181 resultados para Aphis glycines
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We have identified two mutations in the ace1 gene of Aphis gossypii that are associated with insensitivity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to carbamate and organophosphate insecticides. The first of these, S431F (equivalent to F331 in Torpedo californica), is associated with insensitivity to the carbamate insecticide pirimicarb in a range of A. gossypii clones. The S431F mutation is also found in the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), and a rapid RFLP diagnostic allows the identification of individuals of both aphid species with a resistant genotype. This diagnostic further revealed the presence of S431 in several other pirimicarb-susceptible aphid species. The serine at this position in the wild-type enzyme has only been reported for aphids and provides a molecular explanation of why pirimicarb has a specific aphicidal action. A less specific insensitivity to a wide range of carbamates and organophosphates is associated with a second mutation, A302S (A201 in T. californica).
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Phytophagous insects have to contend with a wide variation in food quality brought about by a variety of factors intrinsic and extrinsic to the plant. One of the most important factors is infection by plant pathogenic fungi. Necrotrophic and biotrophic plant pathogenic fungi may have contrasting effects on insect herbivores due to their different infection mechanisms and induction of different resistance pathways, although this has been little studied and there has been no study of their combined effect. We studied the effect of the biotrophic rust fungus Uromyces viciae-fabae (Pers.) Schroet (Basidiomycota: Uredinales: Pucciniaceae) and the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea Pers. (Ascomycota: Helotiales: Sclerotiniaceae) singly and together on the performance of the aphid Aphis fabae Scop. (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Vicia faba (L.) (Fabaceae). Alone, botrytis had an inhibitory effect on individual A. fabae development, survival and fecundity, while rust infection consistently enhanced individual aphids’ performance. These effects varied in linear relation to lesion or pustule density. However, whole-plant infection by either pathogen resulted in a smaller aphid population of smaller aphids than on uninfected plants, indicating a lowering of aphid carrying capacity with infection. When both fungi were applied simultaneously to a leaf they generally cancelled the effect of each other out, resulting in most performance parameters being similar to the controls, although fecundity was reduced. However, sequential plant infection (pathogens applied five days apart) led to a 70% decrease in fecundity and 50% reduction in intrinsic rate of increase. The application of rust before botrytis had a greater inhibitory effect on aphids than applying botrytis before rust. Rust infection increased leaf total nitrogen concentration by 30% while infection by botrytis with or without rust led to a 38% decrease. The aphids’ responses to the two plant pathogens individually is consistent with the alteration in plant nutrient content by infection and also the induction of different plant defence pathways and the possible cross-talk between them. This is the first demonstration of the complex effects of the dual infection of a plant by contrasting pathogens on insect herbivores. Key words: Vicia faba, Botrytis cinerea, Uromyces viciae-fabae, tripartite interactions, induced resistance
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O fungo nematófago Monacrosporium robustum foi detectado, isolado e identificado pela primeira vez de solos do Brasil, em maio de 1999, no Laboratório de Nematologia do Departamento de Fitossanidade da Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Jaboticabal, São Paulo, tendo sido o potencial como agente de biocontrole do nematóide de cisto da soja, Heterodera glycines raça 3 observado ao microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV) (Maia & Santos, 1999). Na presente pesquisa, detalhes das estruturas de captura, tamanho, forma e septação dos conídios, bem como nematóides capturados pelo fungo foram documentados. Monacrosporium robustum produz micélio hialino, e as estruturas de captura são constituídas por ramificações adesivas, na forma de protuberâncias verticais que surgem das hifas, medindo, em média, 10 µm de comprimento e 5 µm de diâmetro. Uma substância gelatinosa desprende- se dessas estruturas, ao contato com o nematóide, aprisionando-o. Os conídios do fungo são hialinos, fusóides com dois ou quatro septos, às vezes, cinco. Conídios jovens são asseptados e piriformes. Sob condições de laboratório, esse fungo predou 100% dos ovos e dos juvenis de segundo estádio de H. glycines e formas ativas de Panagrellus sp., no período de 72 h da exposição desses nematóides ao fungo.
