Un análisis comparativo del papel del bucle fonológico versus la agenda viso-espacial en el cálculo en niños de 7-8 años

En esta investigación se ha estudiado la relación entre dos subsistemas de la memoria de trabajo (bucle fonológico y agenda viso-espacial) y el rendimiento en cálculo con una muestra de 94 niños españoles de 7-8 años. Hemos administrado dos pruebas de cálculo diseñadas para este estudio y seis medidas simples de memoria de trabajo (de contenido verbal, numérico y espacial) de la «Batería de Tests de Memoria de Treball» de Pickering, Baqués y Gathercole (1999), y dos pruebas visuales complementarias. Los resultados muestran una correlación importante entre las medidas de contenido verbal y numérico y el rendimiento en cálculo. En cambio, no hemos encontrado ninguna relación con las medidas espaciales. Se concluye, por lo tanto, que en escolares españoles existe una relación importante entre el bucle fonológico y el rendimiento en tareas de cálculo. En cambio, el rol de la agenda viso-espacial es nulo.

Lugares e objetos de memória no batuque gaúcho

Resumo O artigo aborda a mediação de objetos e lugares para o aprendizado da hierarquia religiosa e como fonte de registro de memória na tradição oral do batuque gaúcho. Apresento relato etnográfico sobre os antepassados na Nação Oyó, demonstrando como a geografia porto-alegrense faz memorá-los e saudá-los em seu sentido mais genérico, como orixás e escravos da África. Em sentido específico, são os objetos, sagrados ou não, que remetem aos parentes de santo mais “antigos”, vivos ou mortos. Os ensinamentos transmitidos por pais de santo a seus filhos são mediados por passeios em pontos específicos da cidade e pela utilização desses objetos, fazendo com que a memória conecte corpo e mente e também objetos e lugares.

Memòria de les activitats del seminari didàctica de l'educació física. 'Memoria de las actividades del seminario didáctica de la educación física'.

Consiste en un curso dirigido a profesores de educación física de educación infantil. Éste se divide en: sensaciones y percepciones, metodologías de sesiones de educación física en el parvulario, equilibrio y postura, lateralidad, orientación y estructuración espacial, estructuración espacio temporal y expresión corporal.

Sistema purinérgico na memória da tarefa de esquiva inibitória em córtex cingulado e córtex pré-frontal de ratos

A memória pode ser definida como o armazenamento e a evocação de uma informação aprendida. Sendo um processo dinâmico, requer a ativação de diversos sistemas para que a informação adquirida seja consolidada. O ATP é um importante neurotransmissor que, após a sua liberação e conseqüente ativação de seus receptores específicos, precisa ser inativado. Esta remoção do ATP da fenda sináptica ocorre através de sua hidrólise promovida pelas ectonucleotidases. Como um dos produtos da hidrólise do ATP, a adenosina é considerada um potente neuromodulador e exerce suas ações através de receptores específicos com ações excitatórias (A2A e A2B ) ou inibitórias (A1 e A3). Vários trabalhos já demonstraram a participação do sistema purinérgico nos processos relacionados a memória da tarefa da esquiva inibitória. Estudos realizados em nosso laboratório mostraram a participação das ectonucleotidases sinaptossomais de hipocampo, córtex entorrinal e córtex parietal na consolidação da memória para esquiva inibitória. No entanto, existem poucos estudos a respeito do sistema purinérgico nos mecanismos de consolidação da memória em outras regiões cerebrais, tais como o córtex cingulado anterior (CA) e posterior (CP) e a área pré-central medial (FR2). Portanto, na primeira parte deste estudo, avaliamos as atividades ectonucleotidásicas em sinaptossomas de CA, CP e FR2 de ratos submetidos à tarefa de esquiva inibitória. Nossos resultados demonstraram um aumento na hidrólise de ATP em sinaptossomas de FR2 e CA; e na hidrólise de ADP em sinaptossomas de FR2 e CP. Este aumento na hidrólise de ATP e ADP ocorreu devido ao choque administrado na tarefa, já que o grupo de animais que não recebeu choque não apresentou alterações na hidrólise de ATP e ADP. Este efeito observado provavelmente não está associado à consolidação da memória, mas a mudanças neuroquímicas e neurohumorais induzidas pelo estresse após o choque. Além disso, foi observado um aumento relacionado ao aprendizado na atividade ATPásica e ADPásica em CP e CA, respectivamente. Estes resultados sugerem fortemente que estas enzimas participam da consolidação da memória em CP e CA. O aumento na hidrólise de ATP e ADP sugere um possível aumento na concentração de adenosina nestas regiões. Portanto, na segunda parte deste estudo, verificamos a influência de agonistas e antagonistas de receptores de adenosina nas memórias de curta (STM) e de longa (LTM) duração na tarefa de esquiva inibitória. Então, neste estudo administramos intrafusões de análogos de adenosina em CP, imediatamente após o treino em esquiva inibitória. Os resultados demonstraram que a intrafusão de DPCPX, um antagonista de receptores A1, em CP, na concentração de 50 nM, aumentou significativamente a retenção da tarefa em ambas STM e LTM. Além disso, a administração de CPA, um agonista de receptores A1 de adenosina, não alterou ambas STM e LTM nas concentrações testadas. Portanto, este estudo sugere que os receptores A1 exercem uma modulação inibitória em CP tanto na STM quanto na LTM para o aprendizado de esquiva inibitória. A regulação dos níveis de ATP e adenosina pelas ectonucleotidases em CP, CA e FR2 controlaria a ativação dos receptores A1 nestas estruturas, podendo exercer efeitos modulatórios na consolidação da memória nestas estruturas.

