Doping e suplementação no MMA: um estudo documental de caso

The first records of the use of substances that enhance athletic performance began in antiquity. The objective of this study is to analyze the use of doping methods and supplements by amateur athletes and MMA professionals and what motivates usage. The work consisted of desk research in which use of work carried out at fifteen amateur and professional athletes, which underwent a data collection; these athletes are all over eighteen years old, male and practicing MMA for at least two years. The questionnaire that they were submitted corresponded to ten multiple-choice questions, which are: Age, what type of fight practiced as a basis for MMA, how long practices martial arts, sees the sport of competitive or recreational way, has already made use dietary supplements, have made use of banned substances (steroids) in the sport, it has already made use of steroids which the substance used and to what end was done using, know the side effects of anabolic steroids, know one or more people who have already made use of steroids in order to increase their performance in the fight, he believes it is possible an athlete achieve success in modern MMA without the use of anabolic steroids. The results showed that, of the fifteen athletes interviewed, only two said they never made use of dietary supplements, and four said they have already made use of anabolic steroids. All fifteen athletes claim to know the side effects of steroid use, and 14 of them say they know one or more sport-mates who have already made use of steroids. Given the results, it can be concluded that the use of steroids is common in MMA

Effect of the Single or Combined Administration of Cocaine and Testosterone on Cardiovascular Function and Baroreflex Activity in Unanesthetized Rats

Abuse of cocaine and androgenic-anabolic steroids has become a serious public health problem. Despite reports of an increase in the incidence of simultaneous illicit use of these substances, potential toxic interactions between cocaine and androgenic-anabolic steroids in the cardiovascular system are unknown. In the present study, we investigated the effect of single or combined administration of testosterone and cocaine for 1 or 10 consecutive days on basal cardiovascular parameters, baroreflex activity, and hemodynamic responses to vasoactive agents in unanesthetized rats. Ten-day combined administration of testosterone and cocaine increased baseline arterial pressure. Changes in arterial pressure were associated with altered baroreflex activity and impairment of both hypotensive response to intravenous sodium nitroprusside and pressor effect of intravenous phenylephrine. Chronic single administration of either testosterone or cocaine did not affect baseline arterial pressure. However, testosterone-treated animals presented rest bradycardia, cardiac hypertrophy, alterations in baroreflex activity, and enhanced response to sodium nitroprusside. Repeated administration of cocaine affected baroreflex activity and impaired vascular responsiveness to both sodium nitroprusside and phenylephrine. One-day single or combined administration of the drugs did not affect any parameter investigated. In conclusion, the present results suggest a potential interaction between toxic effects of cocaine and testosterone on the cardiovascular activity. Changes in baseline arterial pressure after combined administration of these 2 drugs may result from alterations in baroreflex activity and impairment of vascular responsiveness to vasoactive agents.

Esteróides anabolizantes: do atleta ao cardiopata

Devido às suas ações anabólicas, os esteroides anabolizantes (EAs) são usados por atletas para melhorar o desempenho físico, mas seu uso vem sendo crescente também entre indivíduos que praticam atividade física como forma de lazer, com o simples objetivo de melhorar a aparência física. Os usuários de EAs fazem uso de doses suprafisiológicas, que podem levar ao aparecimento de sérios efeitos colaterais, como os prejuízos cardiovasculares, o que faz do uso indiscriminado e abusivo um importante problema de saúde publica. Com isso, a presente revisão tem como objetivo despertar o interesse dos leitores e professores de Educação Física pelo EA e os perigos, muitas vezes ocultos, associados ao uso indiscriminado dessas drogas, principalmente sobre o sistema cardiovascular.

Review of liver injury associated with dietary supplements

Dietary supplements (DS) are easily available and increasingly used, and adverse hepatic reactions have been reported following their intake. To critically review the literature on liver injury because of DSs, delineating patterns and mechanisms of injury and to increase the awareness towards this cause of acute and chronic liver damage. Studies and case reports on liver injury specifically because of DSs published between 1990 and 2010 were searched in the PubMed and EMBASE data bases using the terms 'dietary/nutritional supplements', 'adverse hepatic reactions', 'liver injury'; 'hepatitis', 'liver failure', 'vitamin A' and 'retinoids', and reviewed for yet unidentified publications. Significant liver injury was reported after intake of Herbalife and Hydroxycut products, tea extracts from Camellia sinensis, products containing usnic acid and high contents of vitamin A, anabolic steroids and others. No uniform pattern of hepatotoxicity has been identified and severity may range from asymptomatic elevations of serum liver enzymes to hepatic failure and death. Exact estimates on how frequent adverse hepatic reactions occur as a result of DSs cannot be provided. Liver injury from DSs mimicking other liver diseases is increasingly recognized. Measures to reduce risk include tighter regulation of their production and distribution and increased awareness of users and professionals of the potential risks.

