Collective sampling and analysis of high order tensors for chatroom communications

This work investigates the accuracy and efficiency tradeoffs between centralized and collective (distributed) algorithms for (i) sampling, and (ii) n-way data analysis techniques in multidimensional stream data, such as Internet chatroom communications. Its contributions are threefold. First, we use the Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit test to show that statistical differences between real data obtained by collective sampling in time dimension from multiple servers and that of obtained from a single server are insignificant. Second, we show using the real data that collective data analysis of 3-way data arrays (users x keywords x time) known as high order tensors is more efficient than centralized algorithms with respect to both space and computational cost. Furthermore, we show that this gain is obtained without loss of accuracy. Third, we examine the sensitivity of collective constructions and analysis of high order data tensors to the choice of server selection and sampling window size. We construct 4-way tensors (users x keywords x time x servers) and analyze them to show the impact of server and window size selections on the results.

Evaluating MPPT converter topologies using a MATLAB PV model

An accurate PV module electrical model is presented based on the Shockley diode equation. The simple model has a photo-current current source, a single diode junction and a series resistance, and includes temperature dependences. The method of parameter extraction and model evaluation in Matlab is demonstrated for a typical 60W solar panel. This model is used to investigate the variation of maximumpower point with temperature and insolation levels. A comparison of buck versus boostmaximum power point tracker (MPPT) topologies is made, and compared with a direct connection to a constant voltage (battery) load. The boost converter is shown to have a slight advantage over the buck, since it can always track the maximum power point.

Establishing definitions and modeling public transport travel time variability

Public transport travel time variability (PTTV) is essential for understanding deteriorations in the reliability of travel time, optimizing transit schedules and route choices. This paper establishes key definitions of PTTV in which firstly include all buses, and secondly include only a single service from a bus route. The paper then analyses the day-to-day distribution of public transport travel time by using Transit Signal Priority data. A comprehensive approach using both parametric bootstrapping Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Bayesian Information Creation technique is developed, recommends Lognormal distribution as the best descriptor of bus travel time on urban corridors. The probability density function of Lognormal distribution is finally used for calculating probability indicators of PTTV. The findings of this study are useful for both traffic managers and statisticians for planning and researching the transit systems.

Comparing methods for modelling spreading cell fronts

Spreading cell fronts play an essential role in many physiological processes. Classically, models of this process are based on the Fisher-Kolmogorov equation; however, such continuum representations are not always suitable as they do not explicitly represent behaviour at the level of individual cells. Additionally, many models examine only the large time asymptotic behaviour, where a travelling wave front with a constant speed has been established. Many experiments, such as a scratch assay, never display this asymptotic behaviour, and in these cases the transient behaviour must be taken into account. We examine the transient and asymptotic behaviour of moving cell fronts using techniques that go beyond the continuum approximation via a volume-excluding birth-migration process on a regular one-dimensional lattice. We approximate the averaged discrete results using three methods: (i) mean-field, (ii) pair-wise, and (iii) one-hole approximations. We discuss the performace of these methods, in comparison to the averaged discrete results, for a range of parameter space, examining both the transient and asymptotic behaviours. The one-hole approximation, based on techniques from statistical physics, is not capable of predicting transient behaviour but provides excellent agreement with the asymptotic behaviour of the averaged discrete results, provided that cells are proliferating fast enough relative to their rate of migration. The mean-field and pair-wise approximations give indistinguishable asymptotic results, which agree with the averaged discrete results when cells are migrating much more rapidly than they are proliferating. The pair-wise approximation performs better in the transient region than does the mean-field, despite having the same asymptotic behaviour. Our results show that each approximation only works in specific situations, thus we must be careful to use a suitable approximation for a given system, otherwise inaccurate predictions could be made.

Public transport travel time variability definitions and monitoring

Public Transport Travel Time Variability (PTTV) is essential for understanding the deteriorations in the reliability of travel time, optimizing transit schedules and route choices. This paper establishes the key definitions of PTTV in which firstly include all buses, and secondly include only a single service from a bus route. The paper then analyzes the day-to-day distribution of public transport travel time by using Transit Signal Priority data. A comprehensive approach, using both parametric bootstrapping Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Bayesian Information Creation technique is developed, recommends Lognormal distribution as the best descriptor of bus travel time on urban corridors. The probability density function of Lognormal distribution is finally used for calculating probability indicators of PTTV. The findings of this study are useful for both traffic managers and statisticians for planning and analyzing the transit systems.