Memória implícita e explícita em portadores de deficiência mental por síndrome de Down e por outras etiologias

Este estudo objetivou investigar o funcionamento da memória implícita e explícita em deficientes mentais por Síndrome de Down (SD) comparados com indivíduos deficientes mentais de outras etiologias (DM) e crianças de desenvolvimento típico de mesma idade mental (DT). Foram administrados testes de procedimento viso-espacial e pré-ativação para avaliar memória implícita e testes de memória episódica explícita para material verbal e viso-espacial a 12 sujeitos SD, 12 DM e 12 DT. Considerando o sistema de múltiplas memórias, procurou-se investigar quais estariam preservadas ou falhas nos três grupos. Os resultados demonstraram diferenças nítidas entre os grupos. Percebeu-se uma defasagem significativa de memória implícita na SD, um melhor desempenho de memória implícita nos DM e de memória explícita nas crianças DT. Estes resultados revelam um grande prejuízo implícito na SD, mas também defasagem explícita, reforçando a necessidade de estimulação precoce a esta população. Implicações para o trabalho pedagógico serão discutidas.

Aprendizado de máquina em sistemas complexos multiagentes : estudo de caso em um ambiente sob racionalidade limitada

O presente trabalho investiga a relação entre aprendizado e dinâmica em sistemas complexos multiagentes. Fazemos isso através de estudos experimentais em um cenário de racionalidade limitada que situa-se na interesecção entre Inteligência Artificial, Economia e Física Estatística, conhecido como “Minority Game”. Apresentamos resultados experimentais sobre o jogo focando o estudo do cenário sob uma perspectiva de Aprendizado de Máquina. Introduzimos um novo algoritmo de aprendizado para os agentes no jogo, que chamamos de aprendizado criativo, e mostramos que este algoritmo induz uma distribuição mais eficiente de recursos entre os agentes. Este aumento de eficiência mostra-se resultante de uma busca irrestrita no espaço de estratégias que permitem uma maximização mais eficiente das distâncias entre estratégias. Analisamos então os efeitos dos parâmetros deste algoritmo no desempenho de um agente, comparando os resultados com o algoritmo tradicional de aprendizado e mostramos que o algoritmo proposto é mais eficiente que o tradicional na maioria das situações. Finalmente, investigamos como o tamanho de memória afeta o desempenho de agentes utilizando ambos algoritmos e concluímos que agentes individuais com tamanhos de memória maiores apenas obtém um aumento no desempenho se o sistema se encontrar em uma região ineficiente, enquanto que nas demais fases tais aumentos são irrelevantes - e mesmo danosos - à performance desses agentes.

