compartmental water systems. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Produção Vegetal) - FCAV

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O cobre é um metal essencial para as plantas, porém considerado tóxico quando em elevadas concentrações na água. No caso de macrófitas aquáticas já foi demonstrado que este metal inibe o processo fotossintético e provoca alterações pigmentares. Neste contexto, expusemos (96h) a macrófita aquática Potamogeton pectinatus (L.) à diferentes concentrações de cobre 1, 10, 100 e 1000 µM para avaliar o potencial bioacumulador da planta, e às concentrações de 1, 10 e 100 µM de Cu para verificar os possíveis efeitos do metal na taxa fotossintética (24 e 96h) em diferentes intensidades luminosas (17, 100, 300 e 500 µmol/m2 /s), no teor pigmentar (96h) e no crescimento das macrófitas (30 dias). Para os experimentos de bioacumulação mantivemos um grupo de plantas controle (sem adição de cobre no meio), enquanto que para os outros testes mantivemos um grupo controle e um grupo em solução nutritiva de Hoagland 100%, que contem cobre e outros micronutrientes em concentrações ideais para sobrevivência e crescimento de P. pectinatus. Nossos resultados mostram que a macrófita P. pectinatus é capaz de acumular altas concentrações de cobre, sendo que este acúmulo aumenta com a elevação dos níveis do metal na água. Apesar de basicamente não haver diferença estatística entre a concentração do metal nos diferentes órgãos da planta, as raízes mostraram-se capazes de acumular mais cobre que as folhas e caule com base no fator de bioconcentração. Com relação aos teores de clorofila “a”, “b” e carotenoides, estes foram menores nas folhas das plantas controle em comparação com as plantas em solução de Hogland, mas esta diferença só foi significativa nas plantas expostas ao cobre, que apresentaram menor concentração dos teores pigmentares já à 1 µM de Cu. Quanto à fotossíntese, em 24h de exposição, novamente observamos um efeito negativo da ausência e presença de cobre nas concentrações de 1, 10 e 100 µM, bem como, um efeito da luminosidade, de forma que as plantas em solução de Hoagland apresentaram maior taxa fotossintética quando em 100 µmol/m2 /s. Em virtude de um aumento na respiração em 96h, a fotossíntese, quando ocorreu, foi menor que em 24h e não diferiu entre os grupos e luminosidade. Em relação ao crescimento, as plantas perderam biomassa, mas mantiveram seus comprimentos e apenas aquelas em solução de Hoagland aumentaram seu número de folhas. Ainda, verificou-se clorose e necrose nas plantas controle e expostas ao cobre. Diante do exposto, concluímos que a macrófita P. pectinatus acumula altas concentrações de cobre, principalmente na raiz, sendo capaz e refletir as concentrações do metal no meio. Esta condição, sugere seu uso no biomonitoramento e fitorremediação de locais contaminados por cobre. Por outro lado, elas mostram-se sensíveis ao metal pela redução no teor pigmentar e fotossíntese, sugerindo estes como mecanismos toxicidade do cobre.

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Foram comparados a biomassa, a composição química e o valor nutritivo da macrófita aquática emersa S. alterniflora em um rio impactado por descargas de efluentes domésticos (Rio Guaú) e em um rio bem conservado (Rio Itanhaém). Amostras de S. alterniflora, água e sedimento foram coletadas nos dois rios, em novembro de 2001. O rio Guaú apresentou as maiores concentrações de N-Total e P-Total na água (415 e 674 µg.L-1, respectivamente) e sedimento (0,25 e 0,20% de Massa Seca, respectivamente), em relação a água (NT = 105 µg.L-1; PT= 20 µg.L-1) e sedimento (NT = 0,12% MS; PT = 0,05% MS) do rio Itanhaém. A biomassa aérea (316 g MS.m-2) e subterrânea (425 g MS.m-2) de S. alterniflora no rio Guaú foram significativamente maiores do que no rio Itanhaém (146 e 115 g MS.m-2). Além disto, os valores de NT, proteínas, PT, lipídios e carboidratos solúveis foram significativamente maiores na biomassa de S. alterniflora no rio Guaú. Por outro lado, a fração de parede celular e os teores de polifenóis foram maiores na biomassa de S. alterniflora no rio Itanhaém. Concluiu-se que o lançamento de efluentes domésticos em corpos d'água pode aumentar a biomassa e alterar a composição química de S. alterniflora. A maior disponibilidade de N e P no rio Guaú, provavelmente, é a causa dos maiores valores de biomassa, NT, PT, lipídeos e carboidratos solúveis em S. alterniflora neste rio.

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The aims of this study were to explore the environmental factors that determine the distribution of plant communities in temporary rock pools and provide a quantitative analysis of vegetation-environment relationships for five study sites on the island of Gavdos, southwest of Crete, Greece. Data from 99 rock pools were collected and analysed using Two-Way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN), Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) to identify the principal communities and environmental gradients that are linked to community distribution. A total of 46 species belonging to 21 families were recorded within the study area. The dominant families were Labiatae, Gramineae and Compositae while therophytes and chamaephytes were the most frequent life forms. The samples were classified into six community types using TWINSPAN, which were also corroborated by CCA analysis. The principal gradients for vegetation distribution, identified by CCA, were associated with water storage and water retention ability, as expressed by pool perimeter and water depth. Generalised Additive Models (GAMs) were employed to identify responses of four dominant rock pool species to water depth. The resulting species response curves showed niche differentiation in the cases of Callitriche pulchra and Tillaea vaillantii and revealed competition between Zannichellia pedunculata and Chara vulgaris. The use of classification in combination with ordination techniques resulted in a good discrimination between plant communities. Generalised Additive Models are a powerful tool in investigating species response curves to environmental gradients. The methodology adopted can be employed for improving baseline information on plant community ecology and distribution in Mediterranean ephemeral pools.