Controlled systemic release of interleukin-12 after gene electrotransfer to muscle for cancer gene therapy alone or in combination with ionizing radiation in murine sarcomas

Background: The present study aimed to evaluate the antitumor effectiveness of systemic interleukin (IL)-12 gene therapy in murine sarcoma models, and to evaluate its interaction with the irradiation of tumors and metastases. To avoid toxic side-effects of IL-12 gene therapy, the objective was to achieve the controlled release of IL-12 after intramuscular gene electrotransfer. Methods: Gene electrotransfer of the plasmid pORF-mIL12 was performed into the tibialis cranialis in A/J and C57BL/6 mice. Systemic release of the IL-12 was monitored in the serum of mice after carrying out two sets of intramuscular IL-12 gene electrotransfer of two different doses of plasmid DNA. The antitumor effectiveness of IL-12 gene electrotransfer alone or in combination with local tumor or lung irradiation with X-rays, was evaluated on subcutaneous SA-1 and LPB tumors, as well as on lung metastases. Results: A synergistic antitumor effect of intramuscular gene electrotransfer combined with local tumor irradiation was observed as a result of the systemic distribution of IL-12. The gene electrotransfer resulted in up to 28% of complete responses of tumors. In combination with local tumor irradiation, the curability was increased by up to 100%. The same effect was observed for lung metastases, where a potentiating factor of 1.3-fold was determined. The amount of circulating IL-12 was controlled by the number of repeats of gene electrotransfer and by the amount of the injected plasmid. Conclusions: The present study demonstrates the feasibility of treatment by IL-12 gene electrotransfer combined with local tumor or lung metastases irradiation on sarcoma tumors for translation into the clinical setting. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Postglacial Early Permian (late Sakmarian-early Artinskian) shallow-marine carbonate deposition along a 2000 km transect from Timor to west Australia

Late Sakmarian to early Artinskian (Early Permian) carbonate deposition was widespread in the marine intracratonic rift basins that extended into the interior of Eastern Gondwana from Timor in the north to the northern Perth Basin in the south. These basins spanned about 20° of paleolatitude (approximately 35°S to 55°S). This study describes the type section of the Maubisse Limestone in Timor-Leste, and compares this unit with carbonate sections in the Canning Basin (Nura Nura Member of the Poole Sandstone), the Southern Carnarvon Basin (Callytharra Formation) and the northern Perth Basin (Fossil Cliff Member of the Holmwood Shale). The carbonate units have no glacial influence and formed part of a major depositional cycle that, in the southern basins, overlies glacially influenced strata and lies a short distance below mudstone containing marine fossils and scattered dropstones (perhaps indicative of sea ice). In the south marine conditions became more restricted and were replaced by coal measures at the top of the depositional sequence. In the north, the carbonate deposits are possibly bryozoan–crinoidal mounds; whereas in the southern basins they form laterally continuous relatively thin beds, deposited on a very low-gradient seafloor, at the tops of shale–limestone parasequences that thicken upward in parasequence sets. All marine deposition within the sequence took place under very shallow (inner neritic) conditions, and the limestones have similar grain composition. Bryozoan and crinoidal debris dominate the grain assemblages and brachiopod shell fragments, foraminifera and ostracod valves are usually common. Tubiphytes ranged as far south as the Southern Carnarvon Basin, albeit rarely, but is more common to the north. Gastropod and bivalve shell debris, echinoid spines, solitary rugose corals and trilobite carapace elements are rare. The uniformity of the grain assemblage and the lack of tropical elements such as larger fusulinid foraminifera, colonial corals or dasycladacean algae indicate temperate marine conditions with only a small increase in temperature to the north. The depositional cycle containing the studied carbonate deposits represents a warmer phase than the preceding glacially influenced Asselian to early Sakmarian interval and the subsequent cool phase of the “mid” Artinskian that is followed by significant warming during the late Artinskian–early Kungurian. The timing of cooler and warmer intervals in the west Australian basins seems out-of-phase with the eastern Australian succession, but this may be a problem of chronostratigraphic miscorrelation due to endemic faunas and palynofloras.

