Spin-wave modes in Ni nanorod arrays studied by Brillouin light scattering

Dynamic magnetic properties of arrays of Ni nanorods with a low aspect ratio have been investigated. It has been shown that the spectra of spin-wave resonances localized on nanorods with a low aspect ratio typically feature the presence of zones with high density of states resulting in a characteristic two-peak pattern of Stokes and anti-Stokes lines of magneto-optical (MO) Brillouin light scattering with pronounced Stokes–anti-Stokes (S-AS) asymmetry. A simple theoretical model based on the analysis of the elliptic character of the polarization of the optical wave interacting with a dipole magnetostatic wave has been proposed. It has been shown that the S-AS asymmetry is due entirely to the asymmetry of the MO interaction efficiency with respect to time reversal of the magnetic precession in a magnon.

Brillouin light scattering by spin waves in magnetic metamaterials based on Co nanorods

We report on the investigations of spin wave modes in arrays of densely packed Co nanorods using Brillouin light scattering. We have observed a significant role of spin wave modes along the nanorod axis in contrast to infinite magnetic nanowires. Unusual optical properties featuring an inverted Stokes/anti-Stokes asymmetry of the Brillouin scattering spectra have been observed. The spectrum of spin wave modes in the nanorod array has been calculated and compared with the experiment. Experimental observations are explained in terms of a combined numerical-analytical approach taking into account both the low aspect ratio of individual magnetic nanorods and dipolar magnetic coupling between the nanorods in the array. The optical studies of spin-wave modes in the metamaterials with low aspect ratio nanorods have revealed new magnetic and magneto-optical properties compared to continuous magnetic films or infinite magnetic nanowires. Such magnetic metamaterials are important class of active metamaterials needed for prospective data storage and signal processing applications. (c) 2012 Optical Society of America

Brillouin scattering of light by spin waves in ferromagnetic nanorods

We report the investigations of spin wave modes of arrays of Ni and Co nanorods using Brillouin light scattering. We have revealed the significant influence of spin wave modes along the nanorod axis in contrast to infinite magnetic nanowires. Unusual optical properties featuring an inverted Stokes/anti-Stokes asymmetry of the Brillouin scattering spectra have been observed. The spectrum of spin wave modes in the nanorod array has been calculated and compared with the experiment. Experimental observations are explained in terms of a combined numerical-analytical approach taking into account both the low aspect ratio of individual magnetic nanorods and dipolar magnetic coupling between the nanorods in the array. The optical studies of spin-wave modes in nanorod metamaterials with low aspect ratio nanorods have revealed new magnetic and magneto-optical properties compared to continuous magnetic films or infinite magnetic nanowires. Such magnetic artificial materials are important class of active metamaterials needed for prospective data storage and signal processing applications. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.

More nonlocality with less entanglement in a tripartite atom-optomechanical system

Quantum effects in hybrid atomic optomechanics in a system comprising a cloud of atoms and a mobile mirror mediated by a single-mode cavity are studied. Tripartite non-locality is observed in the atom-light-mirror system, as demonstrated by the violation of the Mermin-Klyshko (MK) inequality. It has been shown [C. Genes, et al., PRA 77, 050307 (R) (2008)] that tripartite entanglement is optimized when the cavity is resonant with the anti-Stokes sideband of the driving laser and the atomic frequency matches the Stokes one. However, we show that this is not the case for the nonlocality. The MK function achieves minima when the atoms are resonant with both the Stokes and anti-Stokes sidebands, and unexpectedly, we find violation of the MK inequality only in a parameter region where entanglement is far from being maximum. A negative relation exists between nonlocality and entanglement with consideration of the possibility of bipartite nonlocality in the violation of the MK inequality. We also study the non-classicality of the mirror by post-selected measurements, e.g. Geiger-like detection, on the cavity and/or the atoms. We show that with feasible parameters Geiger-like detection on the atoms can effectively induce mechanical non-classicality.