Identidade, memória e narrativas na dança de São Gonçalo do povoado Mussuca (SE)

This study deals with the participation of the dance of São Gonçalo of the Mussuca town/SE, in the process of construction of the ethnic identity among this social group. The Mussuca is a grouping recognized as afro-descendents, linked with black enslaved people in the valley of the Cotinguiba region. The collective memory functions as a drive of this linking with the past and if it makes to elaborate narratives on this descent. The objective of this study was to investigate the ways the rite went through to constitute itself as an element of ethnic representation. Internal and external agents had been identified who had participated in different contexts. By means of an ethnographic work we ve reached some aspects of the local structure social which demonstrated the contradictions through the social relations of the group. This process of ethnic autorecognition presents the kinship and the space question as definers of the social arrangements which establish its ethnic boundaries

Vivendo do mar: tradição, memória e mudança na vida pesqueira de Pitangui-RN

This research focuses on the fishery activity, aligned to knowledge of past generations, and the transformation to those who depend on this activity for their livelihood, at the seashore community of Pitangui in Extremoz municipality, which lies 40 km away from Natal, seat of the state of Rio Grande do Norte. The intense modernization which has taking place during the last few years may be considered the result of a number of economic, social and cultural factors, as the introduction of new fishery technology. On the other hand, the present study seeks to show how this changing process happened, and to what extent those affected understand and evaluate this transformation. The methodology to carry out the ethnographic work was mainly adopted by qualitative methods and techniques - by participant observation, oral history, photography and the audiovisual records besides reference to data extracted under quantitative methods, as an important instrument of analyses. This induces a conclusion that the transformation of the community is a consequence of the globalized market, though still tied up to specific local relations. The emerging results are: the use of new fishery technology, and new ways of orientation and navigation; the opening to new jobs and occupational activity, the re-order of space s appropriation; changing sociability, larger access to consumer goods, besides bringing on some new conflicts land appropriation and the fishery and the protection of the environment. All this comprehended as a result of the movement of the local relations participating in the global spaces

Patrimônio, Memória e Espaço: a construção da paisagem açucareira do Vale do Ceará-Mirim

This work aims to understand how the installation of sugar culture along the river Ceará-Mirim defined the spatial organization of the Valley, and thus setting the landscape. This space has begun to be defined only in the second half of the nineteenth century, when the sugarcane growth had atarted on land located on the banks of the river Ceará-Mirim. The passage of this period of great prosperity can be seen through the heritage material which is still presented in the region. Walking through the Valley, we found a considerable number of architectural buildings, many in ruins, linked to this historical moment. This perception, caused by these buildings, will take us on a trip to the past, back to a time characterized by great-houses, mills, sugarcane plantations, planters, slaves, etc. The references that lead us to consider the sugar mills located along the valley of Ceará Mirim as a patrimony, which carry an entire historical baggage, guide us to the first half of the twentieth century. During this period, the role of intellectuals from the Rio - Sao Paulo through the modernist movement will be decisive in the formation of a national identity. The heritage material identified along the valley of Ceará Mirim defined its current spatial organization, setting the landscape. But we must conceive this landscape into two ways: first, as a material representation of social practices carried out in this space, where social, cultural, economic and environmental aspects have interacted to their training; as well as a landscape that carries a whole historical baggage which was built throughout the twentieth century

Diferenças funcionais das regiões hipocampais na formação da memória do tipo o quê", "quando" e "onde" em ratos