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O ataque do nematóide de cisto da soja, Heterodera glycines, limita o potencial de expansão e maior produtividade de áreas plantadas com soja (Glycine Max). O conhecimento da distribuição espacial desse patógeno na lavoura é fundamental, para elaboração de estratégias de manejo. A área em estudo estava localizada em lavoura de soja, variedade BRS133, localizada no Município de Florínea, SP, com solos naturalmente infestados por H. glycines. Foram obtidas medidas de espectrorradiometria de campo, 112 dias após o plantio, nas regiões do visível e do infravermelho próximo do espectro eletromagnético, a fim de se conhecer o padrão da resposta espectral de plantas atacadas pelo fitonematóide. Paralelamente, foram retiradas amostras de solo e encaminhadas ao Laboratório de Nematologia, Departamento de Fitossanidade da Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Campus de Jaboticabal, onde foram processadas para determinação da densidade populacional do nematóide. As medidas do espectrorradiômetro foram transformadas em índice vegetativo, com diferença normalizada (NDVI), que foi relacionado com a densidade populacional do nematóide, peso da matéria fresca e número de vagens por planta. Observou-se que diferentes densidades de população estão diretamente relacionados com a resposta espectral das plantas expressa, através dos valores do NDVI.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de transmissão do vírus do mosaico das nervuras, por ninfas e adultos de Aphis gossypii Glov., em duas cultivares de algodoeiro e registrar a evolução dos sintomas da doença. O trabalho foi realizado em casa de vegetação do Departamento de Fitossanidade da FCAV/UNESP, em Jaboticabal (SP). Ninfas e adultos ápteros criados em plantas infectadas da cultivar CNPTA ITA 90 foram transferidos para as plantas de algodoeiro das cultivares Coodetec 402 e CNPA ITA 90, com dois pares de folhas verdadeiras, onde permaneceram por 96 e 48 horas respectivamente. Para verificar a evolução da doença nas plantas, os sintomas foram avaliados até 60 dias após o confinamento dos afídeos, baseando-se numa escala de notas visuais. Os sintomas da doença foram inicialmente observados 25 dias após a inoculação pelos afídeos e se intensificaram com o desenvolvimento das plantas. A transmissão do vírus foi realizada mais eficientemente pelos adultos ápteros, do que pelas ninfas.
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Orius insidiosus (SAY, 1832) is an important predator for biological pest control programs. The objective of this work was to evaluate the functional response, predation capacity and reproductive aspects of O. insidiosus when predating 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 third/fourth instar nymphs of Aphis gossypii. The tests were conducted under laboratory conditions. Females of the predator were individually maintained in Petri dishes with a cotton leaf at each one of the aphid densities. The average rate of predation was of 0.93 [plus or minus] 0.13, 3.58 [plus or minus] 0.80, 7.31 [plus or minus] 1.45, 7.40 [plus or minus] 1.16, and 10.54 [plus or minus] 1.84 at the densities of 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 aphids, respectively. The results showed an attack rate of 0.10 h-1 and 1.82 h of manipulation time. The predator spent 3.10 to 4.08 h feeding on leaf cotton glands; this behavior was not directly influenced by the prey density. The proportion of egg laying per female grew up to the density of 10 nymphs whereas the number of eggs per laying increased with the number of available preys.
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The objective of this research was to determine the survival, reproduction and predaceous capacity of Orius insidiosus on cotton aphid Aphis gossypii. Cotton plants of Antares, CNPA7H and Acala 90 cultivars (respectively, without tricome, medium tricome density and high tricome density) were individualized and infested with 15 third/fourth instar nymphs of A. gossypii, and then first-instar nymphs of O. insidiosus were released on the plants. The evaluations were made daily, quantifying survival and nymphal development; the number of cotton aphids A. gossypii per day and total; the number of eggs and the population of the predator (number of insects by female); and the conversion efficiency of A. gossypii predaceous. The nymphal development did not differ according to the cotton cultivars. The Antares cultivar favored a higher daily predation rate for the 1st, 2nd and 4th instars and adults of O. insidiosus. The number of eggs and nymphs was smaller when O. insidiosus females were confined on the Acala 90 cultivar. According to the predation rate of O. insidiosus, the efficiency of alimentary conversion was determined for the Antares, CNPA7H and Acala 90 cultivars, being respectively, 4.28, 3.00 and 2.75 cotton aphid predation for each egg of the predator.
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The life table parameters were studied for Orius insidiosus on the three cotton plant cultivars Antares, CNPA7H and Acala 90 (respectively, without tricome, medium tricome density and high tricome density). This study showed that the type of cultivar can strongly influence the life-table parameters. The intrinsic rate (rm) was 0.088 (on Antares), 0.081 (CNPA7H) and 0.079 (on Acala 90), which was expected as these differences were also observed for development time, survival, fecundity and longevity on the cultivars. The reproductive rate (Ro) was 18.53 on the Antares cultivar, but showed less difference for CNPA7H (12.26) and Acala 90 (12.95). The development time was 33.9, 30.62 and 32.13 days for Antares, CNPA7H and Acala 90, respectively. The age-specific survival was similar until the 12th day. Maximum survival was 60 days on the Antares cultivar. Females usually began to oviposit after 16 days on the Antares cultivar and the after 19 days day on CNPA7H and Acala 90.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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It was aimed to evaluate the influence of fungicides utilized in cucumber on the development of the aphid Aphis gossypii Glover under greenhouse conditions. The experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments and 45 replicates, being each plot consisting of a first instar nymph coming from an apterous female in early reproductive period. The fungicides utilized and their respective dosages at g i.a.L(-1) were 800 PM sulphur (1.6), 800 PM mancozeb (1.6) and 840 PM copper oxichloride (1.5). The control was made up of water only. The products did not influence the median time of life in each instar and the nymphal stage, being respectively 1 and 4 days. Copper oxychloride and mancozeb increased the median time of life in days and the total life cycle of the adult stage of this species.