Signature optique d’effet Stark dans une bicouche de CuPc:C60

Les hétérojonctions formées de deux matériaux, un donneur et un accepteur (D/A), sont la base de la majorité des mélanges photovoltaïques organiques. Les mécanismes de séparation des charges dans ces systèmes représentent aujourd'hui l'un des sujets les plus chauds et les plus débattus dans ce domaine. Nous entrons au coeur de ce débat en choisissant un système D/A à base de phtalocyanine de cuivre (CuPc) et de fullerène (C60). Pour sonder les états excités de nos molécules et obtenir de l'information sur les phénomènes à l'interface D/A, nous réalisons une expérience pompe-sonde, appelée absorption photoinduite (PIA). Nous y mesurons le changement fractionnaire de transmission au travers de l'échantillon. Les mesures de PIA sont réalisées à l'état de quasi équilibre, à T=10K. Nous observons une modulation prononcée dans la région du photoblanchiment de l'état fondamental qui nous indique que la pompe induit un décalage du spectre d'absorption de l'état fondamental. Ce décalage peut être expliqué par deux processus : soit l'échantillon est chauffé par la pompe (effet thermique) ou bien des charges sont créées à l'interface entre les deux matériaux (effet Stark). La dépendance en température du spectre d'absorption entre 10K et 290K montre une signature thermique pour un changement de température de 80K. Grâce au ratio des raies Raman anti-Stokes et Stokes, nous démontrons que la pompe chauffe l'échantillon de 34 K, température insuffisante pour attribuer notre signal à un effet thermique. Nous évaporons ensuite la bicouche CuPc/C60 sur de l'ITO et du saphir, substrats qui possèdent des conductivités thermiques différentes et nous observons le même signal de PIA, excluant par le fait même l'hypothèse de l'effet thermique. Puisque notre étude est comparable à la spectroscopie à effet Stark, nous procédons à une analyse similaire en comparant notre signal de PIA au spectre de la transmittance et à ses dérivés première et seconde. Nous observons alors que notre signal reproduit presque parfaitement la dérivée seconde de la transmittance. Ces résultats sont conformes à une signature optique d'effet Stark due à la création de charges à l'interface D/A.

Dinâmica molecular investigada com pulsos de femto-segundos

Técnicas experimentais de óptica não-linear resolvidas no tempo são capazes, em diversas situações, de fornecer mais informações sobre a dinâmica e estrutura molecular do que técnicas sem nenhuma resolução temporal. Nesta tese investigou-se três sistemas com técnicas espectroscópicas resolvidas no tempo, utilizando pulsos ultra-curtos de um sistema LASER amplificado, baseado em cristal de Ti:Safira, e de amplificadores ópticos paramétricos. Para este estudo foram implementadas e analisadas quatro diferentes técnicas espectroscópicas resolvidas no tempo: Espalhamento Raman anti-Stokes Coerente (CARS), Espalhamento hiper-Rayleigh Resolvido no Tempo (TRHRS), Bombeio-Prova e Bombeio- Depleção-Prova. O três sistemas investigados apresentam um grau crescente de complexidade nas suas dinâmicas e interações com o meio. O primeiro dos sistemas estudados foi a dinâmica da molécula de H2 no regime de impacto, na presença de moléculas e átomos perturbadores (N2 e He). Foi possível determinar, pela primeira vez, coeficientes de alargamento para o ramo Q devido à colisões entre H2+H2 utilizando a técnica de CARS resolvido temporalmente, bem como novos coeficientes para o deslocamento das linhas. O emprego da mesma técnica em sistemas binários lançou mais luz sobre a possibilidade de existir alguma não-homogeneidade em tais tipos de colisões. O segundo experimento investigou a dinâmica de relaxação orientacional da acetonitrila em solução utilizando a nova técnica de TRHRS; esta foi desenvolvida e testada com sucesso pela primeira vez neste trabalho. Um modelamento teórico mostra que dentro do modelo de Debye para a difusão rotacional, tempos associados ao terceiro momento do tempo de difusão (τ3) e ao primeiro momento (τ1) devem ser observados. Os resultados experimentais para a acetonitrila apresentam um decaimento consistente com este modelo (τ3~850 fs), concordando também com valores derivados de resultados experimentais e teóricos obtidos por outros métodos. Além disso, também foi observado experimentalmente uma segunda componente mais rápida (~50 fs), que não pôde ser explicada dentro do modelo de difusão rotacional livre. Esta componente foi atribuída a efeitos reorientacionais coletivos em conjunto com efeitos de superposição temporal de pulsos. A interpretação do sinal desta nova técnica foi testada com sucesso realizando o experimento em tetracloreto de carbono.O terceiro sistema investigado foi a dinâmica de relaxação de energia intramolecular de carotenóides. A principal questão, da vii existência ou não de estados eletrônicos adicionais, foi abordada utilizando uma modificação da técnica de Bombeio e Prova, denominada de Bombeio-Depleção-Prova. A técnica de Bombeio-Depleção-Prova foi pela primeira vez utilizada em carotenóides, possibilitando observar dinâmicas nunca vistas por qualquer outra técnica experimental. Dentro da resolução temporal dos experimentos realizados, a presença de novos estados eletrônicos em carotenóides livres em solução é descartada. Além disso, uma nova ferramenta de análise de dados foi desenvolvida. A análise de alvos espectrais baseada em um algoritmo evolutivo trouxe mais argumentos para o modelo clássico de três níveis. A dinâmica de carotenóides livres em solução foi comparada com sua dinâmica quando inseridos no complexo fotossintético de coleta de luz (LH2) da bactéria púrpura, utilizando para isso a técnica de Bombeio e Prova. Os resultados obtidos mostram um sistema de níveis de energia mais complexo do que quando o carotenóide está livre em solução. Esta modificação devido ao ambiente é possivelmente gerada pela quebra de simetria do carotenóide quando inserido no complexo LH2, possibilitando o cruzamento entre sistemas (singlete-triplete).