Efficacy of Stanozolol on bone regeneration: in vitro and in vivo study

La ricerca di nuove strategie per la rigenerazione ossea rappresenta un focus di interesse centrale per migliorare la gestione di casi clinici complessi nell’ambito della chirurgia orale e maxillo-facciale. Uno degli approcci più utilizzati in tale contesto si basa sull’utilizzo di molecole con proprietà osteoinduttive e molte sostanze sono state fino ad oggi sperimentate. E’ noto in letteratura che gli androgeni svolgono un ruolo chiave nella regolazione della morfogenesi ossea e nel mantenimento della sua omeostasi durante il corso della vita. Questo lavoro di tesi nasce dall’ipotesi che la somministrazione locale di tali ormoni, eventualmente combinata a materiali da innesto, possa favorire la guarigione di difetti ossei. Stando a questa premessa, sono stati valutati gli effetti dello steroide sintetico Stanozololo sulla rigenerazione ossea in diversi settings sperimentali. La tesi è strutturata secondo un percorso che segue le fasi della ricerca, attraverso sperimentazioni in vitro e in vivo; ogni capitolo può essere approcciato come uno studio a sé stante, corrispondente ad una determinata tappa dell’iter sperimentale. Sulla base di questi intenti, viene fornito inizialmente un quadro d’insieme circa gli effetti degli androgeni sull’osso. A seguire, è presentata una sperimentazione in vitro nella linea cellulare SaOS-2. Infine, è proposta un’innovativa metodologia di analisi per lo studio della rigenerazione ossea nel modello di ratto, ove viene testata la somministrazione locale di Stanozololo combinato a materiale da innesto.

Novel Mass Spectrometric Analysis Methods for Anabolic Androgenic Steroids in Sports Drug Testing

The feasibility of different modern analytical techniques for the mass spectrometric detection of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) in human urine was examined in order to enhance the prevalent analytics and to find reasonable strategies for effective sports drug testing. A comparative study of the sensitivity and specificity between gas chromatography (GC) combined with low (LRMS) and high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) in screening of AAS was carried out with four metabolites of methandienone. Measurements were done in selected ion monitoring mode with HRMS using a mass resolution of 5000. With HRMS the detection limits were considerably lower than with LRMS, enabling detection of steroids at low 0.2-0.5 ng/ml levels. However, also with HRMS, the biological background hampered the detection of some steroids. The applicability of liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) was studied with metabolites of fluoxymesterone, 4-chlorodehydromethyltestosterone, stanozolol and danazol. Factors affecting the extraction process were studied and a novel LPME method with in-fiber silylation was developed and validated for GC/MS analysis of the danazol metabolite. The method allowed precise, selective and sensitive analysis of the metabolite and enabled simultaneous filtration, extraction, enrichment and derivatization of the analyte from urine without any other steps in sample preparation. Liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric (LC/MS/MS) methods utilizing electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) were developed and applied for detection of oxandrolone and metabolites of stanozolol and 4-chlorodehydromethyltestosterone in urine. All methods exhibited high sensitivity and specificity. ESI showed, however, the best applicability, and a LC/ESI-MS/MS method for routine screening of nine 17-alkyl-substituted AAS was thus developed enabling fast and precise measurement of all analytes with detection limits below 2 ng/ml. The potential of chemometrics to resolve complex GC/MS data was demonstrated with samples prepared for AAS screening. Acquired full scan spectral data (m/z 40-700) were processed by the OSCAR algorithm (Optimization by Stepwise Constraints of Alternating Regression). The deconvolution process was able to dig out from a GC/MS run more than the double number of components as compared with the number of visible chromatographic peaks. Severely overlapping components, as well as components hidden in the chromatographic background could be isolated successfully. All studied techniques proved to be useful analytical tools to improve detection of AAS in urine. Superiority of different procedures is, however, compound-dependent and different techniques complement each other.