Episodic memory refers to the recollection of what, where and when a specific event occurred. Hippocampus is a key structure in this type of memory. Computational models suggest that the dentate gyrus (DG) and the CA3 hippocampal subregions are involved in pattern separation and the rapid acquisition of episodic memories, while CA1 is involved in memory consolidation. However there are few studies with animal models that access simultaneously the aspects ‗what-where-when . Recently, an object recognition episodic-like memory task in rodents was proposed. This task consists of two sample trials and a test phase. In sample trial one, the rat is exposed to four copies of an object. In sample trial two, one hour later, the rat is exposed to four copies of a different object. In the test phase, 1 h later, two copies of each of the objects previously used are presented. One copy of the object used in sample trial one is located in a different place, and therefore it is expected to be the most explored object.However, the short retention delay of the task narrows its applications. This study verifies if this task can be evoked after 24h and whether the pharmacological inactivation of the DG/CA3 and CA1 subregions could differentially impair the acquisition of the task described. Validation of the task with a longer interval (24h) was accomplished (animals showed spatiotemporal object discrimination and scopolamine (1 mg/kg, ip) injected pos-training impaired performance). Afterwards, the GABA agonist muscimol, (0,250 μg/μl; volume = 0,5 μl) or saline were injected in the hippocampal subregions fifteen minutes before training. Pre-training inactivation of the DG/CA3 subregions impaired the spatial discrimination of the objects (‗where ), while the temporal discrimination (‗when ) was preserved. Rats treated with muscimol in the CA1 subregion explored all the objects equally well, irrespective of place or presentation time. Our results corroborate the computational models that postulate a role for DG/CA3 in spatial pattern separation, and a role for CA1 in the consolidation process of different mnemonic episodes

Oscilações Teta no hipocampo do rato durante tarefa de tomada de decisão espacial

The processing of spatial and episodic information during memory tasks depends on hippocampal theta oscillations. In the present study, I investigated the relationship between theta power and choice selection during spatial decision-making. I recorded local field potentials from the CA1 region of rats retrieving reward locations in a 4-arm maze. In trained but not in naïve animals, I observed a significant increase in theta power during decision-making, which could not be explained by changes in locomotion speed. Furthermore, a Bayesian decoder based on theta power predicted choice outcomes in speed-matched trials. The decoding time course revealed that performance increased above chance before the decision moment exclusively for theta power, remaining flat for other frequency bands. These results occurred for trained animals, but no significant prediction could be made for naïve animals. Altogether, the data support a mnemonic function of theta rhythm during spatial decision-making, indicating that these oscillations correlate with the retrieval of memories required for successful decisions

Déficits de memória induzidos por baixas doses de reserpina em ratos: possível relação com prejuízos no processamento emocional na Doença de Parkinson

We have recently verified that the monoamine depleting drug reserpine at doses that do not modify motor function - impairs memory in a rodent model of aversive discrimination. In this study, the effects of reserpine (0.1-0.5 mg/kg) on the performance of rats in object recognition, spatial working memory (spontaneous alternation) and emotional memory (contextual freezing conditioning) tasks were investigated. While object recognition and spontaneous alternation behavior were not affected by reserpine treatment, contextual fear conditioning was impaired. Together with previous studies, these results suggest that mild monoamine depletion would preferentially induce deficits in tasks involved with emotional contexts. Possible relationships with cognitive and emotional processing deficits in Parkinson disease are discussed

Expressão de zif-268 durante a aquisição, evocação e extinção de uma memória aversiva

In the behavioral paradigm of discriminative avoidance task, both short and long-term memories have been extensively investigated with behavioral and pharmacological approaches. The aim of the present study was to evaluate, using the abovementioned model, the hippocampal expression of zif-268 - a calcium-dependent immediate early gene involved with synaptic plasticity process - throughout several steps of memory formation, such as acquisition, evocation and extiction. The behavioral apparatus consisted of a modified elevaated plus-maze, with their enclosed arms disposed in "L". A pre-exposure to the maze was made with the animal using all arms enclosed, for 30 minutes, followed by training and test, during 10 minutes each. The between sections interval was 24h. During training, aversive stimuli (bright light and loud noise) were actived whenever the animals entered one of the enclosed armas (aversive arm). Memory acquisiton, retention and extinction were evaluated by the percentage of the total time spent exploring the aversive arm. The parameters evaluated (time spent in the arms and total distance traveled) were estimated with an animal tracking software (Anymaze, Stoelting, USA). Learning during training was estimated by the decrease of the time spent exploring the aversive arm. One hour after the beginning of each section, animals were anaesthetized with sodium-thiopental (i.p.) and perfused with 0.9% heparinized saline solution followed by 4% paraformaldehyde. Brains were cryoprotected with 20% sucrose, separeted in three blocks and frozen. The middle block, containing the hippocampus, was sectioned at 20 micro meters in the coronal plane and the resutant sections were submitted to zif-268 immunohistochemistry. Our results show an increased expression of zif-268 in the dentate gyrus (DG) during the evocation and extinction stages. There is a distinct participation of the DG during the memory evocation, but not during its acquisition. Inaddition, all hippocampal regions (CA1, CA3 and DG) presented an increased zif-268 expression during the process of extinction.