Mifopoètika Andreja Platonova v romane Sčastlivaja Moskva

This dissertation focuses on the mythopoetics of the Soviet writer Andrej Platonov (1899-1951) in his late novel Schastlivaja Moskva (Happy Moscow), written in 1932 1936. The purpose of the work is to reveal the mythopoetic world model in the novel, to characterize the most significant features of Platonov's mythopoetics and finally, to reconstruct the author's myth in the novel by placing the novel in the context of Platonov's oeuvre and Russian literature and culture as a whole. The first chapter provides a representation of the problem and methodology of the work, a short overview of the history of creating and publishing the novel, and a survey of critical work on Platonov done to date. The study utilizes a structuralistic-semiotic approach devised by Tarto-Moscow scholars for analyzing mythopoetic texts and applies the methodology of a conceptual analysis of the mythology of language. The second chapter examines the peculiarities of Platonov's mythopoetics, and its relation to the neomythological paradigm of Russian literature. Some special consideration is given to the character of the scientific utopism of Platonov's myth, to the relation of Platonov's mythopoetic world model with mythopoetic thinking and to the syntagmatical, and paradigmatical aspects of Platonov's myth, in particular to the mythopoetical metasjuzhet and the ambivalent binary structure of myth. The third chapter presents a close examination of the mythopoetics of the novel by discerning the motif structure of the novel, analyzing the characters and main thematic oppositions of Platonov's myth in the novel. It is contended that in every textual level Platonov strives for ambivalency which provides an opportunity to discern his poetics as both utopian and antiutopian. The analysis in the fourth chapter of the key Platonovian ideological concepts revoljucia, kommunizm and socializm confirms this observation. The study concludes that Platonov's myth in the novel is based on the mythologema of his early prose, but reflect the gradual transition from early utopian themes to the intimate "humble" prose of the late 1930's.

Inferential, non-parametric statistics to assess quality of probabilistic forecast systems

Many statistical forecast systems are available to interested users. In order to be useful for decision-making, these systems must be based on evidence of underlying mechanisms. Once causal connections between the mechanism and their statistical manifestation have been firmly established, the forecasts must also provide some quantitative evidence of `quality’. However, the quality of statistical climate forecast systems (forecast quality) is an ill-defined and frequently misunderstood property. Often, providers and users of such forecast systems are unclear about what ‘quality’ entails and how to measure it, leading to confusion and misinformation. Here we present a generic framework to quantify aspects of forecast quality using an inferential approach to calculate nominal significance levels (p-values) that can be obtained either by directly applying non-parametric statistical tests such as Kruskal-Wallis (KW) or Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) or by using Monte-Carlo methods (in the case of forecast skill scores). Once converted to p-values, these forecast quality measures provide a means to objectively evaluate and compare temporal and spatial patterns of forecast quality across datasets and forecast systems. Our analysis demonstrates the importance of providing p-values rather than adopting some arbitrarily chosen significance levels such as p < 0.05 or p < 0.01, which is still common practice. This is illustrated by applying non-parametric tests (such as KW and KS) and skill scoring methods (LEPS and RPSS) to the 5-phase Southern Oscillation Index classification system using historical rainfall data from Australia, The Republic of South Africa and India. The selection of quality measures is solely based on their common use and does not constitute endorsement. We found that non-parametric statistical tests can be adequate proxies for skill measures such as LEPS or RPSS. The framework can be implemented anywhere, regardless of dataset, forecast system or quality measure. Eventually such inferential evidence should be complimented by descriptive statistical methods in order to fully assist in operational risk management.

Normalisoitu kompressioetäisyys : katsaus sovelluksiin

Normalisoitu kompressioetäisyys NCD on mitta kahden dataobjektin välisen keskinäisen etäisyyden laskemiseen. Etäisyysmitta kuvaa sitä, kuinka paljon kahdessa vertailtavassa dataobjektissa on samankaltaisuutta. NCD on normalisoidun informaatioetäisyyden NID:n approksimointi. NID perustuu dataobjektien Kolmogorov-kompleksisuuteen. Dataobjektit kuvataan bittijonoina ja niissä on sitä enemmän samankaltaisuutta, mitä enemmän ne sisältävät keskinäisinformaatiota. NID on universaali siinä mielessä, että se poikkeaa korkeintaan vakiotermin verran optimaalisesta menetelmästä. Vakiotermi ei puolestaan riipu lainkaan vertailtavista dataobjekteista. NCD approksimoi NID:tä reaalimaailman tiivistäjillä, minkä vuoksi se on vain näennäisuniversaali, mutta siitä huolimatta käyttökelpoinen. NCD:n nojalla muodostetaan datasta etäisyysmatriisi, jonka avulla alkiot voidaan ryvästää ja havainnollistaa erityisen kvartettimenetelmän avulla puurakenteeseen. Menetelmää on sovellettu lupaavasti monella alalla. Tutkielma käy läpi menetelmän taustalla olevan teorian ja esittelee sen sovelluskohteita sekä paneutuu erityisesti stemmatologiseen Heinrichi-aineistoon, jota testataan CompLearn-ilmaisohjelmalla, joka tuottaa etäisyysmatriisin sekä muodostaa puurakenteen kvartettimenetelmällä.

