Analyse du processus d'inclusion d'un élève avec déficience physique en cours d'éducation physique: étude de cas

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of peer tutor teaching strategy, after a re-training, in relation to the inclusion process of a student with physical disability during physical education classes. The participants were: the student with physical disability, eight peer tutors, and a physical education teacher of a public school in Bauru, Brazil. As the students had previously experienced the tutoring training, a re-training was prepared, which enabled the reinforcement of some aspects of the tutoring and assistance strategies, in order to improve the tutor colleague action. To analyze, two observation instruments were used: System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT) and Souza Observation Protocol. Behavioral changes of the involved students were notable, due to the significant action of the re-training process. Thus, we highlight the importance of the periodic reinforcements of the training for the tutor colleagues, in order to preserve, or even improve the autonomy and self-esteem of the student with disability.

Die Bildungsexpansion in der Schweiz und ihre Folgen. Eine empirische Analyse des Wandels der Bildungsbeteiligung und Bildungsungleichheiten mit den Daten der Schweizer Volkszählungen 1970, 1980, 1990 und 2000

In this contribution the correlation of educational expansion and social inequality of educational opportunities (IEO) for social classes and gender has been investigated for Switzerland in the twentieth century. The empirical analysis is focused on the thesis of persistent inequalities claimed by Shavit and Blossfeld. For testing this thesis, data of the Swiss census in 1970, 1980, 1990, and 2000 has been utilized. First of all, it is found for Switzerland that the moderate educational expansion has been carried out by the succession of birth cohorts. Secondly, this process has led to decreasing IEO. However, after 1990, for the individuals younger than 22 years we have witnessed an increase of social inequalities in becoming eligible for university training. Overall, in favour of disadvantaged social classes, there is a decrease in IEO since the start of educational expansion in the 1950s. Therefore, the thesis of persistent inequalities has been not confirmed for Switzerland.

The implementation of a literacy intervention 'Station Teaching' in infant classes in Irish primary schools

Background: I conducted my research in the context of The National Literacy Strategy (DES, 2011), which maintains that every young person should be literate and it outlines targets for improving literacy in schools from 2011 to 2020. There has been much debate on the teaching of literacy and in particular the teaching of reading. Clark (2014) outlines how learning to read should be a developmental language process and that the approaches in the early years of schooling will colour the children’s motivation and their perception of reading as a purposeful activity. The acquisition of literacy begins in the home but this study focuses on the implementation of a literacy intervention Station Teaching in the infant classes in primary school. Station Teaching occurs when a class is divided into four or five small groups of pupils and they receive intensive tuition at four or five different Stations with the help of Support teachers: New Reading, Familiar Reading, Phonics, Writing and Oral Language. Research Questions: These research questions frame my study: How is Station Teaching implemented? What is the experience of the intervention Station Teaching from the participants’ point of view: teachers, pupils, parents? What notion of literacy is Station Teaching facilitating? Methods: I chose a pragmatic parallel mixed methods design as suggested by Mertens (2010). I collected and analysed both the quantitative and qualitative data to answer the study’s research questions. In the study the quantitative data were collected from a questionnaire issued to 21 schools in Ireland. I used Excel as a data management package and thematic analysis to analyse and present the data in themes. I collected qualitative data from a case study in a school. This data included observations of two classes over a period of a year; interviews with teachers, pupils and parents; children’s drawings, photographs, teachers’ diaries and video evidence. I analysed and presented the evidence from the qualitative data in themes. Main Findings: There are many skills and strategies that are essential to effective literacy teaching in the early years including phonological awareness, phonics, vocabulary, fluency, comprehension and writing. These skills can be taught during Station Teaching. Early intervention in the early years is essential to pupils’ acquisition of literacy. The expertise of the teacher is key to improving the literacy achievement of pupils Teachers and pupils enjoy participating in ST. Pupils are motivated to read and engage in meaningful activities during ST. Staff collaboration is vital for ST to succeed ST facilitates small group work and teachers can differentiate accordingly while including all pupils in the groups. Pupils’ learning is extended in ST but extension activities need to be addressed in the Writing Station. More training should be provided for teachers on the implementation of ST and more funding for resources should be available to schools Significant contribution of the work: The main significance of the study includes: insights into the classroom implementation of Station Teaching in infant classes and extensive research into characteristics of an effective teacher of literacy.