Blue cooperative luminescence in Yb3+-doped tellurite glasses excited at 1.064 mu m

Blue luminescence emission around 480 nm through cooperative upconversion from pairs of Yb3+ ions implanted into 60TeO(2)-10GeO(2)-10K(2)O-10Li(2)O-10Nb(2)O(5) tellurite glasses and excited by a cw laser at 1.064 mum is demonstrated. Cooperative luminescence emission enhancement owing to the temperature dependent multiphonon-assisted anti-Stokes excitation process of the ytterbium ions is also observed. The experimental results revealed a fourfold enhancement in the cooperative luminescence emission when the sample was heated in the temperature range of 20 degreesC-260 degreesC. The thermally induced enhancement is assigned to the effective absorption cross-section for the ytterbium ions which is an increasing function of the medium temperature. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics.

Thermally enhanced cooperative energy-transfer frequency upconversion in terbium and ytterbium doped tellurite glass

Infrared-to-visible frequency upconversion through cooperative energy-transfer and thermal effects in Tb3+/Yb3+-codoped tellurite glasses excited at 1.064 mum is investigated. Bright luminescence emission around 485, 550, 590, 625 and 65 nm, identified as due to the D-5(4) --> F-7(J) (J= 6, 5, 4, 3, and 2) transitions of the terbium ions, respectively, was recorded. The excitation of the D-5(4) emitting level of the Tb3+ ions is assigned to cooperative energy-transfer from pairs of ytterbium ions.. The effect of temperature on the upconversion process was examined and the results revealed a fourfold upconversion enhancement in the 300-500 K interval. The enhancement of the upconversion process is due to the temperature dependence of the Yb3+-sensitizer absorption cross-section under anti-Stokes excitation. A rate-equation. model using multiphonon-assisted absorption for the ytterbium excitation combined with the energy migration effect between Yb-Yb pair, and Tb3+ ground-state depopulation via multiphonon excitation of the F-7(J) excited states describes quite well the experimental results. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

Optical spectroscopy of Er3+ and Yb3+ co-doped fluoroindate glasses

Optical absorption, Stokes, and anti-Stokes photoluminescence were performed on Er3+-Yb3+ co-doped fluoroindate glasses. For compounds prepared with a fixed 2 mol % ErF3 concentration and YbF3 contents ranging from 0 to 8 mol %, important upconversion processes were observed as a function of temperature and photon excitation energy. Based on the experimental data, two mechanisms for the upconversion (or anti-Stokes photoluminescence) processes were identified and analyzed in detail. At high Yb contents, the upconversion mechanisms are mostly determined by the population of the 2F5/2 levels of Yb3+ ions (or 4I11/2 levels of Er3+ ions, by energy transfer) regardless of the photon excitation energy and temperature of measurement. Moreover, green and red light emission have similar intensities when a large Yb3+ content is present. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.