Experiments on the fine structure of turbulence

Investigations have been carried out of some aspects of the fine-scale structure of turbulence in grid flows, in boundary layers in a zero pressure gradient and in a boundary layer in a strong favourable pressure gradient leading to relaminarization. Using a narrow-band filter with suitable mid-band frequencies, the properties of the fine-scale structure (appearing as high frequency pulses in the filtered signal) were analysed using the variable discriminator level technique employed earlier by Rao, Narasimha & Badri Narayanan (1971). It was found that, irrespective of the type of flow, the characteristic pulse frequency (say Np) defined by Rao et al. was about 0·6 times the frequency of the zero crossings. It was also found that, over the small range of Reynolds numbers tested, the ratio of the width of the fine-scale regions to the Kolmogorov scale increased linearly with Reynolds number in grid turbulence as well as in flat-plate boundarylayer flow. Nearly lognormal distributions were exhibited by this ratio as well as by the interval between successive zero crossings. The values of Np and of the zero-crossing rate were found to be nearly constant across the boundary layer, except towards its outer edge and very near the wall. In the zero-pressure-gradient boundary-layer flow, very near the wall the high frequency pulses were found to occur mostly when the longitudinal velocity fluctuation u was positive (i.e. above the mean), whereas in the outer part of the boundary layer the pulses more often occurred when u was negative. During acceleration this correlation between the fine-scale motion and the sign of u was less marked.

Eddy diffusivity: A single dispersion analysis of high resolution drifters in a tidal shallow estuary

In an estuary, mixing and dispersion resulting from turbulence and small scale fluctuation has strong spatio-temporal variability which cannot be resolved in conventional hydrodynamic models while some models employs parameterizations large water bodies. This paper presents small scale diffusivity estimates from high resolution drifters sampled at 10 Hz for periods of about 4 hours to resolve turbulence and shear diffusivity within a tidal shallow estuary (depth < 3 m). Taylor's diffusion theorem forms the basis of a first order estimate for the diffusivity scale. Diffusivity varied between 0.001 – 0.02 m2/s during the flood tide experiment. The diffusivity showed strong dependence (R2 > 0.9) on the horizontal mean velocity within the channel. Enhanced diffusivity caused by shear dispersion resulting from the interaction of large scale flow with the boundary geometries was observed. Turbulence within the shallow channel showed some similarities with the boundary layer flow which include consistency with slope of 5/3 predicted by Kolmogorov's similarity hypothesis within the inertial subrange. The diffusivities scale locally by 4/3 power law following Okubo's scaling and the length scale scales as 3/2 power law of the time scale. The diffusivity scaling herein suggests that the modelling of small scale mixing within tidal shallow estuaries can be approached from classical turbulence scaling upon identifying pertinent parameters.