Impact des changements climatiques sur certaines espèces à statut précaire au Québec et analyse des mesures de protection actuelles

Le climat planétaire évolue à une vitesse alarmante. Selon le Groupe d’experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat, les températures globales pourraient grimper de 3 à 7°C d’ici 2100. Les zones tempérées, comme le Québec, ne seront pas épargnées. Au sein de la province, le climat typique en forêt boréale pourrait se déplacer de 750 km vers le nord pour atteindre le Haut-Arctique dans quelques décennies. D’autres modifications notables du climat se traduisent dans les précipitations, les glaces, les océans, etc. Tous ces changements climatiques constituent une menace grandissante pour la biodiversité. D’ailleurs, ils pourraient devenir la principale cause d’extinction d’espèces dans le futur, surpassant même la dégradation d’habitats et la pollution. Afin de témoigner de la portée des changements climatiques sur la biodiversité, 6 espèces fauniques à statut précaire au Québec sont étudiées dans le cadre de l’essai. Par leurs fortes réponses aux stress, elles agissent à titre de bioindicateurs des changements climatiques. Ces espèces, de classes taxonomiques différentes, sont : le chevalier cuivré (Moxostoma hubbsi), l’ours blanc (Ursus maritimus), la grive de Bicknell (Catharus Bicknelli), la rainette faux-grillon de l’Ouest (Pseudacris triseriata), la tortue luth (Dermochelys coriacea) et le satyre fauve des Maritimes (Coenonympha nipisiquit). L’étude approfondie de ces espèces a permis de relever un total de 47 impacts potentiels des changements climatiques. En majorité, ces impacts concernent la perte d’habitats, l’augmentation de la compétition, la diminution du succès reproducteur et l’entrave à la survie. L’objectif de cet essai est d’évaluer les mesures de protection actuelles permettant de faire face à ces impacts. Bien qu’elles varient grandement d’une espèce à l’autre, elles peuvent être regroupées en quatre grandes thématiques, soit la recherche et le suivi, la gestion des aires protégées, l’adaptation du cadre législatif et l’aménagement écosystémique. L’évaluation de ces mesures a permis de soulever certains constats. En premier lieu, la recherche et le suivi constituent la principale mesure de protection adoptée. En second lieu, il appert que les mesures de protection actuelles manquent de spécificité. En effet, dans la majorité des cas, elles protègent l’espèce de manière indirecte seulement. Au final, dans le but d’améliorer ou de combler les lacunes des mesures de protection actuelles, des recommandations ont été formulées. D’une part, celles-ci présentent des actions concrètes comme la translocation ou l’aménagement écosystémique. D’autre part, elles suggèrent des modifications quant aux méthodes de suivi, à la gestion des aires protégées et aux cadres législatifs.

Gestion d'un modèle d'émergence de la pédagogie par projets dans les classes multiprogrammes