Effects of anabolic androgenic steroids on chylomicron metabolism

Objective: To evaluate the effects of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) on chylomicron metabolism. Methods: An artificial lipid emulsion labeled with radioactive cholesteryl ester (CE) and triglycerides (TG) mimicking chylomicrons was intravenously injected into individuals who regularly weight trained and made regular use of AAS (WT + AAS group), normolipidemic sedentary individuals (SDT group) and individuals who also regularly weight trained but did not use AAS (WT group). Fractional clearance rates (FCR) were determined by compartmental analysis for emulsion plasma decay curves. Results: FCR-CE for the WT + AAS group was reduced (0.0073 +/- 0.0079 min(-1), 0.0155 +/- 0.0100 min(-1), 0.0149 +/- 0.0160 min(-1), respectively; p<0.05), FCR-TG was similar for both the WT and SDT groups. HDL-C plasma concentrations were lower in the WT + AAS group when compared to the WT and SDT groups (22 +/- 13; 41 +/- 38 +/- 13 mg/dL, respectively; p<0.001). Hepatic triglyceride lipase activity was greater in the WT + AAS group when compared to the WT and SDT groups (7243 +/- 1822; 3898 +/- 1232; 2058 +/- 749, respectively; p<0.001). However, no difference was observed for lipoprotein lipase activity. Conclusions: Data strongly suggest that AAS may reduce the removal from the plasma of chylomicron remnants, which are known atherogenic factors. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Histopathologycal findings in the ovaries and uterus of albino female rats promoted by co-administration of synthetic steroids and nicotine

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Sex steroids and intestinal amino acid transport in rainbow trout, Salmo airdneri Richardson

The effects of sane anabolic and naturally-occuring sex steroids on intestinal transport of leucine have been studied in rainbow trout (Sallno gairdneri), in vivo (gut perfusion), and in vitro (everted gut sacs or intestinal strips). Administration of 17a-methyltestosterone (Mr) by injection for a prolo03ed period of time, enhanced intestinal transport and accumulation of leucine. 11-ketotestosterone (KT) or MT treatment in vitro, by direct addition to incubation media, elicited significant short-term increases in active transport of leucine, without effecting intestinal accumulation. Luminal administration of Mr in vivo similarly elicited short-term responses, without effecting leucine accumulation in the intestine or other peripheral tissues. However; neither MT nor KT significantly affected intestinal transport of water in trout. Although long term injection of oestradiol (E2) enhanced intestinal transport and accumulation of leucine, E2 treatment in vitro was without effect. Addition of ouabain or 2,4,dinitrophenol in the presence of MT abolished steroid-stimulated leucine transform, in vitro. No significant differences were observed between immature male or female trout with respect to either transport of leucine and water, or intestinal granular cell density. However, 'apparent' Na+ absorption and percentage fold height were higher in females, while total intestinal thickness and enterocyte heights were greater in males. These sex differences were essentially abolished. after gonadectany. It is suggested that the short-term effects of the androgenic steroids might be partly mediated through increased activity of Na+,K+,ATPase, and that steroid-induced growth promotion in fish may,to sane extent, be a consequence of enhanced efficiency of intestinal function.

Low muscle glycogen concentration does not suppress the anabolic response to resistance exercise

We determined the effect of muscle glycogen concentration and postexercise nutrition on anabolic signaling and rates of myofibrillar protein synthesis after resistance exercise (REX). Sixteen young, healthy men matched for age, body mass, peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and strength (one repetition maximum; 1RM) were randomly assigned to either a nutrient or placebo group. After 48 h diet and exercise control, subjects undertook a glycogen-depletion protocol consisting of one-leg cycling to fatigue (LOW), whereas the other leg rested (NORM). The next morning following an overnight fast, a primed, constant infusion of L-[ring-13C6] phenylalanine was commenced and subjects completed 8 sets of 5 unilateral leg press repetitions at 80% 1RM. Immediately after REX and 2 h later, subjects consumed a 500 ml bolus of a protein/CHO (20 g whey + 40 g maltodextrin) or placebo beverage. Muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis of both legs were taken at rest and 1 and 4 h after REX. Muscle glycogen concentration was higher in the NORM than LOW at all time points in both nutrient and placebo groups (P < 0.05). Postexercise Akt-p70S6K-rpS6 phosphorylation increased in both groups with no differences between legs (P < 0.05). mTORSer2448 phosphorylation in placebo increased 1 h after exercise in NORM (P < 0.05), whereas mTOR increased ?4-fold in LOW (P < 0.01) and ?11 fold in NORM with nutrient (P < 0.01; different between legs P < 0.05). Post-exercise rates of MPS were not different between NORM and LOW in nutrient (0.070 ± 0.022 vs. 0.068 ± 0.018 %/h) or placebo (0.045 ± 0.021 vs. 0.049 ± 0.017 %/h). We conclude that commencing high-intensity REX with low muscle glycogen availability does not compromise the anabolic signal and subsequent rates of MPS, at least during the early (4 h) postexercise recovery period.