Korpien ennallistamisen lyhyen aikavälin vaikutukset puustorakenteeseen

Korpien puustorakenteen palautumisen nopeus ja ennallistettujen kohteiden kehitys on huonosti tunnettua. Monet tutkimukset ovat osoittaneet, että korvet ovat lajistollisen monimuotoisuuden keskittymiä boreaalisessa vyöhykkeessä. Korvet ovat usein merkittäviä lahopuukeskittymiä, joten niillä on iso vaikutus lahottajalajistolle. Valtaosa suojelualu- eiden korvista Etelä-Suomessa on ojitettu ja korpien puustorakenne on metsätalouden muovaamaa ja yksipuolistamaa. Korpien puustorakennetta tutkittiin kahdella erillisellä tutkimusalueella, jotka sijaitsevat Etelä-Suomessa. Työn tavoit- teena oli selvittää luonnontilaisten ja ennallistettujen korpien puuston rakenteellista monimuotoisuutta sekä ennallista- mistoimien vaikutuksia Evon suojelumetsässä ja Liesjärven kansallispuistossa. Molemmat alueet ovat olleet aikaisem- min metsänhoidon piirissä. Evolta valittiin tarkasteluun ennallistettuja ja luonnontilaisen kaltaisia korpia: 12 ennallis- tettua koealaa ja 16 luonnontilaisen kaltaista koealaa. Liesjärveltä valittiin tarkasteluun ennallistettu Soukonkorpi, jossa oli 15 koealaa. Koealat olivat pinta-alaltaan neljä aaria. Evon tutkimusalueella maastomittaukset on tehty kesällä 2002 ja 2010. Liesjärven tutkimusalueella maastomittaukset on tehty vuosina 1995–2010. Tarkastellut muuttujat olivat elävän puuston määrä ja puulajisuhteet, lahopuun määrä ja laatu (lahopuutyyppi, läpimittaluokka, lahoaste ja puulaji). Lahopuuston määrää ja laatua sekä lahopuuston ja elävän puuston suhdetta kuvaavien muuttujien välisiä eroja testattiin ei-parametrisellä Kolmogorov-Smirnov-testillä. Evon ja Liesjärven tutkimusalueiden ennallistamistoimien yhtenä tavoitteena oli lahopuumäärien lisääminen ja laho- puun monipuolistaminen. Lahopuun lisäämisessä on onnistuttu molemmilla tutkimusalueilla. Ennallistamisen jälkeen lahopuumäärä kasvoi Evolla kolminkertaiseksi 8 vuodessa. Lahopuuta oli ennallistamisen jälkeen keskimäärin 71 m³/ha. Sen sijaan Evon luonnontilaisen kaltaisissa korvissa lahopuumäärä pysyi keskimäärin samana (28 m³/ha) tar- kastelujakson aikana. Liesjärvellä lahopuumäärä kasvoi ennallistamisen jälkeen noin kuusinkertaiseksi 15 vuodessa. Lahopuuta oli ennallistamisen jälkeen keskimäärin 124 m³/ha. Suuriläpimittaisen (? 30 cm) lahopuun määrä kasvoi huomattavasti ennallistamisen jälkeen molemmilla tutkimusalueilla. Suuriläpimittaisen lahopuun määrä kasvoi Evolla noin 12-kertaiseksi ja Liesjärvellä noin 9-kertaiseksi. Lahopuun määrä ja laatu vaihtelivat suuresti ennallistettujen ja luonnontilaisen kaltaisten korpien välillä. Evolta löytyi lahopuustoltaan runsaita ja monipuolisia korpia, mutta myös korpia, joiden lahopuusto on luonnontilaisiin korpiin ver- rattuna määrältään vähäistä ja laadultaan yksipuolista. Liesjärvellä koealojen lahopuumäärät poikkesivat suuresti toisis- taan. Valtaosalla koealoista lahopuusto oli kuitenkin runsaampaa ja monimuotoisempaa kuin talousmetsissä yleensä. Molemmilla tutkimusalueilla ennallistetut korvet muistuttavat nyt puustorakenteeltaan lahopuun osalta enemmän luon- nontilaisia korpia kuin ennen ennallistamista. Ilman ennallistamistoimia lahopuumäärän kasvu olisi todennäköisesti ollut hidasta. Evolla ennallistettujen ja luonnontilaisen kaltaisten korpien välillä oli tilastollisesti merkitseviä eroja suuriläpimittaisen lahopuun ja tuoreimpien lahoasteiden (1 ja 2) määrässä. Valtaosalla korvista oli lahopuuta vähintään 20 m³/ha. Metsäaluetasolla keskimäärin 20–30 m³/ha järeää, vaihtelevanlaatuista lahopuuta näyttäisi aikaisempien tutkimusten mukaan täyttävän useimpien saproksyylilajien elinympäristövaatimukset Etelä-Suomessa.

Some recent advances in the theory of homogeneous isotropic turbulence

We review some advances in the theory of homogeneous, isotropic turbulence. Our emphasis is on the new insights that have been gained from recent numerical studies of the three-dimensional Navier Stokes equation and simpler shell models for turbulence. In particular, we examine the status of multiscaling corrections to Kolmogorov scaling, extended self similarity, generalized extended self similarity, and non-Gaussian probability distributions for velocity differences and related quantities. We recount our recent proposal of a wave-vector-space version of generalized extended self similarity and show how it allows us to explore an intriguing and apparently universal crossover from inertial- to dissipation-range asymptotics.

The ‘bursting’ phenomenon in a turbulent boundary layer

Using a hot wire in a turbulent boundary layer in air, an experimental study has been made of the frequent periods of activity (to be called ‘bursts’) noticed in a turbulent signal that has been passed through a narrow band-pass filter. Although definitive identification of bursts presents difficulties, it is found that a reasonable characteristic value for the mean interval between such bursts is consistent, at the same Reynolds number, with the mean burst periods measured by Kline et al. (1967), using hydrogen-bubble techniques in water. However, data over the wider Reynolds number range covered here show that, even in the wall or inner layer, the mean burst period scales with outer rather than inner variables; and that the intervals are distributed according to the log normal law. It is suggested that these ‘bursts’ are to be identified with the ‘spottiness’ of Landau & Kolmogorov, and the high-frequency intermittency observed by Batchelor & Townsend. It is also concluded that the dynamics of the energy balance in a turbulent boundary layer can be understood only on the basis of a coupling between the inner and outer layers.