[…] La plupart de nos organisations ont été conçues pour gérer la permanence, pour gérer ce qui ne change pas beaucoup ou pas du tout. Pour réussir à vivre dans un monde qui change tellement, ces organisations doivent changer aussi pour arriver à remplir la mission pour laquelle elles ont été conçues. Le secteur de l'éducation n'échappe pas à ce vent de métamorphose qui souffle fort sur ce milieu en évolution constante et particulièrement touché par des réformes de toutes sortes depuis les années 60. L'école a dû s'adapter à maintes reprises à des structures différentes, à de nouveaux programmes, à des approches pédagogiques diverses, à des conventions collectives négociées qui ont entraîné des changements importants dans la tâche de l’éducateur et de l’enseignant. Plus récemment, le plan d'action pour la réussite éducative et la réforme amorcée au collégial puis au secondaire et au primaire tentent d'apporter des éléments de solution pour redresser une situation jugée précaire et orienter nos jeunes (notre société de demain) vers une réussite de meilleure qualité. La tendance veut redonner un rôle plus important aux agents de première ligne, à savoir les enseignants et les directeurs d'école, en misant sur leur responsabilisation, leur imputabilité et en favorisant les initiatives et les projets des écoles. Les moments difficiles peuvent être de formidables occasions de progrès. Voilà autant d'opportunités de relever de nouveaux défis, d'exploiter des possibilités latentes, de démontrer des capacités de diverses manières en faisant preuve d'esprit d'innovation, en prenant le changement en main et en modifiant les obstacles en tremplin vers le meilleur et en transformant les apparentes défaites en gains substantiels ou en victoires. Il revient donc à chaque école de se donner les meilleurs moyens pour favoriser le développement intégral de la personne par le biais de l'atteinte des objectifs des programmes d'études et ce, dans un climat harmonieux, valorisant et satisfaisant pour toutes et tous. Voilà l'idéal visé, il reste à le traduire dans notre vécu de tous les jours. Afin de satisfaire aux besoins des classes multiprogrammes de notre milieu, nous avons voulu créer un modèle d'émergence de la gestion d'une école et de la pédagogie en classe répondant le plus adéquatement à nos aspirations et à notre réalité quotidienne. […]

Les études sur la paix dans les collèges et universités : une analyse des données, des débats et des courants, avec survol exploratoire de la situation au Québec

Les termes et les conditions de notre sécurité à tous, de nos rapports sociaux, politiques, économiques et de notre développement doivent être repensés et le temps nous semble compté. Les problèmes qui nous assaillent de toutes parts apparaissent parfois tellement définitifs qu'il ne faut pas s'étonner de voir notre société effectuer un repli narcissique. La tentation est grande, pour celui qui en a les moyens, de couper le contact et de bâtir, ailleurs, potager biologique et microcosme humanisé. Il pourrait d'ailleurs en émerger un modèle de société, à la mesure de l'homme, qui, ultimement, pourrait transformer l'ensemble des rapports humains, sociaux et politiques. Cette utopie, nous devons y travailler, et elle semble devoir passer dès maintenant par le potager biologique et le microcosme humanisé. Mais le problème global, planétaire, demeure entier. D'où l'importance inestimable, aussi, du mouvement pour la paix. Son étendue à travers le monde autorise peut-être à entretenir l'espoir que, pour paraphraser Albert Jacquard, à l'hominisation succédera l’humanisation. Cet espoir est peut-être encore plus fondé depuis que le thème de la paix a gagné les classes et les salles de cours d'un façon explicite et importante. L'enseignement relatif à la paix occupe une place importante au sein des efforts globaux de paix. Cet exposé porte sur les "études sur la paix". Par "études sur la paix", il faut entendre un ensemble de cours collégiaux et universitaires, parfois accompagnés d'activités ou de recherches, visant à explorer académiquement des connaissances, des habiletés et des valeurs pertinentes au problème global de la paix. Il s'agit d'un ensemble de cours spécifiques, mais ceux-ci s'inscrivent aussi dans une démarche globale qui peut pratiquement être assimilée à un "mouvement". La définition qui précède n'est, en fait, qu'exploratoire. L'objet, essentiel de ce mémoire est, justement, de décrire le plus adéquatement possible ce phénomène, ce qui n'est pas du tout évident à première vue. [...]