Phonon-assisted cooperative energy transfer and frequency upconversion in a Yb3+/Tb3+ codoped fluoroindate glass

Phonon-assisted cooperative energy transfer and frequency upconversion (UC) in Yb3+/Tb3+ codoped fluoroindate glass were investigated. Anti-Stokes quasiresonant excitation of Yb3+ ions was used to study the influence of multiphonon transitions in the UC process. A rate equation model was used to describe the temperature dependence of the UC emission intensities and the theoretical results are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Enhanced optical properties of germanate and tellurite glasses containing metal or semiconductor nanoparticles

Germanium- and tellurium-based glasses have been largely studied due to their recognized potential for photonics. In this paper, we review our recent studies that include the investigation of the Stokes and anti-Stokes photoluminescence (PL) in different glass systems containing metallic and semiconductor nanoparticles (NPs). In the case of the samples with metallic NPs, the enhanced PL was attributed to the increased local field on the rare-earth ions located in the proximity of the NPs and/or the energy transfer from the metallic NPs to the rare-earth ions. For the glasses containing silicon NPs, the PL enhancement was mainly due to the energy transfer from the NPs to the Er3+ ions. The nonlinear (NL) optical properties of PbO-GeO 2 films containing gold NPs were also investigated. The experiments in the pico- and subpicosecond regimes revealed enhanced values of the NL refractive indices and large NL absorption coefficients in comparison with the films without gold NPs. The reported experiments demonstrate that germanate and tellurite glasses, having appropriate rare-earth ions doping and NPs concentration, are strong candidates for PL-based devices, all-optical switches, and optical limiting. © 2013 Cid Bartolomeu de Araujo et al.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Photoluminescence from germanate glasses containing silicon nanocrystals and erbium ions

We report the first observation of photoluminescence enhancement in Er3+ doped GeO2-Bi2O3 glasses containing silicon nanocrystals (Si-NCs) excited by a laser operating at 980 nm. The growth of approximate to 200% in the intensity of the Er3+ transition S-4(3/2) -> I-4(15/2) (545 nm) and of approximate to 100% for transitions H-2(11/2) -> I-4(15/2) (525 nm), F-4(9/2) -> I-4(15/2) (660 nm), and I-4(5/2) -> I-4(13/2) (1530 nm) was observed in comparison with a reference sample that does not contain Si-NCs. The results open a new road for obtaining efficient Stokes and anti-Stokes emissions in germanate composites doped with rare-earth ions.

Raman-spektroskopische Untersuchungen an Alkali- und Erdalkalisilicatgläsern bei hohen Temperaturen

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Struktur von Alkali- und Erdalkalisilicatglaesern bei hohen Temperaturen (bis 1800 K) mit Hilfe der Raman-Spektroskopie untersucht. Ein wesentlicher Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit besteht in dem Aufbau einer Hochtemperatureinrichtung, die es erlaubt, Raman-Spektren von Silicatglaesern bei sehr hohen Temperaturen zu messen. Mit der Hochtemperatur-Raman-Spektroskopie an Silicatglaesern sind erhebliche experimentelle Schwierigkeiten verbunden: Die thermische Strahlung der Probe überlagert sich mit dem Raman-Spektrum.Die Temperaturbestimmung der Glasprobe, die einen Durchmesser von nur 0,8 mm hat, erfolgt durch den Vergleich der Stokes- und Anti-Stokes-Raman-Intensitaeten einer intensiven Linie einer Referenzprobe. Die Natriumsilicatglaeser werden detailliert untersucht und die Verteilung der Struktureinheiten in den Natriumsilicatglaesern wird zwischen Zimmertemperatur und 900 K bestimmt. Aus der Verteilung der Strukturelemente wird eine Gleichgewichtskonstante K berechnet, welche die Disproportionierungsreaktion zwischen den Struktureinheiten in den Glaesern beschreibt. Der Wert für die Reaktionsenthalpie liegt im untersuchten Konzentrationsbereich zwischen 0 und 28 kJ/mol und haengt systematisch von der Zusammensetzung ab. Die Reaktionsenthalpie nimmt mit zunehmendem Natriumoxid-Gehalt zu.Die quantitative Auswertung der Raman-Spektren der Kaliumsilicatglaeser und der Bariumsilicatglaeser ist auf Grund deren Kristallisation bei hohen Temperaturen mit Problemen behaftet.