Antidepressivos modificam a extinção de uma memória aversiva em ratas

Treatment of major depression, posttraumatic stress disorder and other psychopathologies with antidepressants can be associated with improvement of the cognitive deficits related to these disorders. Although the mechanisms of these effects are not completely elucidated, alterations in extinction of aversive memories are believed to be present in these psychopathologies. Moreover, researches with laboratory animals usually focus on male subjects, and we have recently verified that extinction of an aversive task is reduced in female rats when compared to males. In the present study, female rats were long-term treated with clinically used antidepressants (fluoxetine, nortriptyline or mirtazapine) and tested in the plus-maze discriminative avoidance and forced swimming tests in order to evaluate learning, memory, extinction, anxiety and depression-related behaviors. All groups learned the task, but learning was somewhat faster in nortriptyline and mirtazapine-treated animals . Task retrieval was also showed by all experimental groups. Chronic treatment with fluoxetine, but not with the other antidepressants, increased extinction of the discriminative task. In the forced swimming test, animals treated with fluoxetine and mirtazapine showed decreased immobility duration. In conclusion, antidepressants interfere with learning and female rats treated with fluoxetine presented increased extinction of the aversive memory task. On the other hand, both fluoxetine and mirtazapine were effective in the forced swimming test, suggesting dissociation between the antidepressant effects and the extinction of aversive memories

Influência do ciclo estral no efeito do diazepam na ansiedade e memória de ratas

Memory and anxiety are related phenomena. Several evidences suggest that anxiety is fundamental for learnining and may facilitate or impair the memory formation process depending of the context. The majority of animal studies of anxiety and fear use only males as experimental subjects, while studies with females are rare in the literature. However, the prevalence in phobic and anxiety disorders is greater in women than in men. Moreover, it is known that gender maybe influence benzodiazepine effects, the classic drugs used for anxiety disorders treatment. In this respect, to further investigate if fear/anxiety aspects related to learning in female subjects would contribute to the study of phobic and anxiety disorders and their relationship with learning/memory processes, the present work investigates (a) the effects of benzodiazepine diazepam on female rats performance in a aversive memory task that assess concomitantly anxiety/emotionality, as the interaction between both; (b) the influence of estrous cycle phases of female rats on diazepam effects at aversive memory and anxiety/emotionality, and the interaction between both and (c) the role of hormonal fluctuations during estrous cycle phases in absence of diazepam effects in proestrus, because female rats in this phase received or not mifepristone, the antagonist of progesterone receptor, previously to the diazepam treatment. For this purpose, the plus maze discriminative avoidance task, previously validated for studies of anxiety concomitantly to learning/memory, was used. The apparatus employed is an adaptation of a conventional plus maze, with two opens arms and two closed arms, one of which presenting aversive stimulation (noise and light). The parameters used were: time in non-aversive arm compared to time in aversive and percentage of time in aversive arm on several temporal divisions, in order to evaluate memory; percentage of time in open arms, risk assessment, head dipping and end exploring to evaluate anxiety ; and distance traveled for locomotion. In experiment I, we found anxiolytic effect of diazepam only for 4 mg/kg dose, however the amnestic effect appear at a dose of 2 mg/kg. In second experiment, rats were divided in groups according estrous cycle phase (metaestrus/diestrus, proestrus e estrus). In this experiment, when we considered estrous cycle phase or diazepam treatment, the results did not demonstrate any differences in anxiety/emotionality parameters. The amnestic effects of diazepam occur in female rats in metestrus/diestrus and estrus and is absent in proestrous rats. Proestrous female rats that received mifepristone exhibited the amnestic effect of diazepam and also anxiolytic effects, that it was not previously observed in this dose. The results have demonstrated dissociation of anxiolytic and amnestic diazepam effects, not previously observed in males; the absence of amnestic effect of diazepam in proestrous phase; and the possible role of progesterone in aversive memory over diazepam effect, because the mifepristone, associated with diazepam, caused amnestic effect in proestrus