Comparing international television news : the case of violence presentation in Germany, Great Britain and Russia -- [in German : Gewalt in internationalen Fernsehnachrichten - eine komparative Analyse medialer Gewaltpräsentation in Deutschland, Großbritannien und Russland]

This is an important book that ought to launch a debate about how we research our understanding of the world, it is an innovative intervention in a vital public issue, and it is an elegant and scholarly hard look at what is actually happening. Jean Seaton, Prof of Media History, U of Westminster, UK & Official Historian of the BBC -- Summary: This book investigates the question of how comparative studies of international TV news (here: on violence presentation) can best be conceptualized in a way that allows for crossnational, comparative conclusions on an empirically validated basis. This book shows that such a conceptualization is necessary in order to overcome existing restrictions in the comparability of international analysis on violence presentation. Investigated examples include the most watched news bulletins in Great Britain (10o'clock news on the BBC), Germany (Tagesschau on ARD) and Russia (Vremja on Channel 1). This book highlights a substantial cross-national violence news flow as well as a cross-national visual violence flow (key visuals) as distinct transnational components. In addition, event-related textual analysis reveals how the historical rootedness of nations and its symbols of power are still manifested in televisual mediations of violence. In conclusion, this study lobbies for a conscientious use of comparative data/analysis both in journalism research and practice in order to understand what it may convey in the different arenas of today’s newsmaking.

Prevention of postnatal distress or depression : an evaluation of an intervention at preparation for parenthood classes.

Determined the effectiveness of a psychosocial intervention, provided to expectant couples in routine antenatal classes, on the postpartum psychosocial adjustment of women and men. Preparation for Parenthood programs were randomly allocated to one of three conditions: usual service ('control'), experimental ('empathy'), or non-specific control ('baby-play'). The latter condition controlled for the non-specific effects of the intervention, these being: the provision of an extra class; asking couples to consider the early postpartum weeks; and receiving booster information after the antenatal class, and again shortly after the birth. Women and men were categorised into three levels of self-esteem, as measured antenatally: low, medium and high. 268 participants were recruited antenatally. Interview data and self-report information was collected from 202 of these women at 6 weeks postpartum, and 180 women at 6 months postpartum. The intervention consisted of a session focusing on psychosocial issues related to becoming first-time parents. Participants discussed possible postpartum concerns in separate gender groups for part of the session, and then discussed these issues with their partners

Social adaptation of children with mild intellectual disability : effects of partial integration within primary school classes

Examined the social adaptation of 32 children in grades 3–6 with mild intellectual disability: 13 Ss were partially integrated into regular primary school classes and 19 Ss were full-time in separate classes. Sociometric status was assessed using best friend and play rating measures. Consistent with previous research, children with intellectual disability were less socially accepted than were a matched group of 32 children with no learning disabilities. Children in partially integrated classes received more play nominations than those in separate classes, but had no greater acceptance as a best friend. On teachers' reports, disabled children had higher levels of inappropriate social behaviours, but there was no significant difference in appropriate behaviours. Self-assessments by integrated children were more negative than those by children in separate classes, and their peer-relationship satisfaction was lower. Ratings by disabled children of their satisfaction with peer relationships were associated with ratings of appropriate social skills by themselves and their teachers, and with self-ratings of negative behaviour. The study confirmed that partial integration can have negative consequences for children with an intellectual disability.

Calculations of capacitive couplings in induction generators to analyse shaft voltage

This paper deals with the analysis of the parameters which are effective in shaft voltage generation of induction generators. It focuses on different parasitic capacitive couplings by mathematical equations, finite element simulations and experiments. The effects of different design parameters have been studied on proposed capacitances and resultant shaft voltage. Some parameters can change proposed capacitive coupling such as: stator slot tooth, the gap between slot tooth and winding, and the height of the slot tooth, as well as the air gap between the rotor and the stator. This analysis can be used in a primary stage of a generator design to reduce motor shaft voltage and avoid additional costs of resultant bearing current mitigation.

Reading stories

What expectations do readers have of stories? Where do readers’ expectations come from? Do certain kinds of readings serve to support particular beliefs and assumptions? These and other questions are raised in Reading Stories, a collection of eleven short stories that have been very popular with Year 10 classes and above, accompanied by activities for talk and writing that encourage students to reflect on stories and their reading of them. Reading Stories aims to make recent literary theory accessible to students through a range of practical activities that work well in the classroom. Each story’s accompanying activities are designed to give students not only the opportunity but also the support they might need to construct and analyse possible readings of the text. There are five chapters - offering a cumulative learning experience - that consider such areas as readers’ expectations, how and why readings change, what is at stake in the disagreements between readings, and reading for gender, race and class. The approaches used begin with students’ familiarity with stories and then work to make available for analysis aspects of reading and ‘interpretation’ that are often taken for granted. While the concepts addressed are complex, the book aims to encourage participation from all students.

Using concept mapping to scaffold learning for students who experience learning difficulties in science classes

In order to develop scientific literacy students need the cognitive tools that enable them to read and evaluate science texts. One cognitive tool that has been widely used in science education to aid the development of conceptual understanding is concept mapping. However, it has been found some students experience difficulty with concept map construction. This study reports on the development and evaluation of an instructional sequence that was used to scaffold the concept-mapping process when middle school students who were experiencing difficulty with science learning used concept mapping to summarise a chapter of a science text. In this study individual differences in working memory functioning are suggested as one reason that students experience difficulty with concept map construction. The study was conducted using a design-based research methodology in the school’s learning support centre. The analysis of student work samples collected during the two-year study identified some of the difficulties and benefits associated with the use of scaffolded concept mapping with these students. The observations made during this study highlight the difficulty that some students experience with the use of concept mapping as a means of developing an understanding of science concepts and the amount of instructional support that is required for such understanding to develop. Specifically, the findings of the study support the use of multi-component, multi-modal instructional techniques to facilitate the development of conceptual understanding with students who experience difficulty with science learning. In addition, the important roles of interactive dialogue and metacognition in the development of conceptual understanding are identified.

Using honeypots to analyse anomalous Internet activities

Monitoring Internet traffic is critical in order to acquire a good understanding of threats to computer and network security and in designing efficient computer security systems. Researchers and network administrators have applied several approaches to monitoring traffic for malicious content. These techniques include monitoring network components, aggregating IDS alerts, and monitoring unused IP address spaces. Another method for monitoring and analyzing malicious traffic, which has been widely tried and accepted, is the use of honeypots. Honeypots are very valuable security resources for gathering artefacts associated with a variety of Internet attack activities. As honeypots run no production services, any contact with them is considered potentially malicious or suspicious by definition. This unique characteristic of the honeypot reduces the amount of collected traffic and makes it a more valuable source of information than other existing techniques. Currently, there is insufficient research in the honeypot data analysis field. To date, most of the work on honeypots has been devoted to the design of new honeypots or optimizing the current ones. Approaches for analyzing data collected from honeypots, especially low-interaction honeypots, are presently immature, while analysis techniques are manual and focus mainly on identifying existing attacks. This research addresses the need for developing more advanced techniques for analyzing Internet traffic data collected from low-interaction honeypots. We believe that characterizing honeypot traffic will improve the security of networks and, if the honeypot data is handled in time, give early signs of new vulnerabilities or breakouts of new automated malicious codes, such as worms. The outcomes of this research include: • Identification of repeated use of attack tools and attack processes through grouping activities that exhibit similar packet inter-arrival time distributions using the cliquing algorithm; • Application of principal component analysis to detect the structure of attackers’ activities present in low-interaction honeypots and to visualize attackers’ behaviors; • Detection of new attacks in low-interaction honeypot traffic through the use of the principal component’s residual space and the square prediction error statistic; • Real-time detection of new attacks using recursive principal component analysis; • A proof of concept implementation for honeypot traffic analysis and real time monitoring.